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Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE) for Bacterial Community from Petrochemical Industrial Effluent
The study was carried out to investigate the denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) for bacteria isolated from petrochemical industrial effluent. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis is a molecular technique for separating double stranded PCR products of similar length, but differing sequence composition. Diversity of the isolated and identified microorganisms from the study showed a prevalence of Gram negative bacteria as compared to Gram positive bacteria with Pseudomonas sp. having the highest frequency of isolation (10.33%). The PCR products from GCV6V8F and V6V8R primers on 20%: 80% denaturing gradient had a better DGGE differentiation pattern compared to 30%: 50% DGGE fingerprints of PCR amplified region of GCV6-V8F and V6-V8R of 16S rDNA from effluent bacterial communities
Authors: Ajuzie C. U. Obuekwe I. S. and Atuanya E. I.
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Abstract
The study was carried out to investigate the denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) for bacteria isolated from petrochemical industrial effluent. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis is a molecular technique for separating double stranded PCR products of similar length, but differing sequence composition. Diversity of the isolated and identified microorganisms from the study showed a prevalence of Gram negative bacteria as compared to Gram positive bacteria with Pseudomonas sp. having the highest frequency of isolation (10.33%). The PCR products from GCV6V8F and V6V8R primers on 20%: 80% denaturing gradient had a better DGGE differentiation pattern compared to 30%: 50% DGGE fingerprints of PCR amplified region of GCV6-V8F and V6-V8R of 16S rDNA from effluent bacterial communities
Identification and Characterization of Antimicrobial Resistance Potential Bacteria Pathogens from IFSERAR Livestock Farms and Farm Handlers
The problems imposed by the emergence of antimicrobial resistance and its spread in both humans and livestock, due to excessive use of antibiotics in livestock presents serious risks to public health. The susceptibility profile of isolates from IFSERAR livestock farms was investigated. A total of forty (40) rectal, cloacae and ear swab samples of goat, poultry and handlers, were collected from livestock farms using sterile swab sticks. Specimens were sent to the laboratory for isolation, identification, characterization of the associated bacteria and antibiotic susceptibility testing were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. A total of 34 distinct species of bacteria were isolated, which included Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas spp., Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus spp, Shigella spp, Salmonella spp, and Enterococcus spp. were identified. All isolates from different livestock farms and their handlers exhibited 100% resistance to ceftazidime antibiotics. Isolates from farm handlers, Kalahar, and KalaWAD goats exhibited 85.7%, 71.4%, and 57.1% resistance to cefoxitin respectively. The least resistance (35.7%) to cefoxitin was exhibited by isolates from poultry farms.Isolates from farm handlers and the KalaWAD goat farm exhibited 71.4% resistance to vancomycin, while isolates from poultry and kalahari goat farm exhibited 57.1% and 42.5% resistance respectively. High resistance of 71.4% was exhibited by isolates from poultry farms only, while all other isolates to gentamycin exhibited 14.3% resistance. Ciprofloxacin resistance to isolates from Kalahari, KalaWAD, poultry and farm handlers was 14.3%, 28.6%, 42.9% and 28.6% respectively. The findings of this research suggest, that the bacteria isolates exhibit a variety of resistance to antibiotics used, which is a pointer to a pool of resistance genes within the livestock farm isolates.
Authors: Ariom T. O. Atayese A. O. Ike W. E. Anyanwu P. A. Ariom N. D. Igwe D. O. Famakinde S. A. and Ekpo U. F.
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Abstract
The problems imposed by the emergence of antimicrobial resistance and its spread in both humans and livestock, due to excessive use of antibiotics in livestock presents serious risks to public health. The susceptibility profile of isolates from IFSERAR livestock farms was investigated. A total of forty (40) rectal, cloacae and ear swab samples of goat, poultry and handlers, were collected from livestock farms using sterile swab sticks. Specimens were sent to the laboratory for isolation, identification, characterization of the associated bacteria and antibiotic susceptibility testing were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. A total of 34 distinct species of bacteria were isolated, which included Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas spp., Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus spp, Shigella spp, Salmonella spp, and Enterococcus spp. were identified. All isolates from different livestock farms and their handlers exhibited 100% resistance to ceftazidime antibiotics. Isolates from farm handlers, Kalahar, and KalaWAD goats exhibited 85.7%, 71.4%, and 57.1% resistance to cefoxitin respectively. The least resistance (35.7%) to cefoxitin was exhibited by isolates from poultry farms.Isolates from farm handlers and the KalaWAD goat farm exhibited 71.4% resistance to vancomycin, while isolates from poultry and kalahari goat farm exhibited 57.1% and 42.5% resistance respectively. High resistance of 71.4% was exhibited by isolates from poultry farms only, while all other isolates to gentamycin exhibited 14.3% resistance. Ciprofloxacin resistance to isolates from Kalahari, KalaWAD, poultry and farm handlers was 14.3%, 28.6%, 42.9% and 28.6% respectively. The findings of this research suggest, that the bacteria isolates exhibit a variety of resistance to antibiotics used, which is a pointer to a pool of resistance genes within the livestock farm isolates.
Microbial Impact Assessment of a Municipal Abattoir Operations on Adjoining Soils of its Receiving Water Milieu
Wastewater from abattoirs have been documented to have harmful impact on the surrounding soil environments. This study therefore, assessed soil samples for possible abattoir wastewater contamination of physicochemical parameters and microbial composition from a mini abattoir in South Local Government Area of Ondo State, Nigeria. Soil samples were collected from the soil 2 m away from abattoir site and 50 m upstream and 50 m downstream. The pH, soil moisture, organic matter, organic carbon, total organic nitrogen, phosphorus and cation exchange capacity were analysed using standard methods. The microbial load of the samples were determined using standard microbiological methods. Abattoir contaminated soils were acidic between 4.8 – 6.4 while the non – abattoir contaminated soil was neutral 7.01. There was significant difference in moisture content, phosphorus, organic carbon, organic matter, total organic nitrogen and cation exchange capacity in abattoir contaminated soil and non – abattoir contaminated soil. In the contaminated soil samples, mean bacterial counts was 15.4 x 104 cfu/ml compared to the 43.01x103 cfu/ml of the uncontaminated soil sample. The mean fungal counts was 39.42 x 102 sfu/ml and 15.2 x 102 sfu/ml respectively. Bacteria such as Bacillus cereus, Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli, Shigella dysenteriae, Citrobacter koseri, Providencia rettgeri, Salmonella typhi, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Lactobacillus plantarum, Actinobacter baumanni and Serratia mascescens, while fungi such as Aspergillus niger, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Aspergillus flavus, Candida albicans, Penicillium italicum, and Rhizopus stolonifer were isolated from adjoining soils of sampled abattoir. High microbial population and physicochemical parameters of contaminated soil, in this study, further confirmed the need to treat wastewater rather than discharging it directly into the environment.
Authors: Ayeni T. O. Olusola-Makinde O. O. and Arotupin D. J.
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Abstract
Wastewater from abattoirs have been documented to have harmful impact on the surrounding soil environments. This study therefore, assessed soil samples for possible abattoir wastewater contamination of physicochemical parameters and microbial composition from a mini abattoir in South Local Government Area of Ondo State, Nigeria. Soil samples were collected from the soil 2 m away from abattoir site and 50 m upstream and 50 m downstream. The pH, soil moisture, organic matter, organic carbon, total organic nitrogen, phosphorus and cation exchange capacity were analysed using standard methods. The microbial load of the samples were determined using standard microbiological methods. Abattoir contaminated soils were acidic between 4.8 – 6.4 while the non – abattoir contaminated soil was neutral 7.01. There was significant difference in moisture content, phosphorus, organic carbon, organic matter, total organic nitrogen and cation exchange capacity in abattoir contaminated soil and non – abattoir contaminated soil. In the contaminated soil samples, mean bacterial counts was 15.4 x 104 cfu/ml compared to the 43.01x103 cfu/ml of the uncontaminated soil sample. The mean fungal counts was 39.42 x 102 sfu/ml and 15.2 x 102 sfu/ml respectively. Bacteria such as Bacillus cereus, Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli, Shigella dysenteriae, Citrobacter koseri, Providencia rettgeri, Salmonella typhi, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Lactobacillus plantarum, Actinobacter baumanni and Serratia mascescens, while fungi such as Aspergillus niger, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Aspergillus flavus, Candida albicans, Penicillium italicum, and Rhizopus stolonifer were isolated from adjoining soils of sampled abattoir. High microbial population and physicochemical parameters of contaminated soil, in this study, further confirmed the need to treat wastewater rather than discharging it directly into the environment.
Isolation and Identification of Non Dermatophytic Moulds from Different Air and Soil Samples from Cattle Markets in Abia and Imo State, Nigeria
The prevalence of non-dermatophytic moulds from air and soil samples from six cattle markets in Abia and Imo state, Nigeria were carried out simultaneously. A total of 60 (sixty) samples of air and soil were analysed. The settlement plate technique, tube dilution method and hair baiting technique were evaluated for the air and soil for the presence of keratinophilic fungi. Different species of 13 non dermatophytic moulds were identified and all occurred at different points of collection from the markets.The most frequently isolated species from air samples were Aspergillus welwitschiae, Absidia corymbifera (20%) respectively in Abia state and Fusarium linchenicola, Absidia corymbifera (20.6%) respectively in Imo state. For soil samples; Absidia corymbifera (29%) and Aspergillus flavus (21%) were frequently isolated in Abia and Imo staterespectively,while for hair bait; Aspergillus flavus, Absidia corymbifera(26%)respectively in Abia state and Aspergillus welwitschiae(20%) in Imo state. The least isolate from air samples were Aspergillus sydowii (3.3%) and Cladosporium tenuissinum (3.0%), for soil samples; Aspergillus sydowii (3.0%) and Aspergillus sydowii (3.0%), while for hair bait; Penicillum citrinum, Aspergillus aculeatus (6.0%)respectively and Penicillum citrinum, Cladosporium tenuissinum (2.2%)each in Abia and Imo state respectively. According to the study, there was a significant keratinous fungal deposition in the soil of the cattle market area as a result of mechanical activity nearby. Spores from agitated fungi may have caused a significant suspension of these spores in the atmosphere, which might constitute a serious health risk to anybody who operate in such environments
Authors: Nwofor C. N. Echeta, M. O. Onyenwe, N. E. and Oyeka, C. A.
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Abstract
The prevalence of non-dermatophytic moulds from air and soil samples from six cattle markets in Abia and Imo state, Nigeria were carried out simultaneously. A total of 60 (sixty) samples of air and soil were analysed. The settlement plate technique, tube dilution method and hair baiting technique were evaluated for the air and soil for the presence of keratinophilic fungi. Different species of 13 non dermatophytic moulds were identified and all occurred at different points of collection from the markets.The most frequently isolated species from air samples were Aspergillus welwitschiae, Absidia corymbifera (20%) respectively in Abia state and Fusarium linchenicola, Absidia corymbifera (20.6%) respectively in Imo state. For soil samples; Absidia corymbifera (29%) and Aspergillus flavus (21%) were frequently isolated in Abia and Imo staterespectively,while for hair bait; Aspergillus flavus, Absidia corymbifera(26%)respectively in Abia state and Aspergillus welwitschiae(20%) in Imo state. The least isolate from air samples were Aspergillus sydowii (3.3%) and Cladosporium tenuissinum (3.0%), for soil samples; Aspergillus sydowii (3.0%) and Aspergillus sydowii (3.0%), while for hair bait; Penicillum citrinum, Aspergillus aculeatus (6.0%)respectively and Penicillum citrinum, Cladosporium tenuissinum (2.2%)each in Abia and Imo state respectively. According to the study, there was a significant keratinous fungal deposition in the soil of the cattle market area as a result of mechanical activity nearby. Spores from agitated fungi may have caused a significant suspension of these spores in the atmosphere, which might constitute a serious health risk to anybody who operate in such environments
Biogenic Synthesis of Silver Oxide Nanoparticle from Plants Materials for Control and Management of Microbial Infections in Fishes
Nanoparticles has shown to be effective in drug delivery, though, its synthesis are time and energy consuming while, the process is toxic to the environment, hence, the utilization of green synthesis method with plants extracts. The study focused on the green synthesis of nanoparticles and its application on isolates of diseased fish. Four different isolates namely; Bacillus infantis, Klebsiella pneumonae, Escherichia coli, and Vibrio paraheamoliticus were from diseased cat fish (Clarias gariepinus). The silver nanoparticle synthesis was from Psidium guajava L (Guava leaves) and Azadirachta indica (Neem plant leaf) extracts. Phytochemical analysis was carried out on the plants leaf extracts to determine its contents using standard methods. The isolates were obtained through culture method and molecular identification. However, the synthesis of plants extract nanoparticles was characterized using LANMAN spectrophometer, while, antimicrobial activities was carried out using agar well diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were also determined. The influence of the microbial activities of the plants extracts silver nanoparticles synthesized shows the level of impact on the isolated pathogenic organisms. The efficacy was dose dependent, 500 um/mg from guava leaf extract had the highest effect on E. coli while, the least impact was observed on dosage of 62.5 um/mg of E. coli. Neem leaves extract has the highest effect on V. parahaemolyticus at 500 um/mg while, the least was on E. coli at 250 um/mg. The MBC of neem leaf nanoparticle extracts were more potent as it has more clearance level than the guava ‘Therefore, the study revealed that the plant leaf extracts silver nanoparticles synthesized could be used in the treatment of diseases caused by the test organisms
Authors: Ekaji F. A. Ogbulie J. N. Braide W. Akujobi C. O. and Ajima M.
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Abstract
Nanoparticles has shown to be effective in drug delivery, though, its synthesis are time and energy consuming while, the process is toxic to the environment, hence, the utilization of green synthesis method with plants extracts. The study focused on the green synthesis of nanoparticles and its application on isolates of diseased fish. Four different isolates namely; Bacillus infantis, Klebsiella pneumonae, Escherichia coli, and Vibrio paraheamoliticus were from diseased cat fish (Clarias gariepinus). The silver nanoparticle synthesis was from Psidium guajava L (Guava leaves) and Azadirachta indica (Neem plant leaf) extracts. Phytochemical analysis was carried out on the plants leaf extracts to determine its contents using standard methods. The isolates were obtained through culture method and molecular identification. However, the synthesis of plants extract nanoparticles was characterized using LANMAN spectrophometer, while, antimicrobial activities was carried out using agar well diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were also determined. The influence of the microbial activities of the plants extracts silver nanoparticles synthesized shows the level of impact on the isolated pathogenic organisms. The efficacy was dose dependent, 500 um/mg from guava leaf extract had the highest effect on E. coli while, the least impact was observed on dosage of 62.5 um/mg of E. coli. Neem leaves extract has the highest effect on V. parahaemolyticus at 500 um/mg while, the least was on E. coli at 250 um/mg. The MBC of neem leaf nanoparticle extracts were more potent as it has more clearance level than the guava ‘Therefore, the study revealed that the plant leaf extracts silver nanoparticles synthesized could be used in the treatment of diseases caused by the test organisms
Molecular Characteristics, Antibiotic Sensitivity, and Substrate Specificity of Biosurfactant-Producing Bacterial Isolates from Crude Oil Spill Sites in Niger Delta: A Comprehensive Review
The Niger Delta area, renowned for its biodiversity, has suffered severe environmental degradation due to crude oil spills resulting from oil exploration and exploitation activities. To address this, researchers have explored biosurfactant-producing bacteria as eco-friendly solutions for remediating polluted sites. Indigenous strains, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis, have been identified for their hydrocarbon-degrading and biosurfactant-producing capabilities. Molecular techniques, including 16S rRNA gene sequencing, aided in their identification. Biosurfactants, surface-active compounds produced by microorganisms, enhance hydrophobic pollutant biodegradation by reducing interfacial tension. These biosurfactants also exhibit diverse substrate specificities, enabling them to degrade various hydrocarbons, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Despite their environmental benefits, concerns have expressed regarding antibiotic sensitivity due to rising global antibiotic resistance. Studies in the Niger Delta have revealed varying antibiotic sensitivity profiles among these bacteria, including resistance to common antibiotics like ampicillin and ciprofloxacin. Mechanisms contributing to this resistance include efflux pumps, enzymatic degradation, genetic mutations, and mobile genetic elements such as plasmids. This resistance raises environmental concerns, as these strains, if released during bioremediation, could transfer resistance genes to other bacteria, including pathogens. To mitigate this, integrated approaches combining genetic studies, metagenomics, and environmental modeling are crucial. Responsible antibiotic use in clinical and agricultural practices is pivotal. This review critically examines the molecular characteristics, antibiotic sensitivity patterns, and substrate specificity of biosurfactant-producing bacterial isolates from crude oil spill sites in the Niger Delta, Nigeria, emphasizing the need for sustainable environmental management strategies.
Authors: Emeanuru P. C. Ogbulie J. N. Adieze I. E. Nwachukwu I. N. Braide W. and Nwosu C. J
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Abstract
The Niger Delta area, renowned for its biodiversity, has suffered severe environmental degradation due to crude oil spills resulting from oil exploration and exploitation activities. To address this, researchers have explored biosurfactant-producing bacteria as eco-friendly solutions for remediating polluted sites. Indigenous strains, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis, have been identified for their hydrocarbon-degrading and biosurfactant-producing capabilities. Molecular techniques, including 16S rRNA gene sequencing, aided in their identification. Biosurfactants, surface-active compounds produced by microorganisms, enhance hydrophobic pollutant biodegradation by reducing interfacial tension. These biosurfactants also exhibit diverse substrate specificities, enabling them to degrade various hydrocarbons, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Despite their environmental benefits, concerns have expressed regarding antibiotic sensitivity due to rising global antibiotic resistance. Studies in the Niger Delta have revealed varying antibiotic sensitivity profiles among these bacteria, including resistance to common antibiotics like ampicillin and ciprofloxacin. Mechanisms contributing to this resistance include efflux pumps, enzymatic degradation, genetic mutations, and mobile genetic elements such as plasmids. This resistance raises environmental concerns, as these strains, if released during bioremediation, could transfer resistance genes to other bacteria, including pathogens. To mitigate this, integrated approaches combining genetic studies, metagenomics, and environmental modeling are crucial. Responsible antibiotic use in clinical and agricultural practices is pivotal. This review critically examines the molecular characteristics, antibiotic sensitivity patterns, and substrate specificity of biosurfactant-producing bacterial isolates from crude oil spill sites in the Niger Delta, Nigeria, emphasizing the need for sustainable environmental management strategies.
Assessment of Electromagnetic Field on Bacteriological and Physicochemical Properties of Brewery Effluent from Ilesha
The present study was designed to enumerate and identify microorganisms and to determine physicochemical properties of industrial effluents. Samples were collected from four different industries in Oriade local government (Ilesha, Ikeji-Arakeji and Ipetu Ijesha). The Industrial effluent samples were subjected to microbiological and physicochemical analyses. Bacteria isolated from industrial effluent sample were Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterococcus faecalis, Klebsiella oxytoca, Lactococcus lactis, Micrococcus luteus, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Shigella flexneri, Streptococcus viridians and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The bacteria load before treatment was (2.25× 105cfu/ml) and reduced after application with EMF. Palm oil mill effluent had higher mean values for pH (8.87), colour (14.33 Pt/co), temperature (27.33oC), conductivity (63 (μS/cm) otatl hardness (262 mg/l), sodium (14mg/l) and total soluble solids (322 mg/l) before treatment with Electromagnetic field reduced afterwards. The mean iron value decreased from (3.67± 0.02 mg/l) to (1.86± 0.02 mg/l) after application of Electromagnetic field.The presence of these microorganisms and chemical substances pose a potential threat to the health of populace inhabiting these places and also the industrial effluent can affect the aquatic microbiota and macrofauna and soil inhabiting microorganisms.
Authors: Balogun O. B. Akinyosoye F. A. and Arotupin D. J.
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Abstract
The present study was designed to enumerate and identify microorganisms and to determine physicochemical properties of industrial effluents. Samples were collected from four different industries in Oriade local government (Ilesha, Ikeji-Arakeji and Ipetu Ijesha). The Industrial effluent samples were subjected to microbiological and physicochemical analyses. Bacteria isolated from industrial effluent sample were Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterococcus faecalis, Klebsiella oxytoca, Lactococcus lactis, Micrococcus luteus, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Shigella flexneri, Streptococcus viridians and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The bacteria load before treatment was (2.25× 105cfu/ml) and reduced after application with EMF. Palm oil mill effluent had higher mean values for pH (8.87), colour (14.33 Pt/co), temperature (27.33oC), conductivity (63 (μS/cm) otatl hardness (262 mg/l), sodium (14mg/l) and total soluble solids (322 mg/l) before treatment with Electromagnetic field reduced afterwards. The mean iron value decreased from (3.67± 0.02 mg/l) to (1.86± 0.02 mg/l) after application of Electromagnetic field.The presence of these microorganisms and chemical substances pose a potential threat to the health of populace inhabiting these places and also the industrial effluent can affect the aquatic microbiota and macrofauna and soil inhabiting microorganisms.
Screening and Identification of Biosurfactant-Producing Bactria from Crude Oil Contaminated Soil and Water in the Niger Delta Area, Nigeria
Crude oil pollution is sine qua non in oil exploration and exploitation activities. Biosurfactant increases bioavailability and help to enhance contact between the pollutants and the microorganisms and therefore facilitates uptake and degradation as well as amelioration (remediation) of hydrocarbon polluted environment. Biosurfactant is preferred to chemical surfactant in crude oil remediation. The study focus on screening and identification of biosurfactant-producing bacteria from crude oil contaminated Soil and water in the Niger Delta area, Nigeria. Water and soil/sediments from three communities, namely, Eleme, Omoku and Ogbia in the Niger Delta Area Nigeria was screened for biosurfactant-producing bacteria. Haemolytic activity, emulsification capacity and oil spread were used as index in the screening of biosurfactant-producing bacteria. Crude oil utilizing bacteria isolated from the water and soil/sediments in the three oil producing communities were identified by vapour phase method. Identification was done by 16s rRNA sequence from the isolates that produced highly similar sequences from the NCBI non redundant nucleotide (nr/nt) database. The sequenced isolates were, Alcaligenes faecalis, Bacillus altitudinsis, Bacillus siamensis, Bacillus velezensis, Cytobacillus horneckiae, Enterobacter roggenkampii, Morganella morganii, Providencia stuartii, Priestia flexa, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Six isolates representing 60% of the total isolates have potentials for biosurfactant production. Providencia stuartii, Alcaligenes faecalis, Bacillus altitudinis, Bacillus siamensis and Bacillus velezensis are novel isolates for biosurfactant production in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. The Bacillus species and Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed higher activities in crude oil degradation and biosurfactant production. Pseudomonas aeruginosa produce glycolipid type of biosurfactant used in bioremediation of oil sludge contaminated soils. The Niger Delta remains a potential reservoir for biosurfactant-producing bacteria with relevant biomarker genes that may prove significant in environmentally friendly clean up in the Niger Delta Area.
Authors: Emeanuru P. C. Ogbulie J. N. Adieze I. E. Nwachukwu I. N. and Braide, W.
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Abstract
Crude oil pollution is sine qua non in oil exploration and exploitation activities. Biosurfactant increases bioavailability and help to enhance contact between the pollutants and the microorganisms and therefore facilitates uptake and degradation as well as amelioration (remediation) of hydrocarbon polluted environment. Biosurfactant is preferred to chemical surfactant in crude oil remediation. The study focus on screening and identification of biosurfactant-producing bacteria from crude oil contaminated Soil and water in the Niger Delta area, Nigeria. Water and soil/sediments from three communities, namely, Eleme, Omoku and Ogbia in the Niger Delta Area Nigeria was screened for biosurfactant-producing bacteria. Haemolytic activity, emulsification capacity and oil spread were used as index in the screening of biosurfactant-producing bacteria. Crude oil utilizing bacteria isolated from the water and soil/sediments in the three oil producing communities were identified by vapour phase method. Identification was done by 16s rRNA sequence from the isolates that produced highly similar sequences from the NCBI non redundant nucleotide (nr/nt) database. The sequenced isolates were, Alcaligenes faecalis, Bacillus altitudinsis, Bacillus siamensis, Bacillus velezensis, Cytobacillus horneckiae, Enterobacter roggenkampii, Morganella morganii, Providencia stuartii, Priestia flexa, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Six isolates representing 60% of the total isolates have potentials for biosurfactant production. Providencia stuartii, Alcaligenes faecalis, Bacillus altitudinis, Bacillus siamensis and Bacillus velezensis are novel isolates for biosurfactant production in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. The Bacillus species and Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed higher activities in crude oil degradation and biosurfactant production. Pseudomonas aeruginosa produce glycolipid type of biosurfactant used in bioremediation of oil sludge contaminated soils. The Niger Delta remains a potential reservoir for biosurfactant-producing bacteria with relevant biomarker genes that may prove significant in environmentally friendly clean up in the Niger Delta Area.
Degradation of Diesel by Staphylococcus sciuri Strain XB1 Isolated from a Dumpsite in Lagos State, Nigeria
Staphylococcus sciuri strain XB1, a diesel degrading bacterium, was isolated from Igando dumpsite by continuous enrichment technique on diesel mineral salt medium (MSM). The isolate was identified using cultural, morphological, biochemical characteristics and complemented with analytical profile index. The isolate is yellowish, Gram-positive cocci, catalase positive, oxidase and coagulase negative. The isolate fermented glucose, fructose, maltose, trehalose and xylose. The antibiotic susceptibility pattern revealed that XB1 was susceptible to ofloxacin, perfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, sparfloxacin, but resistant to streptomycin, gentamycin, augmentin, amoxacillin. The XB1 also tolerated 3% salinity and exhibit specificity for another hydrocarbon substrate aside diesel. The degradation kinetics showed that XB1 had a biphasic growth with generation times of 11.925 d-1 and 17.825 d-1 between day 0-12 and 12-30 respectively. Gas chromatographic analysis revealed 55% of diesel was degraded at day 15 and 85% at day 30 respectively with near disappearance of the major hydrocarbon peaks. The percentage hydrocarbon fractions degraded at day 15 and day 30 respectively were 75.79% and 100% for nonane, 34.8% and 77.99% for tetracosane, and 59.96% and 81.86% for hexacosane. Therefore, based on the isolate competent on diesel the findings posited that XB1 is a candidate for further study and optimization for clean-up of polluted sites.
Authors: Fashola M. O. Ashade A. O. Opere B. O. Dawodu T. B. Anagun O. S. Semako S. D. and Obayori O. S.
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Abstract
Staphylococcus sciuri strain XB1, a diesel degrading bacterium, was isolated from Igando dumpsite by continuous enrichment technique on diesel mineral salt medium (MSM). The isolate was identified using cultural, morphological, biochemical characteristics and complemented with analytical profile index. The isolate is yellowish, Gram-positive cocci, catalase positive, oxidase and coagulase negative. The isolate fermented glucose, fructose, maltose, trehalose and xylose. The antibiotic susceptibility pattern revealed that XB1 was susceptible to ofloxacin, perfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, sparfloxacin, but resistant to streptomycin, gentamycin, augmentin, amoxacillin. The XB1 also tolerated 3% salinity and exhibit specificity for another hydrocarbon substrate aside diesel. The degradation kinetics showed that XB1 had a biphasic growth with generation times of 11.925 d-1 and 17.825 d-1 between day 0-12 and 12-30 respectively. Gas chromatographic analysis revealed 55% of diesel was degraded at day 15 and 85% at day 30 respectively with near disappearance of the major hydrocarbon peaks. The percentage hydrocarbon fractions degraded at day 15 and day 30 respectively were 75.79% and 100% for nonane, 34.8% and 77.99% for tetracosane, and 59.96% and 81.86% for hexacosane. Therefore, based on the isolate competent on diesel the findings posited that XB1 is a candidate for further study and optimization for clean-up of polluted sites.
Fungal Contaminants of Feed, Litter and Faecal Dropping Samples of Poultry Birds, their Occurrence and Distribution in Selected Farms in Anambra State, Nigeria
In Nigeria, fungi have been causing high mortality and production loses in the poultry industry. This study aims at quantifying the fungal organisms in feed, litter and birds droppings, and their occurrence and distribution in selected poultry farms in Anambra State, Nigeria. The samples were collected from 10 poultry farms in six local government areas in Anambra State, Nigeria. One gram (1 g) of each sample was serially diluted ten-fold and 0.1 ml of 10-4 dilution spread inoculated on Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) plates supplemented with 0.05 mg/ml chloramphenicol. After incubation for 3-6 days at 25oC, fungal load was determined and the isolates characterized using macroscopic, microscopic and genetic features. The range of fungal load of the samples in the farm with floor system was 8.50 × 103 to 2.40 × 105 sfu/g, while that of cage system was 6.0 × 103 to 2.10 × 105 sfu/g. The fungi recovered during the rainy season included Aspergillus (40.0%), Leichthemia (10.0%), Paecillomyces (11.49%), Penicillum (10.61%), Acremonium (3.89%), Fusarium (1.61%), Chrysonilia (0.60%) and yeast (21.08%). Those of the dry season were Aspergillus (19.16%), yeast (30.75%), Curvularia (12.28%), Penicillum (9.48%), Fusarium (3.75%), Cunninghamella (3.33%), Trichoderma (4.96%), Nathrasia (4.34%), Syncephalis (4.16%), Aureobasidium (4.59%), Scopulariopsis (2.98%). No seasonal effect on fungal loads of the samples from various farms, but significant difference (p<0.05) was observed in the occurrence and distribution of the isolates. Fungal quantification of the samples and species identification are essential in the evaluation of potential health risk of workers in the poultry farms.
Authors: Mba A. N. Ekwealor C. C. Ekwealor I. A.
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Abstract
In Nigeria, fungi have been causing high mortality and production loses in the poultry industry. This study aims at quantifying the fungal organisms in feed, litter and birds droppings, and their occurrence and distribution in selected poultry farms in Anambra State, Nigeria. The samples were collected from 10 poultry farms in six local government areas in Anambra State, Nigeria. One gram (1 g) of each sample was serially diluted ten-fold and 0.1 ml of 10-4 dilution spread inoculated on Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) plates supplemented with 0.05 mg/ml chloramphenicol. After incubation for 3-6 days at 25oC, fungal load was determined and the isolates characterized using macroscopic, microscopic and genetic features. The range of fungal load of the samples in the farm with floor system was 8.50 × 103 to 2.40 × 105 sfu/g, while that of cage system was 6.0 × 103 to 2.10 × 105 sfu/g. The fungi recovered during the rainy season included Aspergillus (40.0%), Leichthemia (10.0%), Paecillomyces (11.49%), Penicillum (10.61%), Acremonium (3.89%), Fusarium (1.61%), Chrysonilia (0.60%) and yeast (21.08%). Those of the dry season were Aspergillus (19.16%), yeast (30.75%), Curvularia (12.28%), Penicillum (9.48%), Fusarium (3.75%), Cunninghamella (3.33%), Trichoderma (4.96%), Nathrasia (4.34%), Syncephalis (4.16%), Aureobasidium (4.59%), Scopulariopsis (2.98%). No seasonal effect on fungal loads of the samples from various farms, but significant difference (p<0.05) was observed in the occurrence and distribution of the isolates. Fungal quantification of the samples and species identification are essential in the evaluation of potential health risk of workers in the poultry farms.
Assessment of Proximate and Antioxidants Profile oF Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq) P. Kumm. Cultivated on Selected Medicinal Plant Leaves
Oyster mushrooms can synthesize great number of minerals, and secondary metabolites that possess antioxidant activities which play important role in maintaining human health. This study investigated the proximate, mineral and antioxidant properties of Pleurotus ostreatus cultivated on medicinal leaves such as Neem leaves (Azadirachta indica), Moringa leaves (Moringa oleifera), Lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus), Scent leaves (Ocimum gratissimum) and oil palm fibre as control. Spawns of P. ostreatus were cultivated on medicinal leaves (substrates), Proximate and mineral content were determine using standard chemical and spectrophotometric method. Results showed that the proximate composition (%) of P. ostreatus cultivated on A. indica, M. oleifera and C. citratus had highest values of 15.20±0.09d, 17.35±0.42e and 4.47±0.06c for moisture, protein, and lipid contents respectively while highest 45.90±0.53a, 22.30±0.43b and 15.97±0.11c were recorded for carbohydrate, crude fibre and total ash contents respectively in P. ostreatus cultivated on oil palm. Mineral composition (mg/100g) revealed that P. ostreatus cultivated on M. oleifera had highest 11.12, 17.87, 8.22 and 7.34 for Sodium, Calcium, Iron and Zinc respectively. Total phenolic, vitamin C content, Ferric Reducing ability, hydroxyl radicals scavenging ability, Iron chelating ability, Nitric oxide (%) activities, free radical scavenging activity and ABTS scavenging ability had highest values of 33.348mg, 91.252 mg/100g, 2.808 mg/ml, 82.014% 42.616%, 72.180%, 67.256% and 0.024 mg/ml respectively in aqueous extracts while flavonoids contents had highest 0.804mg in ethanoic extracts of P. ostreatus cultivated on M. oleifera leaves. It can be concluded that substrates used in this study improved the nutraceutical properties of P. ostreatus.
Authors: Ayo E. O. Olalemi A. O. and Arotupin D. J.
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Abstract
Oyster mushrooms can synthesize great number of minerals, and secondary metabolites that possess antioxidant activities which play important role in maintaining human health. This study investigated the proximate, mineral and antioxidant properties of Pleurotus ostreatus cultivated on medicinal leaves such as Neem leaves (Azadirachta indica), Moringa leaves (Moringa oleifera), Lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus), Scent leaves (Ocimum gratissimum) and oil palm fibre as control. Spawns of P. ostreatus were cultivated on medicinal leaves (substrates), Proximate and mineral content were determine using standard chemical and spectrophotometric method. Results showed that the proximate composition (%) of P. ostreatus cultivated on A. indica, M. oleifera and C. citratus had highest values of 15.20±0.09d, 17.35±0.42e and 4.47±0.06c for moisture, protein, and lipid contents respectively while highest 45.90±0.53a, 22.30±0.43b and 15.97±0.11c were recorded for carbohydrate, crude fibre and total ash contents respectively in P. ostreatus cultivated on oil palm. Mineral composition (mg/100g) revealed that P. ostreatus cultivated on M. oleifera had highest 11.12, 17.87, 8.22 and 7.34 for Sodium, Calcium, Iron and Zinc respectively. Total phenolic, vitamin C content, Ferric Reducing ability, hydroxyl radicals scavenging ability, Iron chelating ability, Nitric oxide (%) activities, free radical scavenging activity and ABTS scavenging ability had highest values of 33.348mg, 91.252 mg/100g, 2.808 mg/ml, 82.014% 42.616%, 72.180%, 67.256% and 0.024 mg/ml respectively in aqueous extracts while flavonoids contents had highest 0.804mg in ethanoic extracts of P. ostreatus cultivated on M. oleifera leaves. It can be concluded that substrates used in this study improved the nutraceutical properties of P. ostreatus.
Microbiological Examination of Personal Effects of Undergraduate Students in Microbiology Laboratory
Personal effects (PEs) including phones, laptops and bags globally are a necessary part of our everyday lives. These PEs are often carried or worn by individuals for numerous purposes, globally. However, the increasing risk of microbial contamination and the presence of antibiotic-resistant strains on these devices are of public health significance. Using standard microbiological procedures, this study examined the microbial occurrence and contamination of undergraduate students’ mobile phones, laptops and bags and their resistant profile to conventional antibiotics. This cross-sectional study, carried out between April and May 2023, was performed on 65 swab samples collected from surfaces of mobile phones (n =25), laptops (n =20) and handbags (n = 20) of students attending the Microbiology Laboratory. Of the bacteria isolated, 39.2% were Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis (21.4%), Escherichia coli (7.1%), Bacillus subtilis (14.2%), Klebsiella pnuemoniae (7.1%), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (11.0%). Fungal isolates included; Fusarium sp. (25.0%), Aspergillus terreus (25.0%), Aspergillus flavus (20.0%), and Aspergillus niger (30.0). Fifty four percent (54.0%) of the isolates produced complete hemolysis on blood agar, 7.1% showed partial hemolysis and 39.2% had no hemolysis at all. Antibiogram revealed an increased resistance of Gram positive bacteria to amoxicillin (38.1%) and levofloxacin (33.4%). Higher resistance was observed in gram negative bacteria to cephalothin (85.8%), ampicloxacilin (85.8%), augmentin (71.5%) and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole (71.5%). Findings demonstrated that personal effects of undergraduate students attending the Microbiology Laboratory at the university were microbially tainted with putative pathogens. This emphasizes the need for regular hand hygiene and disinfection of these items to minimize the spread of antibiotic-resistant superbugs.
Authors: Ofon U. A. Okon M. U. Udofia E. S. Ndubuisi-Nnaji U. U. and George M. U.
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Abstract
Personal effects (PEs) including phones, laptops and bags globally are a necessary part of our everyday lives. These PEs are often carried or worn by individuals for numerous purposes, globally. However, the increasing risk of microbial contamination and the presence of antibiotic-resistant strains on these devices are of public health significance. Using standard microbiological procedures, this study examined the microbial occurrence and contamination of undergraduate students’ mobile phones, laptops and bags and their resistant profile to conventional antibiotics. This cross-sectional study, carried out between April and May 2023, was performed on 65 swab samples collected from surfaces of mobile phones (n =25), laptops (n =20) and handbags (n = 20) of students attending the Microbiology Laboratory. Of the bacteria isolated, 39.2% were Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis (21.4%), Escherichia coli (7.1%), Bacillus subtilis (14.2%), Klebsiella pnuemoniae (7.1%), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (11.0%). Fungal isolates included; Fusarium sp. (25.0%), Aspergillus terreus (25.0%), Aspergillus flavus (20.0%), and Aspergillus niger (30.0). Fifty four percent (54.0%) of the isolates produced complete hemolysis on blood agar, 7.1% showed partial hemolysis and 39.2% had no hemolysis at all. Antibiogram revealed an increased resistance of Gram positive bacteria to amoxicillin (38.1%) and levofloxacin (33.4%). Higher resistance was observed in gram negative bacteria to cephalothin (85.8%), ampicloxacilin (85.8%), augmentin (71.5%) and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole (71.5%). Findings demonstrated that personal effects of undergraduate students attending the Microbiology Laboratory at the university were microbially tainted with putative pathogens. This emphasizes the need for regular hand hygiene and disinfection of these items to minimize the spread of antibiotic-resistant superbugs.
Cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus (Oyster Mushroom) Using Sawdust Supplemented with Waste Human Hair
Waste human hair (WHH) is a part of municipal solid waste generated from salons that may lead to clogging of drainage pipes ensued with flooding. Pleurotus ostreatus (mushroom) is capable of utilizing several organic substrate types due to its enzyme secretions. This study determined the potential of WHH in cultivating edible mushrooms P. ostreatus (Oyster mushroom).The WHH from males was collected from two (2) barbing salons in Benin, Edo State, Nigeria. Microbial analyses of WHH were based on standard methods, while pulverised WHH samples (pasteurised and unpasteurised) were mixed with sawdust in varying concentrations (5, 10, 15 and 20% WHH) and used to monitor the growth of P. ostreatus for 100 days. Growth of P. ostreatus in sawdust and rice bran was used as control. The total bacterial and fungal counts obtained from WHH samples were 4.50 ± 1.00 x102 cfu/g and 6.10 ± 0.05 x10 sfu/g respectively. Among identified bacteria and fungi were Bacillus sp, Citrobacter sp. Penicillium sp. and Alternaria sp. Mycelium complete run observed in the pasteurised samples gave rise to mushrooms with the exception of the 20 % WHH sample. However, the control had the largest total yield (355 g) and biological efficiency (51%) this was followed by the 10% WHH group at 313 g (45%) and the 5% WHH group at 259g (37%). The least values were observed in the 15% WHH group at 87 g (12%) while mushroom growth was not detected in 20 % WHH group. The potential for recycling WHH provides an avenue for the promotion of the circular economy in Nigeria.
Authors: Obuekwe I. S. and Odemwingie O. S.
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Abstract
Waste human hair (WHH) is a part of municipal solid waste generated from salons that may lead to clogging of drainage pipes ensued with flooding. Pleurotus ostreatus (mushroom) is capable of utilizing several organic substrate types due to its enzyme secretions. This study determined the potential of WHH in cultivating edible mushrooms P. ostreatus (Oyster mushroom).The WHH from males was collected from two (2) barbing salons in Benin, Edo State, Nigeria. Microbial analyses of WHH were based on standard methods, while pulverised WHH samples (pasteurised and unpasteurised) were mixed with sawdust in varying concentrations (5, 10, 15 and 20% WHH) and used to monitor the growth of P. ostreatus for 100 days. Growth of P. ostreatus in sawdust and rice bran was used as control. The total bacterial and fungal counts obtained from WHH samples were 4.50 ± 1.00 x102 cfu/g and 6.10 ± 0.05 x10 sfu/g respectively. Among identified bacteria and fungi were Bacillus sp, Citrobacter sp. Penicillium sp. and Alternaria sp. Mycelium complete run observed in the pasteurised samples gave rise to mushrooms with the exception of the 20 % WHH sample. However, the control had the largest total yield (355 g) and biological efficiency (51%) this was followed by the 10% WHH group at 313 g (45%) and the 5% WHH group at 259g (37%). The least values were observed in the 15% WHH group at 87 g (12%) while mushroom growth was not detected in 20 % WHH group. The potential for recycling WHH provides an avenue for the promotion of the circular economy in Nigeria.
Toxicological Effects of Electronic Waste (E-waste) on Microbial Flora and Radionuclides
This study was conducted to investigate the microbial, elemental levels and radionuclei concentration of three e-waste dumpsites with a view to establish the contamination status of these sites. E-waste soil samples were collected from Oluku and Osasogie in Benin, Edo state Nigeria while the third E-waste soil sample was obtained from Alaba, Lagos state Nigeria.The microbial analysis was done based on standard procedure. The mean bacterial counts on nutrient agar (NA) ranges between 9.00±2.646 cfu/g and 5.33±1.202 cfu/g, the former was for Oluku while the latter was for Osasogie. The highest fungal count was recorded in the control site (10.67±1.764 sfu/g). The isolated bacterial and fungal species included, Bacillus sp., Clostridium sp., Pseudomonas sp., Yersinia sp., Serratia marcescens, Klebsiella sp., Providencia sp, Aspergillus sp., Geotrichum sp., Rhizopus sp., and Penicillium sp. respectively, these microorganisms have been reported to possess the ability to biodegrade heavy metals. The physicochemical properties across the e-waste sites showed the available pH of the soil samples range from 6.83 - 8.45. Alaba soil sample recorded the highest amount of all the heavy metals analyzed, cadmium (Cd) was the only heavy metal that was not detected (ND) and it was not detected only in the control soil sample. The activity concentrations of natural radionuclides (40K, 226Ra, 323Th). The highest mean values obtained for 226Ra and 323Th was in Alaba with (79.630±4.557 Bq/kg, 30.177±1.83 Bq/kg) respectively. The control was below detection limit (BDL) for both Ra and Th. The world average values of 412 Bq/kg, 35 Bq/kg and 30 Bq/kg for 40K,226Ra, and 323Th, respectively. However, 226Ra was higher than the accepted limit while 232Th was at the recommended limit for Alaba e-waste site. Therefore, ewaste poses a radiological risk to the people living/working at Alaba e-waste site, but does not pose any immediate threat at the other two e-waste sites studied.
Authors: Ocheoibo S. J. and Atuanya E. I.
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Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the microbial, elemental levels and radionuclei concentration of three e-waste dumpsites with a view to establish the contamination status of these sites. E-waste soil samples were collected from Oluku and Osasogie in Benin, Edo state Nigeria while the third E-waste soil sample was obtained from Alaba, Lagos state Nigeria.The microbial analysis was done based on standard procedure. The mean bacterial counts on nutrient agar (NA) ranges between 9.00±2.646 cfu/g and 5.33±1.202 cfu/g, the former was for Oluku while the latter was for Osasogie. The highest fungal count was recorded in the control site (10.67±1.764 sfu/g). The isolated bacterial and fungal species included, Bacillus sp., Clostridium sp., Pseudomonas sp., Yersinia sp., Serratia marcescens, Klebsiella sp., Providencia sp, Aspergillus sp., Geotrichum sp., Rhizopus sp., and Penicillium sp. respectively, these microorganisms have been reported to possess the ability to biodegrade heavy metals. The physicochemical properties across the e-waste sites showed the available pH of the soil samples range from 6.83 - 8.45. Alaba soil sample recorded the highest amount of all the heavy metals analyzed, cadmium (Cd) was the only heavy metal that was not detected (ND) and it was not detected only in the control soil sample. The activity concentrations of natural radionuclides (40K, 226Ra, 323Th). The highest mean values obtained for 226Ra and 323Th was in Alaba with (79.630±4.557 Bq/kg, 30.177±1.83 Bq/kg) respectively. The control was below detection limit (BDL) for both Ra and Th. The world average values of 412 Bq/kg, 35 Bq/kg and 30 Bq/kg for 40K,226Ra, and 323Th, respectively. However, 226Ra was higher than the accepted limit while 232Th was at the recommended limit for Alaba e-waste site. Therefore, ewaste poses a radiological risk to the people living/working at Alaba e-waste site, but does not pose any immediate threat at the other two e-waste sites studied.
Antifungal Susceptibility and Evaluation of Risks Associated with Heavy Metals Distributed in Selected Dumpsite Soils of Osogbo Metropolis, Southwest Nigeria
The study assessed the drug susceptibility, ecological and human health risks associated with toxic metal concentrations of five dumpsite soils in Osogbo metropolis, Southwest Nigeria. Fungal distribution and susceptibility, heavy metal (Cd, Cu, Fe, Pb, and Zn) levels of Egbedi, Gbonmi, Ilesa garage, Omobolanle, and Oke-Baale dumpsite soils were determined following standard protocol. Pollution, ecological, and human health risk indices were also estimated. A total of 17 fungal isolates were obtained, with Aspergillus and Penicillium genera being prevalent. All the isolates (17) were susceptible to voriconazole while 10 and 16 were resistant to amphotericin B and fluconazole, respectively. The level of toxic metals in the soils was in the descending order: Cu > Fe > Pb > Cd > Zn except in Egbedi whose Zn (64.05±0.03 mg/kg) was higher than Cd (48.45 ± 0.02 mg/kg). In this investigation, Omobolanle and Egbedi dumpsite soils showed high-level pollution. Cadmium was the major contaminant and contributes majorly to the high ecological risk in the areas. For both children and adults, the level of metals in the soils do not suggest a significant cancer threat. Similarly, Cd through inhalation signals extremely high non carcinogenic risk. There is a need for effective monitoring of pollution in the dumpsites to safeguard environmental and human health
Authors: Titilawo M. A. Ajani T. F. Akinleye G. O. Ogunlana E. O. Ojediran G. O. Titilawo O. Y. and Olaitan J. O.
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Abstract
The study assessed the drug susceptibility, ecological and human health risks associated with toxic metal concentrations of five dumpsite soils in Osogbo metropolis, Southwest Nigeria. Fungal distribution and susceptibility, heavy metal (Cd, Cu, Fe, Pb, and Zn) levels of Egbedi, Gbonmi, Ilesa garage, Omobolanle, and Oke-Baale dumpsite soils were determined following standard protocol. Pollution, ecological, and human health risk indices were also estimated. A total of 17 fungal isolates were obtained, with Aspergillus and Penicillium genera being prevalent. All the isolates (17) were susceptible to voriconazole while 10 and 16 were resistant to amphotericin B and fluconazole, respectively. The level of toxic metals in the soils was in the descending order: Cu > Fe > Pb > Cd > Zn except in Egbedi whose Zn (64.05±0.03 mg/kg) was higher than Cd (48.45 ± 0.02 mg/kg). In this investigation, Omobolanle and Egbedi dumpsite soils showed high-level pollution. Cadmium was the major contaminant and contributes majorly to the high ecological risk in the areas. For both children and adults, the level of metals in the soils do not suggest a significant cancer threat. Similarly, Cd through inhalation signals extremely high non carcinogenic risk. There is a need for effective monitoring of pollution in the dumpsites to safeguard environmental and human health
Occurrence of Metallo-beta-lactamase in Multidrug Resistant Escherichia coli Isolated from Donkey Slaughter Market
Animals used in food production have been identified as one of the major primary sources of antibiotic resistant pathogenic bacteria within the Enterobacteriaceae family. The Escherichia coli harboring metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs) is a serious threat to global health. This study was aimed at the occurrences of metallo-beta-lactamase in multidrug resistance Escherichia coli isolated from donkey slaughter market. A total of 75 swab samples were collected from equipment used in donkey slaughters and E. coli was identified using Eosin Methylene Blue Agar (EMBA), MacConkey Agar (MCA) media and other microbiological standard techniques. The E. coli isolates were tested for multidrug resistance (MDR) using disk diffusion method and MARI was calculated. The presence of metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL) in multidrug resistance E. coliwas confirmed using modified Hodge test method. Thirty (40.0%) swab samples were positive for E. coli, knife had 8(32.0%), table had 12(48.0%) and slab harbored 10(40.0%). The isolates were resistance to tetracycline (40.0%-80.0%), gentamicin (25.0%-30.0%), erythromycin (40.0%-50.0%), ampicillin (70.0%-75.0%) and ciprofloxacin (20.0%-37.5%). Three major antibiotics resistance pattern were revealed from the 14 (46.7%) isolate that were MDR-E. coli which includes; TE-CN-E-AMP-CIP, TE-E-AMP-CIP and TE-CN-E-AMP. This study revealed the occurrences of MBLs in MDR- E. coli to be 5(35.7%). The presence of MBLs in MDR E. coli isolated from donkey creates strong threat to the treatment of such infection in clinical setting and it calls for an urgent veterinary surveillance program to monitor antibiotics used as growth enhancers in animal production.
Authors: Ugbo E. N. Ugbo A. I. Agumah B. N. Nwojiji E. C. Ewah C. M. Ogbonna I. P. and Ekpono C. U.
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Abstract
Animals used in food production have been identified as one of the major primary sources of antibiotic resistant pathogenic bacteria within the Enterobacteriaceae family. The Escherichia coli harboring metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs) is a serious threat to global health. This study was aimed at the occurrences of metallo-beta-lactamase in multidrug resistance Escherichia coli isolated from donkey slaughter market. A total of 75 swab samples were collected from equipment used in donkey slaughters and E. coli was identified using Eosin Methylene Blue Agar (EMBA), MacConkey Agar (MCA) media and other microbiological standard techniques. The E. coli isolates were tested for multidrug resistance (MDR) using disk diffusion method and MARI was calculated. The presence of metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL) in multidrug resistance E. coliwas confirmed using modified Hodge test method. Thirty (40.0%) swab samples were positive for E. coli, knife had 8(32.0%), table had 12(48.0%) and slab harbored 10(40.0%). The isolates were resistance to tetracycline (40.0%-80.0%), gentamicin (25.0%-30.0%), erythromycin (40.0%-50.0%), ampicillin (70.0%-75.0%) and ciprofloxacin (20.0%-37.5%). Three major antibiotics resistance pattern were revealed from the 14 (46.7%) isolate that were MDR-E. coli which includes; TE-CN-E-AMP-CIP, TE-E-AMP-CIP and TE-CN-E-AMP. This study revealed the occurrences of MBLs in MDR- E. coli to be 5(35.7%). The presence of MBLs in MDR E. coli isolated from donkey creates strong threat to the treatment of such infection in clinical setting and it calls for an urgent veterinary surveillance program to monitor antibiotics used as growth enhancers in animal production.
Induced Fermentation for the Production of Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) Using Bacillus cereus Strain ST06 (MH475925.1) and Bacillus velezensis Strain Bv1-4 (OQ787546.1)
The use of bacteria in fermentations to produce functional foods has greatly increased in recent years due to the numerous associated benefits. Moreover, the increased demand for the production of virgin coconut oil (VCO) at household and industrial level as well as the need to overcome the problem of contamination associated with spontaneous fermentation justifies this research. Matured Coconut fruits were selected from which coconut milk used for the research was manually extracted using blender. Bacteria were isolated from spontaneously fermented coconut milk and steeped maize using standard technique. The isolates were characterized and identified using laboratory and molecular techniques. The isolates were further used as starter culture to carry out induced fermentation of coconut milk at laboratory conditions for 24, 48 and 72 hours for the production of VCO. During fermentation, the oil yield was determined using standard method. The molecular characterization confirmed the isolates were Bacillus cereus strain ST06 (MH475925.1) and Bacillus valezensis strain Bv1-4 (OQ787546.1). The two bacterial isolates were able to produce VCO from the coconut milk, although oil yield decreases as the duration of fermentation increases. In conclusion, the two (isolates) were found to possess the potential for producing VCO from coconut milk.
Authors: Adedayo M. R. Kolawole W. O. and Ajiboye A. E.
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Abstract
The use of bacteria in fermentations to produce functional foods has greatly increased in recent years due to the numerous associated benefits. Moreover, the increased demand for the production of virgin coconut oil (VCO) at household and industrial level as well as the need to overcome the problem of contamination associated with spontaneous fermentation justifies this research. Matured Coconut fruits were selected from which coconut milk used for the research was manually extracted using blender. Bacteria were isolated from spontaneously fermented coconut milk and steeped maize using standard technique. The isolates were characterized and identified using laboratory and molecular techniques. The isolates were further used as starter culture to carry out induced fermentation of coconut milk at laboratory conditions for 24, 48 and 72 hours for the production of VCO. During fermentation, the oil yield was determined using standard method. The molecular characterization confirmed the isolates were Bacillus cereus strain ST06 (MH475925.1) and Bacillus valezensis strain Bv1-4 (OQ787546.1). The two bacterial isolates were able to produce VCO from the coconut milk, although oil yield decreases as the duration of fermentation increases. In conclusion, the two (isolates) were found to possess the potential for producing VCO from coconut milk.
Probiotics Potential of Bacteria Associated with Fermented Unripe Plantain (Musa paradisiaca) Juice Sold in Orieugba Market Umuahia, Nigeria
Probiotics are live microorganisms that when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host. They are naturally present in fermented foods, may be added to other food products and are available as dietary supplement. This study was aimed to determine probiotics potentials of bacteria associated with fermented unripe plantain (Musa paradisiaca) juice. The physico-chemical analysis of the fermented unripe plantain (Musa paradisiaca) juice was determined by homogenizing 10g of the samples in 20ml of distilled water and using a referenced glass electrode pH meter. Total titratable acidity was also determined by titrating 0.1N sodium hydroxide against 10 ml of supernatant of homogenized sample, using phenolphthalein indicator. The result showed that the pH was 5.72, total suspended solid was 620mg/l and total titrable acidity was 0.35ml. Total bacteria counts from fermented unripe plantain (Musa paradisiaca) juice indicated that the most appropriate fermentation time that yield highest probiotic organisms was at the 21th hour (8.4 × 103 cfu/ml), followed by 24th hour (7.2 × 103 cfu/ml) while the least (1.5 × 103 cfu/ml) was recorded at 48th hour. A total of four probiotic bacterial species were isolated and identified using molecular techniques, which includes; Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides, Weissella confusa, Gluconobacter frateurii and Weissella cibaria. Gluconobacter frateurii was the only Gram negative organism isolated from the juice while the other three organisms were all Gram positives. Evaluation of probiotic properties of the isolates showed that the four isolates had maximum growth at temperature of 30oC. Leuconostoc pseudomesenteriodes, Weissella cibaria and Weissella confusa showed tolerance to 6.5% NaCl. The current study demonstrated that ulcer eradication was significantly higher when lower dose (2 ml/kg) of the fermented unripe plantain juice was administered with percentage severity of 69.17% while it was non-significant when a higher dose of (4 ml/kg) was administered with percentage severity of 115.71%. It is evident from the present study that consumption of fermented unripe plantain (Musa paradisiaca) juice exerts health benefits to the consumers.
Authors: Appeh O. G. and Ugbogu O. C.
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Abstract
Probiotics are live microorganisms that when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host. They are naturally present in fermented foods, may be added to other food products and are available as dietary supplement. This study was aimed to determine probiotics potentials of bacteria associated with fermented unripe plantain (Musa paradisiaca) juice. The physico-chemical analysis of the fermented unripe plantain (Musa paradisiaca) juice was determined by homogenizing 10g of the samples in 20ml of distilled water and using a referenced glass electrode pH meter. Total titratable acidity was also determined by titrating 0.1N sodium hydroxide against 10 ml of supernatant of homogenized sample, using phenolphthalein indicator. The result showed that the pH was 5.72, total suspended solid was 620mg/l and total titrable acidity was 0.35ml. Total bacteria counts from fermented unripe plantain (Musa paradisiaca) juice indicated that the most appropriate fermentation time that yield highest probiotic organisms was at the 21th hour (8.4 × 103 cfu/ml), followed by 24th hour (7.2 × 103 cfu/ml) while the least (1.5 × 103 cfu/ml) was recorded at 48th hour. A total of four probiotic bacterial species were isolated and identified using molecular techniques, which includes; Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides, Weissella confusa, Gluconobacter frateurii and Weissella cibaria. Gluconobacter frateurii was the only Gram negative organism isolated from the juice while the other three organisms were all Gram positives. Evaluation of probiotic properties of the isolates showed that the four isolates had maximum growth at temperature of 30oC. Leuconostoc pseudomesenteriodes, Weissella cibaria and Weissella confusa showed tolerance to 6.5% NaCl. The current study demonstrated that ulcer eradication was significantly higher when lower dose (2 ml/kg) of the fermented unripe plantain juice was administered with percentage severity of 69.17% while it was non-significant when a higher dose of (4 ml/kg) was administered with percentage severity of 115.71%. It is evident from the present study that consumption of fermented unripe plantain (Musa paradisiaca) juice exerts health benefits to the consumers.
Isolation and Characterization of Probiotic Lactic Acid Bacteria from Fermented Foods Using Conventional and Molecular Methods
The study aimed to isolate and characterize probiotic lactic acid bacteria from fermented foods using conventional and molecular methods. The isolation was done using De Man, Rogosa, and Sharpe (MRS) agar using standard procedure and standard biochemical tests for the identification of lactic acid bacteria. The isolates were confirmed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), sequence analysis and comparison with Genbank resources were conducted to identify species levels. The isolates were evaluated for their probiotic potential using low pH tolerance, bile tolerance, and hemolytic tests, some antibiotic susceptibility pattern and antibacterial activity against enteric pathogens. The isolates identified were rod/bacilli and cocci, all Gram positive, but catalase, citrate, hydrogen sulfide (H2S), indole, urease, Voges-Proskauer negative, and no NH3 production from arginine. The isolates were positive for methyl red and bile esculin salt. The sugar fermentation profile of eight different sugars and Molecular analysis identifies the isolates, which were found to be Lactobacillus plantarum in Kunun-Zaki, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus fermentum, and Lactobacillus plantarum in Nono, Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus bulgarus in Yoghurt. Phylogenic tree revealed the isolates were related to the reference strain in the Genbank. The study showed that all the isolates were able to survive at low pH levels, tolerate bile concentrations, adhere to cover slips, were non-hemolytic and were susceptible to majority of the antibiotic tested; also the isolates had antagonistic activity against Escherichia coli and Salmonella Typhi, indicating their potential as probiotics.
Authors: Hassan M. R. Saleh A. A. and Muhhammad B. T.
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Abstract
The study aimed to isolate and characterize probiotic lactic acid bacteria from fermented foods using conventional and molecular methods. The isolation was done using De Man, Rogosa, and Sharpe (MRS) agar using standard procedure and standard biochemical tests for the identification of lactic acid bacteria. The isolates were confirmed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), sequence analysis and comparison with Genbank resources were conducted to identify species levels. The isolates were evaluated for their probiotic potential using low pH tolerance, bile tolerance, and hemolytic tests, some antibiotic susceptibility pattern and antibacterial activity against enteric pathogens. The isolates identified were rod/bacilli and cocci, all Gram positive, but catalase, citrate, hydrogen sulfide (H2S), indole, urease, Voges-Proskauer negative, and no NH3 production from arginine. The isolates were positive for methyl red and bile esculin salt. The sugar fermentation profile of eight different sugars and Molecular analysis identifies the isolates, which were found to be Lactobacillus plantarum in Kunun-Zaki, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus fermentum, and Lactobacillus plantarum in Nono, Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus bulgarus in Yoghurt. Phylogenic tree revealed the isolates were related to the reference strain in the Genbank. The study showed that all the isolates were able to survive at low pH levels, tolerate bile concentrations, adhere to cover slips, were non-hemolytic and were susceptible to majority of the antibiotic tested; also the isolates had antagonistic activity against Escherichia coli and Salmonella Typhi, indicating their potential as probiotics.
Molecular Characterization of Bacterial Isolates from Conventionally Stored African Oil Bean Seed in Ilorin Metropolis
The African oil bean seed (Pentaclethra macrophylla) is widely used as a traditional food condiment and is valued for its high protein content. This study focused on assessing the microbiological quality and molecular characterization of microorganisms associated with African oil bean seeds stored under conventional methods. Samples were obtained from three different markets in the Ilorin metropolis of Nigeria: Mandate, Ojo Oba, and Ganmo. Isolates were identified using 16S RNA GENE sequencing and the BLAST algorithm. Microbial counts ranged from 3.7 ± 1.4 x 106 to 6.3 ± 0.5 x 106 cfu/g African oil bean seeds from the Mandate market had the highest bacterial load of 6.3 ± 0.5 x 106 cfu/g followed by those from Ganmo with a bacterial load of 5.3 ± 0.5 x 106 cfu/g, while samples from the Oja Oba market had counts of 4.5 ± 2.2 x 104 cfu/g. The bacteria isolates were identified as Staphylococcus aureus CIP 9973; and Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum Pec 1; Enterobacter cloacae AS10 Klebsiella aerogenes OFM28; Escherichia coli 2013C-3342; Proteus mirabilis UPMSD3; Lactobacillus plantarum NCU116; Lactobacillus plantarum NRIC 0383. This study emphasized the importance of molecular characterization in determining the genetic diversity and assessing the microbial quality of the African oil bean seed in ensuring food safety and public health
Authors: Ihum T. A. John W. C. and Oledibe C. F.
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Abstract
The African oil bean seed (Pentaclethra macrophylla) is widely used as a traditional food condiment and is valued for its high protein content. This study focused on assessing the microbiological quality and molecular characterization of microorganisms associated with African oil bean seeds stored under conventional methods. Samples were obtained from three different markets in the Ilorin metropolis of Nigeria: Mandate, Ojo Oba, and Ganmo. Isolates were identified using 16S RNA GENE sequencing and the BLAST algorithm. Microbial counts ranged from 3.7 ± 1.4 x 106 to 6.3 ± 0.5 x 106 cfu/g African oil bean seeds from the Mandate market had the highest bacterial load of 6.3 ± 0.5 x 106 cfu/g followed by those from Ganmo with a bacterial load of 5.3 ± 0.5 x 106 cfu/g, while samples from the Oja Oba market had counts of 4.5 ± 2.2 x 104 cfu/g. The bacteria isolates were identified as Staphylococcus aureus CIP 9973; and Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum Pec 1; Enterobacter cloacae AS10 Klebsiella aerogenes OFM28; Escherichia coli 2013C-3342; Proteus mirabilis UPMSD3; Lactobacillus plantarum NCU116; Lactobacillus plantarum NRIC 0383. This study emphasized the importance of molecular characterization in determining the genetic diversity and assessing the microbial quality of the African oil bean seed in ensuring food safety and public health
Quality Improvement of Watermelon-Clerodendrum volubile Extract Wine Produced via Sequential Malolactic Fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Lactobacillus delbrueckii
Herbal infusions medicinal benefits in wine and the impact of malolactic fermentation on wine quality is of high significance. The study aimed at improving the quality of watermelon wine with Clerodendrum volubile extract using Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus. S. cerevisiae and L. delbrueckii isolated from palm wine and yoghurt, respectively were used in this study. Fermentation must was prepared in various dilution ratios ranging from 95:5, 90:10 and 85:15 (watermelon to C. volubile). Static fermentation was carried out for 5 days with S. cerevisiae followed by malolactic fermentation with L. delbrueckii and then fermentation with S. cerevisiae for 23 days at room temperature. Physicochemical, phytochemical, mineral, and sensory properties were observed. Noticeable was pH decrease (5.21 - 3.33), increased titratable acidity (0.05-0.69 g/l), decreasing reducing sugar (0.59-0.011 mg/ml), temperature (30.5-24.2℃) and increasing total dissolved solids (19.748.9oB). Wine fermented with S. cerevisiae (D) had the highest phenolic content (481.68±0.37 mg/100 g), while vitamin C increased (20.2±0.73 - 29.28±0.70) with increase in C. volubile concentration. The Na+ was most abundant (51.71 mg/100ml), while Ca2+ (5.23 mg/100ml) was improved. Watermelon wine (D and H) showed the least (1.38±0.5%) alcohol content while wine C and G recorded the highest. Organoleptic properties of wine E received the highest preference rating for flavour, colour and taste. Therefore, the nutritional and sensorial properties of Watermelon-C. volubile wine can be improved through sequential malolactic fermentation.
Authors: Kazeem M. O. Aderoboye Y. O. Oyinlola K. A. and Maiangwa J
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Abstract
Herbal infusions medicinal benefits in wine and the impact of malolactic fermentation on wine quality is of high significance. The study aimed at improving the quality of watermelon wine with Clerodendrum volubile extract using Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus. S. cerevisiae and L. delbrueckii isolated from palm wine and yoghurt, respectively were used in this study. Fermentation must was prepared in various dilution ratios ranging from 95:5, 90:10 and 85:15 (watermelon to C. volubile). Static fermentation was carried out for 5 days with S. cerevisiae followed by malolactic fermentation with L. delbrueckii and then fermentation with S. cerevisiae for 23 days at room temperature. Physicochemical, phytochemical, mineral, and sensory properties were observed. Noticeable was pH decrease (5.21 - 3.33), increased titratable acidity (0.05-0.69 g/l), decreasing reducing sugar (0.59-0.011 mg/ml), temperature (30.5-24.2℃) and increasing total dissolved solids (19.748.9oB). Wine fermented with S. cerevisiae (D) had the highest phenolic content (481.68±0.37 mg/100 g), while vitamin C increased (20.2±0.73 - 29.28±0.70) with increase in C. volubile concentration. The Na+ was most abundant (51.71 mg/100ml), while Ca2+ (5.23 mg/100ml) was improved. Watermelon wine (D and H) showed the least (1.38±0.5%) alcohol content while wine C and G recorded the highest. Organoleptic properties of wine E received the highest preference rating for flavour, colour and taste. Therefore, the nutritional and sensorial properties of Watermelon-C. volubile wine can be improved through sequential malolactic fermentation.
Microbial, Proximate and Sensory Evaluation of Bread Produced from a Blend of Wheat and Corn Flour
Wheat flour, which is the major raw material used in baking bread, is being imported in Nigeria and other countries where cultivation of wheat is hampered by unfavourable climate. This has necessitated the rising cost of bread beyond the reach of the poor in Nigeria. This study was aimed at assessing the quality of bread produced from a blend of wheat and corn flour. Composite breads were produced from wheat flour (WF) and wheat flour: corn flour (WF: CF) blends; 100% WF, 80% WF: 20% CF and 60% WF: 40% CF. The following analysis including microbial, proximate, sensory attributes and shelf life were used to assess the quality of the bread. Data was analyzed using SPSS software. The fiber, fat and protein content of the blend; 80% wheat flour bread (WFB): 20% corn flour bread (CFB) was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than the other flour blends. 100% WFB recorded the highest ash and moisture content (p < 0.05) of 2.73±0.02% and 29.56±0.25% respectively. However, the carbohydrate content was highest (p < 0.05) in 60% WF: 40% CF blends. There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in the mean sensory scores of 100% WFB and 80% WFB: 20% CFB, with respect to taste and overall acceptability. The microbial counts were below the maximum permissible limits recommended by the Standard Organization of Nigeria, thus the bread is safe for human consumption. Bread could be produced from up to 20% CF substitution in WF without compromising the quality
Authors: Mbachu A. E. Otuya W. A. and Mbachu N. A
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Abstract
Wheat flour, which is the major raw material used in baking bread, is being imported in Nigeria and other countries where cultivation of wheat is hampered by unfavourable climate. This has necessitated the rising cost of bread beyond the reach of the poor in Nigeria. This study was aimed at assessing the quality of bread produced from a blend of wheat and corn flour. Composite breads were produced from wheat flour (WF) and wheat flour: corn flour (WF: CF) blends; 100% WF, 80% WF: 20% CF and 60% WF: 40% CF. The following analysis including microbial, proximate, sensory attributes and shelf life were used to assess the quality of the bread. Data was analyzed using SPSS software. The fiber, fat and protein content of the blend; 80% wheat flour bread (WFB): 20% corn flour bread (CFB) was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than the other flour blends. 100% WFB recorded the highest ash and moisture content (p < 0.05) of 2.73±0.02% and 29.56±0.25% respectively. However, the carbohydrate content was highest (p < 0.05) in 60% WF: 40% CF blends. There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in the mean sensory scores of 100% WFB and 80% WFB: 20% CFB, with respect to taste and overall acceptability. The microbial counts were below the maximum permissible limits recommended by the Standard Organization of Nigeria, thus the bread is safe for human consumption. Bread could be produced from up to 20% CF substitution in WF without compromising the quality
Genetic Characterisation and Symbiotic Efficiency of Rhizobia Nodulating Different Landraces of Bambara Groundnut (Vigna subterranea L. Verdc)
The identification of native rhizobia capable of inducing effective nodulation in legumes is a prerequisite for selection of strains for bioinoculation. The study aimed to characterize and evaluate the symbiotic efficiency of native rhizobia capable of effectively nodulating Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranean). Greenhouse experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with five accessions of Bambara groundnut and five replications. The rhizobia strains were isolated from the root nodules and subjected to nodulation test on the host plants. The rhizobial isolates were characterized by morpho-cultural characteristics and 16S rRNA gene sequencing technique. The symbiotic efficiency of the isolates on Bambara groundnut was also evaluated as data on dry shoot weights, nodule number, fresh and dry weights were collected. Of the thirty five rhizobial isolates obtained, only 15 (42.9%) successfully induced effective nodulation in Bambara groundnut plants and the 16S rRNA gene sequencing identified them as strains of Bradyrhizobium, Mesorhizobium, Sinorhizobium and Rhizobium. The results of the symbiotic efficiency of rhizobia showed significant variations in the symbiotic capacities of the strains. The nodule number, fresh and dry weights ranged from 13.67±0.88 to 57.33±2.03 per plant, 0.10±0.01 to 0.33±0.03 g/plant and 8.33±0.67 to 40.00±1.73 mg/plant, respectively. The strains enhanced the dry shoot weights by 36.7% to 121.8% over non-inoculated control. The study therefore revealed the potential of native strains of rhizobia in nodulating Bambara groundnuts and these strains could be considered as potential inoculant strains for sustainable production of Bambara groundnut in Nigeria
Authors: Oloyede A. R. Ojo A. E. and Taiwo E. A.
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Abstract
The identification of native rhizobia capable of inducing effective nodulation in legumes is a prerequisite for selection of strains for bioinoculation. The study aimed to characterize and evaluate the symbiotic efficiency of native rhizobia capable of effectively nodulating Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranean). Greenhouse experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with five accessions of Bambara groundnut and five replications. The rhizobia strains were isolated from the root nodules and subjected to nodulation test on the host plants. The rhizobial isolates were characterized by morpho-cultural characteristics and 16S rRNA gene sequencing technique. The symbiotic efficiency of the isolates on Bambara groundnut was also evaluated as data on dry shoot weights, nodule number, fresh and dry weights were collected. Of the thirty five rhizobial isolates obtained, only 15 (42.9%) successfully induced effective nodulation in Bambara groundnut plants and the 16S rRNA gene sequencing identified them as strains of Bradyrhizobium, Mesorhizobium, Sinorhizobium and Rhizobium. The results of the symbiotic efficiency of rhizobia showed significant variations in the symbiotic capacities of the strains. The nodule number, fresh and dry weights ranged from 13.67±0.88 to 57.33±2.03 per plant, 0.10±0.01 to 0.33±0.03 g/plant and 8.33±0.67 to 40.00±1.73 mg/plant, respectively. The strains enhanced the dry shoot weights by 36.7% to 121.8% over non-inoculated control. The study therefore revealed the potential of native strains of rhizobia in nodulating Bambara groundnuts and these strains could be considered as potential inoculant strains for sustainable production of Bambara groundnut in Nigeria
Street Vended Donkunu (Kenkey) and its Raw Sauce in Southwest Nigeria: A Plethora of Potential Pathogens and Source of Foodborne Illnesses
Street vended foods attract the populace because of their savory taste preferred by the indigenous public, and have contributed significantly to the maintenance of the food supply chain. Consumption of street food is significantly increasing due to a busy scheduled life. Donkunu and its complementary sauce is a Ghanaian delicacy that has been consumed in Nigeria over the years, but the safety status of the vended version is yet to be elucidated. This study assessed the microbiological safety of street-vended Donkunu, a Ghanaian delicacy, between February and March 2023. The researchers collected data from 149 questionnaires and 22 samples from five major markets. Enumeration of indicator organisms was done using standard microbiological procedures and identified using high throughput Illumina sequencing method. It was observed that the vendors had good food safety knowledge but poor practice and implementation. The majority of samples had a high microbial hazard according microbiological specifications for ready-to-eat foods of the United Kingdom Health Protection Agency. Similarly, metagenomics analysis reflected that there was a relative abundance of 63.4%, 18.17%, 0.045 and 8.43% of genus Weisella, Lactobacillus, Vibro and unclassified bacterial species in the Donkunu sauce. The presence of pathogens as well as the non-conformity of indicator organisms count to food safety standards reflected the poor food safety practices of the vendors and thus, suggests that the safety of street-vended Donkunu in Osogbo, Nigeria is relatively unsafe for consumption.
Authors: Oyafajo L. A. Aremu H. K. Adeyemi F. M. Oyedokun J. Bello T. Akala A. O. Abiona O. O.
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Abstract
Street vended foods attract the populace because of their savory taste preferred by the indigenous public, and have contributed significantly to the maintenance of the food supply chain. Consumption of street food is significantly increasing due to a busy scheduled life. Donkunu and its complementary sauce is a Ghanaian delicacy that has been consumed in Nigeria over the years, but the safety status of the vended version is yet to be elucidated. This study assessed the microbiological safety of street-vended Donkunu, a Ghanaian delicacy, between February and March 2023. The researchers collected data from 149 questionnaires and 22 samples from five major markets. Enumeration of indicator organisms was done using standard microbiological procedures and identified using high throughput Illumina sequencing method. It was observed that the vendors had good food safety knowledge but poor practice and implementation. The majority of samples had a high microbial hazard according microbiological specifications for ready-to-eat foods of the United Kingdom Health Protection Agency. Similarly, metagenomics analysis reflected that there was a relative abundance of 63.4%, 18.17%, 0.045 and 8.43% of genus Weisella, Lactobacillus, Vibro and unclassified bacterial species in the Donkunu sauce. The presence of pathogens as well as the non-conformity of indicator organisms count to food safety standards reflected the poor food safety practices of the vendors and thus, suggests that the safety of street-vended Donkunu in Osogbo, Nigeria is relatively unsafe for consumption.
Prevalence of Salmonella spp. in Poultry and Poultry Feeds in Makurdi Benue State, Nigeria
The study was undertaken to assess the risks of Salmonella infection present in faecal stained eggs, faecal materials and poultry feeds from live poultry markets and poultry feed shops in Makurdi Benue State, Nigeria. A total of 300 samples comprised of 100 faecal stained egg surface washes, 100 faecal materials and 100 poultry feed samples were collected. Enrichment, isolation and identification of Salmonella was done according to International Standard Method, ISO-6579 (2017): non-selective enrichment, selective enrichment and isolation using buffered peptone water (BPW), Selenite-F-broth and xylose lysine deoxycholate (XLD) agar respectively. Suspected colonies on XLD agar were confirmed morphologically by Gram's staining and indole production test for biochemical test. Out of 300 samples, a total of 83(27.67%) samples were found to be positive for Salmonella. Out of the positive samples 3.67% were egg surface washes, 24% faecal materials and 0% poultry feeds. The prevalence of Salmonella in egg washings, faecal materials and poultry feeds was 11%, 72% and 0% respectively. Statistical analysis showed that there was a significant difference (P>0.05) on prevalence of the Salmonella among isolates from the sample sources and location. From the findings of the study, it is concluded that Salmonella isolates recovered in poultry origin-samples suggest this could be a potential vehicle for Salmonella-food borne infection to humans. Hence, there is need to create awareness among the public, poultry sellers, farmers and local food vendors in the study area regarding adaptation of hygienic practices, strengthening biosecurity and implementation of preventive measures
Authors: Tyoga K. M. Ikpa T. F. and Sar T. T
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Abstract
The study was undertaken to assess the risks of Salmonella infection present in faecal stained eggs, faecal materials and poultry feeds from live poultry markets and poultry feed shops in Makurdi Benue State, Nigeria. A total of 300 samples comprised of 100 faecal stained egg surface washes, 100 faecal materials and 100 poultry feed samples were collected. Enrichment, isolation and identification of Salmonella was done according to International Standard Method, ISO-6579 (2017): non-selective enrichment, selective enrichment and isolation using buffered peptone water (BPW), Selenite-F-broth and xylose lysine deoxycholate (XLD) agar respectively. Suspected colonies on XLD agar were confirmed morphologically by Gram's staining and indole production test for biochemical test. Out of 300 samples, a total of 83(27.67%) samples were found to be positive for Salmonella. Out of the positive samples 3.67% were egg surface washes, 24% faecal materials and 0% poultry feeds. The prevalence of Salmonella in egg washings, faecal materials and poultry feeds was 11%, 72% and 0% respectively. Statistical analysis showed that there was a significant difference (P>0.05) on prevalence of the Salmonella among isolates from the sample sources and location. From the findings of the study, it is concluded that Salmonella isolates recovered in poultry origin-samples suggest this could be a potential vehicle for Salmonella-food borne infection to humans. Hence, there is need to create awareness among the public, poultry sellers, farmers and local food vendors in the study area regarding adaptation of hygienic practices, strengthening biosecurity and implementation of preventive measures
Isolation and Identification of Microorganisms from Herbal Mixtures Sold Within, Abuja, Nigeria
The safety, efficacy and quality of herbal mixtures has become a concern to health authorities and health professionals, especially, with rise in microbial resistance to drugs and the demand herbal mixtures as alternative remedies. Thus, the need to isolate and identify microorganisms from some liquid herbal mixtures sold within Abuja, Nigeria. A total of ten samples of herbal mixture were selected at random, from herbal shops in Wuse market in sterile bottles and were analysed according to microbiological standard in Microbiology laboratory, Nile University of Nigeria, Abuja. Samples were inoculated onto Nutrient agar, MacConkey agar and Potato Dextrose Agar, and incubated at 37oC for 24 hrs. Potatoe dextrose agar slants were also inoculated for the isolation of fungi. Viable bacterial counts of the samples were also performed using nutrient agar, molecular identification of sample was also carried out using DNA sequencing and blasting. The organisms isolated were identified using biochemical tests, and the following organisms were identified Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus spp., E. coli, Fusarium spp., Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus spp., Pseudomonas spp., Klebsiella spp. and Mucor fragilis. However, the National center for biotechnology database, showed that the nucleotide query sequence of the 16S RNA gene was 99.47% similar to Pseudomonas geniculate (Gram positive), uncultured bacterium and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (Gram negative). The herbal medicine were highly contaminated and most of the organisms, isolated could be as a result of unhygienic handling of raw materials used during the preparation of this herbal mixtures.
Authors: Agada E. O. Mohammed S. S. D. and Olatun A.
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Abstract
The safety, efficacy and quality of herbal mixtures has become a concern to health authorities and health professionals, especially, with rise in microbial resistance to drugs and the demand herbal mixtures as alternative remedies. Thus, the need to isolate and identify microorganisms from some liquid herbal mixtures sold within Abuja, Nigeria. A total of ten samples of herbal mixture were selected at random, from herbal shops in Wuse market in sterile bottles and were analysed according to microbiological standard in Microbiology laboratory, Nile University of Nigeria, Abuja. Samples were inoculated onto Nutrient agar, MacConkey agar and Potato Dextrose Agar, and incubated at 37oC for 24 hrs. Potatoe dextrose agar slants were also inoculated for the isolation of fungi. Viable bacterial counts of the samples were also performed using nutrient agar, molecular identification of sample was also carried out using DNA sequencing and blasting. The organisms isolated were identified using biochemical tests, and the following organisms were identified Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus spp., E. coli, Fusarium spp., Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus spp., Pseudomonas spp., Klebsiella spp. and Mucor fragilis. However, the National center for biotechnology database, showed that the nucleotide query sequence of the 16S RNA gene was 99.47% similar to Pseudomonas geniculate (Gram positive), uncultured bacterium and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (Gram negative). The herbal medicine were highly contaminated and most of the organisms, isolated could be as a result of unhygienic handling of raw materials used during the preparation of this herbal mixtures.
Determinants of Empirical Antibiotics Candidates for Ear, Nose and Throat Infections in a West African Tertiary Hospital
50 participants. A total of 17 different bacterial species were identified from 192 bacteria isolated and 113 (58.9%) bacterial isolates were cultured. Staphylococcus species 62 (32.3%) especially Staphylococcus aureus (21.1%) and Proteus mirabilis 29 (15.1%) were the most prevalent Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria respectively. The isolates were more susceptible to vancomycin, meropenem, ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin, and most resistant to tetracycline, cotrimoxazole, cefuroxime, augmentin and ceftazidime. Meropenem, vancomycin and ofloxacin are the most active antibiotics for effective treatment of Staphylococcus aureus and Proteus spp. who has been identified as the most common bacteria cultured from ENT infectious samples in our region
Authors: Ademakinwa O. R. Adeyemo A. Ayodele S. O. and Oluduro A. O.
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Abstract
50 participants. A total of 17 different bacterial species were identified from 192 bacteria isolated and 113 (58.9%) bacterial isolates were cultured. Staphylococcus species 62 (32.3%) especially Staphylococcus aureus (21.1%) and Proteus mirabilis 29 (15.1%) were the most prevalent Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria respectively. The isolates were more susceptible to vancomycin, meropenem, ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin, and most resistant to tetracycline, cotrimoxazole, cefuroxime, augmentin and ceftazidime. Meropenem, vancomycin and ofloxacin are the most active antibiotics for effective treatment of Staphylococcus aureus and Proteus spp. who has been identified as the most common bacteria cultured from ENT infectious samples in our region
Simultaneous Detection of Dengue and West Nile IgM Antibodies in Febrile Individuals in Ile-Ife, Nigeria
While there are over 80 members of the Flaviviridae Family, some of which represent a global threat, Dengue, and West Nile viruses represent two of the major human pathogens that produce life threatening conditions and complications. These mosquito-borne viral infections have not so much been studied in rural and sub-urban areas of the sub-Saharan regions where the vectors thrive. This study seeks to know the burden of dengue and West Nile infections, and likely co-infection in Ile-Ife and its environs. Two hundred and fifty-five (255) participants from the Primary Healthcare facilities in Ile-Ife township and the surrounding Local Government Areas were involved in the study. Some subjects residing outside Ile-Ife who visited the facilities were also included. Venous blood samples collected from 255 participants were screened for Dengue and West Nile IgM antibodies using corresponding ELISA kits from Dia-Pro, Italy. Out of the 255 screened, positive for dengue IgM only were 74 (29.0%), positive only for West Nile IgM 125 (49.0%) and 46 (18.0%) were positive for both dengue and West Nile IgM. Ife Central Local Government Area has the highest prevalence (38.5%) of dengue while Ife Area Office (Modakeke) has the highest West Nile infection, 69.6%. More females, 36 (14.1%), out of 46 (18%) were co-infected with WNV and Dengue. Mostly affected were women, middle-aged individuals of ages 19 – 27 years, and traders. The environment, occupation, academic level, and availability of modern healthcare facilities for these sub-urban areas must be improved upon if these tropical arboviral diseases would be controlled
Authors: Adesina O. A. Amoo B. A. Adeboje M. F. Simeon O. N. and Yusuf O. O.
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Abstract
While there are over 80 members of the Flaviviridae Family, some of which represent a global threat, Dengue, and West Nile viruses represent two of the major human pathogens that produce life threatening conditions and complications. These mosquito-borne viral infections have not so much been studied in rural and sub-urban areas of the sub-Saharan regions where the vectors thrive. This study seeks to know the burden of dengue and West Nile infections, and likely co-infection in Ile-Ife and its environs. Two hundred and fifty-five (255) participants from the Primary Healthcare facilities in Ile-Ife township and the surrounding Local Government Areas were involved in the study. Some subjects residing outside Ile-Ife who visited the facilities were also included. Venous blood samples collected from 255 participants were screened for Dengue and West Nile IgM antibodies using corresponding ELISA kits from Dia-Pro, Italy. Out of the 255 screened, positive for dengue IgM only were 74 (29.0%), positive only for West Nile IgM 125 (49.0%) and 46 (18.0%) were positive for both dengue and West Nile IgM. Ife Central Local Government Area has the highest prevalence (38.5%) of dengue while Ife Area Office (Modakeke) has the highest West Nile infection, 69.6%. More females, 36 (14.1%), out of 46 (18%) were co-infected with WNV and Dengue. Mostly affected were women, middle-aged individuals of ages 19 – 27 years, and traders. The environment, occupation, academic level, and availability of modern healthcare facilities for these sub-urban areas must be improved upon if these tropical arboviral diseases would be controlled
Drevalence of Impaired Renal Function among Prostate Enlarged Adult Attending General Hospitals in Benue State, Nigeria
Prevalence of impaired renal function among prostate enlarged adult attending General Hospitals in Benue State, Nigeria was carried out. Three hundred and sixty eight (368) samples of blood was collected from the 23 General Hospitals located in the Local Government Headquarters in Benue State, Nigeria. The plasma were used for the quantitative determination of prostate specific antigen (PSA), creatinine was quantitatively determined using MN CHIP 4 fully automated dry chemistry analyzer and Glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated using glomerular Filtration rate calculator software. The age of the patients were obtained from the case folders. The overall impaired renal function rate was 31.8 %. Patients within the ages 90-99 years had the highest impaired renal function (eGFR) of 80.0% and the least been those within the ages 40- 49 years with impaired renal function of (10.0%) The prevalence of impaired renal function with age groups was statistically significant (ꭓ2 = 51.50, p < 0.05). Those patients with prostate specific antigen (PSA) level of > 100 ng/mL had the highest rate of renal impairment of (67.6%) and the least been those with prostate specific antigen (PSA) of 0-19 ng/ml that had impaired renal function rate of 15.9%. Prevalence of impaired renal function with prostate specific antigen (PSA) was statistically significant (ꭓ2 = 31.04, p < 0.05).
Authors: Agada E. O. Iwodi C. and Ogbonna I. O
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Abstract
Prevalence of impaired renal function among prostate enlarged adult attending General Hospitals in Benue State, Nigeria was carried out. Three hundred and sixty eight (368) samples of blood was collected from the 23 General Hospitals located in the Local Government Headquarters in Benue State, Nigeria. The plasma were used for the quantitative determination of prostate specific antigen (PSA), creatinine was quantitatively determined using MN CHIP 4 fully automated dry chemistry analyzer and Glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated using glomerular Filtration rate calculator software. The age of the patients were obtained from the case folders. The overall impaired renal function rate was 31.8 %. Patients within the ages 90-99 years had the highest impaired renal function (eGFR) of 80.0% and the least been those within the ages 40- 49 years with impaired renal function of (10.0%) The prevalence of impaired renal function with age groups was statistically significant (ꭓ2 = 51.50, p < 0.05). Those patients with prostate specific antigen (PSA) level of > 100 ng/mL had the highest rate of renal impairment of (67.6%) and the least been those with prostate specific antigen (PSA) of 0-19 ng/ml that had impaired renal function rate of 15.9%. Prevalence of impaired renal function with prostate specific antigen (PSA) was statistically significant (ꭓ2 = 31.04, p < 0.05).
Characterization of Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Producing Escherichia coli isolates from Swine in Ohaukwu Local Government Area, Ebonyi State Nigeria
Antimicrobial resistant bacterial strains have become a global public health challenge affecting both humans and domestic livestock such as cattle, pork and poultry. This research work focused on the characterization of extended spectrum beta-lactamase producing Escherichia coli isolates from swine at Ohaukwu Local Government Area in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. A total of 400 (200 each of rectal and nasal swabs) samples were randomly collected from four swine farms and analyzed for the presence of ESBL producing E. coli. Phenotypic detection of ESBL-producing E. coli was done using double disk synergy test (DDST). Antibiotics susceptibility testing of ESBL-producing E. coli was determined against different classes of antibiotics using Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method and multiple antibiotic resistance index (MARI) was determined. Plasmid profiling of ESBL-producing bacterial isolates was also determined. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 25.0 version software package. Out of 400 swine samples collected, sow/piglets have 164(41.0%), the weaners 140(35.0%) while the finishers were 96 representing 24%. Furthermore, it revealed that out of the 400 samples studied, 157 (39.3%) were E. coli positive, rectal had 85 (42.5%) and nasal had 72 (36.0%). Exactly 19 (12.1%) were ESBL-producing E. coli out of the 157 isolates analyzed, 13 (15.3%); 6 (8.3%) were from rectal and nasal swabs respectively. The ESBL producing E. coli from swine samples showed varying range of resistance to the antibiotic tested. The ESBL-producing E. coli isolates from rectal swab showed high resistant profile to amoxicillin/culvanic acid, (76.9%); cefepime, (92.3%); ceftaxidime, (84.6%); nalidixic acid, (92.3%); and piperacillin/trazobactam and cefoxitin, (100.0%). The ESBL-producing E. coli isolates from nasal swabs were (100.0%) resistance to amoxicillin/culvanic acid, cefepime, cefoxitin, colistin, nalidixic acid and were (100.0%) susceptible to meropenem. The MARI index of the isolates ranged from 0.33 to 0.83 with average index of 0.66. Plasmid profiling of ESBL-producing isolates revealed presence of plasmids with the molecular weights of 850 bp to 10 kb. In conclusion, ESBL-producing E. coli isolates from swine was at high prevalence with presences of plasmid. Thus, threat to public health that calls for a strict measure in the choice of antibiotics used in swine productions.
Authors: Awoke O. O. Iroha I. R. Nwankwo F. M. Ugbo E. N. Awoke C. U. Edeh P. A. Okpaga J. U. and Oke B.
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Abstract
Antimicrobial resistant bacterial strains have become a global public health challenge affecting both humans and domestic livestock such as cattle, pork and poultry. This research work focused on the characterization of extended spectrum beta-lactamase producing Escherichia coli isolates from swine at Ohaukwu Local Government Area in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. A total of 400 (200 each of rectal and nasal swabs) samples were randomly collected from four swine farms and analyzed for the presence of ESBL producing E. coli. Phenotypic detection of ESBL-producing E. coli was done using double disk synergy test (DDST). Antibiotics susceptibility testing of ESBL-producing E. coli was determined against different classes of antibiotics using Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method and multiple antibiotic resistance index (MARI) was determined. Plasmid profiling of ESBL-producing bacterial isolates was also determined. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 25.0 version software package. Out of 400 swine samples collected, sow/piglets have 164(41.0%), the weaners 140(35.0%) while the finishers were 96 representing 24%. Furthermore, it revealed that out of the 400 samples studied, 157 (39.3%) were E. coli positive, rectal had 85 (42.5%) and nasal had 72 (36.0%). Exactly 19 (12.1%) were ESBL-producing E. coli out of the 157 isolates analyzed, 13 (15.3%); 6 (8.3%) were from rectal and nasal swabs respectively. The ESBL producing E. coli from swine samples showed varying range of resistance to the antibiotic tested. The ESBL-producing E. coli isolates from rectal swab showed high resistant profile to amoxicillin/culvanic acid, (76.9%); cefepime, (92.3%); ceftaxidime, (84.6%); nalidixic acid, (92.3%); and piperacillin/trazobactam and cefoxitin, (100.0%). The ESBL-producing E. coli isolates from nasal swabs were (100.0%) resistance to amoxicillin/culvanic acid, cefepime, cefoxitin, colistin, nalidixic acid and were (100.0%) susceptible to meropenem. The MARI index of the isolates ranged from 0.33 to 0.83 with average index of 0.66. Plasmid profiling of ESBL-producing isolates revealed presence of plasmids with the molecular weights of 850 bp to 10 kb. In conclusion, ESBL-producing E. coli isolates from swine was at high prevalence with presences of plasmid. Thus, threat to public health that calls for a strict measure in the choice of antibiotics used in swine productions.
Isolation and Identification of Candida auris from Cutaneous Surface of Patients on Long-term Care in Afe Babalola University Multi-System Hospital, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
Nearly 150 Candida species have been described and are part of the microbiome on human skin, mucous membranes, the female genital tract, and the gastrointestinal tract, but only 10% of them are known to cause human diseases (candidiasis). The typical human commensal flora contains a number of species of Candida. Recently identified is Candida auris, a multidrug-resistant yeast has emerged as a prominent fungal pathogen due to its capacity to spread epidemics and invasive infections in healthcare settings. Candida auris infections have proven challenging to manage and treat. This study aimed at determining the prevalence of Candida auris on the skin surface of long-term inpatients in Afe Babalola University (ABUAD) Multisystem Hospital, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria. The method includes the collection of skin swabs using the single swab axilla and groin composite collection method and culturing on the appropriate media for identification of the species. Antibiotic sensitivity test using the standard well diffusion method was also carried out. A total of 100 samples were collected and 85 isolates were obtained. The isolates obtained from inpatients (n=85), 52.9% (n=45) were Candida albicans, 4.7 % (n=4) Candida glabrata, 23.5% (n=20) Aspergillus species, 18.8% (n=20) unidentified Candida species and their susceptibility patterns were determined. About 18.75% (n=3) of the unidentified Candida species which showed resistance to all 3 classes of antimycotic agents used were suspected to be C. auris. In conclusion, a high percentage of patients showed significant growth of opportunistic fungi which may be harmful to immunocompromised patients. The information in this study can aid in enlightening patients about nosocomial infections.
Authors: Ayuba S. B. Ogwu N. I. Akinseye J. F. Oluboyo B. O. Egbebi H. A. and Thomas H. Z.
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Abstract
Nearly 150 Candida species have been described and are part of the microbiome on human skin, mucous membranes, the female genital tract, and the gastrointestinal tract, but only 10% of them are known to cause human diseases (candidiasis). The typical human commensal flora contains a number of species of Candida. Recently identified is Candida auris, a multidrug-resistant yeast has emerged as a prominent fungal pathogen due to its capacity to spread epidemics and invasive infections in healthcare settings. Candida auris infections have proven challenging to manage and treat. This study aimed at determining the prevalence of Candida auris on the skin surface of long-term inpatients in Afe Babalola University (ABUAD) Multisystem Hospital, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria. The method includes the collection of skin swabs using the single swab axilla and groin composite collection method and culturing on the appropriate media for identification of the species. Antibiotic sensitivity test using the standard well diffusion method was also carried out. A total of 100 samples were collected and 85 isolates were obtained. The isolates obtained from inpatients (n=85), 52.9% (n=45) were Candida albicans, 4.7 % (n=4) Candida glabrata, 23.5% (n=20) Aspergillus species, 18.8% (n=20) unidentified Candida species and their susceptibility patterns were determined. About 18.75% (n=3) of the unidentified Candida species which showed resistance to all 3 classes of antimycotic agents used were suspected to be C. auris. In conclusion, a high percentage of patients showed significant growth of opportunistic fungi which may be harmful to immunocompromised patients. The information in this study can aid in enlightening patients about nosocomial infections.
Antibiotic Resistance and Plasmid Profile of Escherichia coli Isolated from Pregnant Women in Abia State
This study was undertaken to determine the antibiotic resistance and plasmid profile of Escherichia coli isolated from pregnant women in Umuahia. A total of 250 midstream urine samples from pregnant women were analyzed and cultured on cystein lactose electrolyte deficient (CLED) agar and MacConkey agar. Antibiotic susceptibility test was done by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Plasmid profiling was also carried out on highly resistant isolates. E. coli isolated from the pregnant women showed 100% resistance to amoxicillin and tetracycline. Thirty, 30 (50.8%) of the E. coli isolates showed potential to produce biofilm. Extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production among E. coli isolates was found to be 12 (20.3%) while 2 (3.4%) isolates produced chromosomal ambler C (AmpC). Imipenem and gentamicin should be the antibiotic of choice for treating UTI in the study area because they showed very high sensitivity to the antibiotics used. Screening of pregnant women for possible UTI at early stage of pregnancy should be considered an essential care in the study environment to avoid complications in pregnancy.
Authors: Ngoka D. I. Nwankwo E. O. Okey-Kalu E. U
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Abstract
This study was undertaken to determine the antibiotic resistance and plasmid profile of Escherichia coli isolated from pregnant women in Umuahia. A total of 250 midstream urine samples from pregnant women were analyzed and cultured on cystein lactose electrolyte deficient (CLED) agar and MacConkey agar. Antibiotic susceptibility test was done by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Plasmid profiling was also carried out on highly resistant isolates. E. coli isolated from the pregnant women showed 100% resistance to amoxicillin and tetracycline. Thirty, 30 (50.8%) of the E. coli isolates showed potential to produce biofilm. Extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production among E. coli isolates was found to be 12 (20.3%) while 2 (3.4%) isolates produced chromosomal ambler C (AmpC). Imipenem and gentamicin should be the antibiotic of choice for treating UTI in the study area because they showed very high sensitivity to the antibiotics used. Screening of pregnant women for possible UTI at early stage of pregnancy should be considered an essential care in the study environment to avoid complications in pregnancy.
Prophylactic and Combination Study on Phyllanthus amarus and Diodia scandens Bioactive Fractions against Antibiotic Resistant Staphylococci
Since centuries ago till date, medicinal plants remain relevant for curing many human infections and diseases due to the many enriched therapeutic and bioactive compounds present in plants. The age long tradition of drug discovery has always been aided by natural products from plants; which provide the basic elements for drug discovery. This research aims at evaluating the prophylactic effects of the combined extracts of P. amarus and D. scandens and the bioautography of both plants. Methanolic, n hexane and ethyl-acetate extracts of the plants were obtained using soxhlet extractor, and the bioactive fractions of both plants were determined using thin layer chromatography. The prophylactic effects of the combined extracts were evaluated on Swiss albino rats infected with antibiotic-resistant coagulase negative Staphylococcus strains. The n-hexane yielded more bioactive compounds in D. scandens by producing six (6) active bands with retention factor values of 0.07, 0.12, 0.62, 0.68, 0.72 and 0.78, while the cold ethyl acetate extract yielded more bioactive compounds in P. amarus by producing eight (8) active bands with retention factor (Rf) values of 0.096, 0.137, 0.178, 0.260, 0.603, 0.644, 0.767, and 0.838. The experimental mice pre-treated with the combined plant extract showed no sign or symptoms of infection while the uninfected control showed varied signs of infection such as weakness, inflammation, redness of skin and eyes, etc. An elevation of activity or aggression level was also observed only on the pre-treated mice. The least effective dose of 25 mg/kg showed that the prophylactic effects of the combined extracts was more potent than when either plant was used separately. Phyllanthus amarus and D. scandens possess bioactive compounds which have excellent antibacterial potentials, and the antibacterial efficacy of either plant can be boosted and improved by combining both plants
Authors: Ojo S. K. S. Aliu K. T. Jeje T. O. Balogun D. M. Orire V. O. Atitebi C. O. and Awokoya O. O.
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Abstract
Since centuries ago till date, medicinal plants remain relevant for curing many human infections and diseases due to the many enriched therapeutic and bioactive compounds present in plants. The age long tradition of drug discovery has always been aided by natural products from plants; which provide the basic elements for drug discovery. This research aims at evaluating the prophylactic effects of the combined extracts of P. amarus and D. scandens and the bioautography of both plants. Methanolic, n hexane and ethyl-acetate extracts of the plants were obtained using soxhlet extractor, and the bioactive fractions of both plants were determined using thin layer chromatography. The prophylactic effects of the combined extracts were evaluated on Swiss albino rats infected with antibiotic-resistant coagulase negative Staphylococcus strains. The n-hexane yielded more bioactive compounds in D. scandens by producing six (6) active bands with retention factor values of 0.07, 0.12, 0.62, 0.68, 0.72 and 0.78, while the cold ethyl acetate extract yielded more bioactive compounds in P. amarus by producing eight (8) active bands with retention factor (Rf) values of 0.096, 0.137, 0.178, 0.260, 0.603, 0.644, 0.767, and 0.838. The experimental mice pre-treated with the combined plant extract showed no sign or symptoms of infection while the uninfected control showed varied signs of infection such as weakness, inflammation, redness of skin and eyes, etc. An elevation of activity or aggression level was also observed only on the pre-treated mice. The least effective dose of 25 mg/kg showed that the prophylactic effects of the combined extracts was more potent than when either plant was used separately. Phyllanthus amarus and D. scandens possess bioactive compounds which have excellent antibacterial potentials, and the antibacterial efficacy of either plant can be boosted and improved by combining both plants
Preliminary Pages
Published by the Nigerian Society for Microbiology. Supported by TedFund.
Authors: NJM
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Abstract
Published by the Nigerian Society for Microbiology. Supported by TedFund.
Assessment of Potential Health Hazards Associated with Bacterial Diversity in Municipal Solid Wastes of Okitipupa LGA in Ondo State, Nigeria
This study was designed to isolate and characterize the microflora associated with selected solid waste dump sites in Okitipupa Local Government Area (LGA) of Ondo State, Nigeria. Solid waste samples were collected in triplicates from ten (10) dump sites in Okitipupa LGA at two-week interval for three months using a random sampling procedure while culture method is used to isolate the bacteria. The standard method of ASTM-D5231-92 was employed to determine the quantity and composition of wastes. The most prevalent waste was food or green wastes, which ranged from 39.40% to 19.50%, while polythene materials were the least with a range of 5.20% to 0.90%. The mean bacterial counts ranged from 9.2 x 106 to 4.6 x 106 cfu. Colonial morphology and biochemical identifications of the bacteria from the samples revealed Serratia sp. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis, Bacillus sp, E. coli and Actinomycetes. Respiratory reactions may be induced in individuals. It is then concluded that, to lower the health risks linked to microflora in solid waste dumpsites, Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) facilities should have regular inspections, clean and disinfect surfaces and equipment, make sure workers wear protective gear, and follow proper waste management and disposal practices
Authors: Adeyemo I. A.* and Demehin A. A.
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Abstract
This study was designed to isolate and characterize the microflora associated with selected solid waste dump sites in Okitipupa Local Government Area (LGA) of Ondo State, Nigeria. Solid waste samples were collected in triplicates from ten (10) dump sites in Okitipupa LGA at two-week interval for three months using a random sampling procedure while culture method is used to isolate the bacteria. The standard method of ASTM-D5231-92 was employed to determine the quantity and composition of wastes. The most prevalent waste was food or green wastes, which ranged from 39.40% to 19.50%, while polythene materials were the least with a range of 5.20% to 0.90%. The mean bacterial counts ranged from 9.2 x 106 to 4.6 x 106 cfu. Colonial morphology and biochemical identifications of the bacteria from the samples revealed Serratia sp. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis, Bacillus sp, E. coli and Actinomycetes. Respiratory reactions may be induced in individuals. It is then concluded that, to lower the health risks linked to microflora in solid waste dumpsites, Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) facilities should have regular inspections, clean and disinfect surfaces and equipment, make sure workers wear protective gear, and follow proper waste management and disposal practices
Extended Spectrum Beta-lactamase Genes in Clinically Important Bacteria Isolated from Wastewater of Two Selected Tertiary Hospitals in Enugu, Nigeria
Hospital activities have resulted in increased discharge of untreated effluent into the environment, posing substantial risks to public health and the environment due to the presence of diverse harmful components, including extended spectrum β–lactamase (ESBL) producing bacteria harboring resistance genes, which are adding to the global crisis of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). This study aimed to assess the prevalence of ESBL genes in bacterial isolates from wastewater of two selected tertiary hospitals in Enugu State. A total of 20 samples were aseptically collected, transported and processed for bacteriological identification and susceptibility testing following standard procedures. Phenotypic and genotypic detection of extended spectrum beta lactamases (ESBL) were conducted following standard procedures. Screening for ESBL production was done by double disk synergy test and data obtained were analyzed using SPSS version 23. A total of 65 bacterial isolates, 41(63.1%) Gram-negative and 24(36.9%) Gram-positive, were detected from the samples. Out of these isolates, ESBL production was observed in five 5(81%) isolates of Escherichia coli, thirteen 13(81%) isolates of Klebsiella spp and one 1(20%) isolate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The ESBL encoding genes- bla SHV, blaCTX-M, bla OXA, bla TEM were found in varying levels among the E. coli and Kleb. spp isolates, while the Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates were found to be harboring bla-CTXM, bla OXA, bla TEM genes, but bla SHV genes were absent. All the ESBL producers were multi-drug resistant, therefore proper treatment of hospital wastewater before discharge into the environment is highly recommended
Authors: Agbo O. A.* and Momoh M. A
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Abstract
Hospital activities have resulted in increased discharge of untreated effluent into the environment, posing substantial risks to public health and the environment due to the presence of diverse harmful components, including extended spectrum β–lactamase (ESBL) producing bacteria harboring resistance genes, which are adding to the global crisis of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). This study aimed to assess the prevalence of ESBL genes in bacterial isolates from wastewater of two selected tertiary hospitals in Enugu State. A total of 20 samples were aseptically collected, transported and processed for bacteriological identification and susceptibility testing following standard procedures. Phenotypic and genotypic detection of extended spectrum beta lactamases (ESBL) were conducted following standard procedures. Screening for ESBL production was done by double disk synergy test and data obtained were analyzed using SPSS version 23. A total of 65 bacterial isolates, 41(63.1%) Gram-negative and 24(36.9%) Gram-positive, were detected from the samples. Out of these isolates, ESBL production was observed in five 5(81%) isolates of Escherichia coli, thirteen 13(81%) isolates of Klebsiella spp and one 1(20%) isolate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The ESBL encoding genes- bla SHV, blaCTX-M, bla OXA, bla TEM were found in varying levels among the E. coli and Kleb. spp isolates, while the Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates were found to be harboring bla-CTXM, bla OXA, bla TEM genes, but bla SHV genes were absent. All the ESBL producers were multi-drug resistant, therefore proper treatment of hospital wastewater before discharge into the environment is highly recommended
Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of Bacterial Species Isolated from Selected Underground Water Bodies in Ohaukwu Metropolis, Ebonyi State, Nigeria
Infections caused by using contaminated water are common in developing nations. Indiscriminate use of antibiotics has led to increased spread of antibiotic-resistance bacteria, even in underground water. This study investigated the susceptibility pattern of bacterial isolates from borehole water and hand-dug wells in Ohaukwu, Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Twenty (20) water samples were collected at random from hand-dug wells and underground boreholes located throughout Ohaukwu Local Government Area, and were examined for their physicochemical parameter, presence of bacteria as well as the antibiogram of the bacteria isolates using standard techniques. Our test results showed most of the physicochemical parameters were within permissible limits. The bacteriological analysis however exceeded the WHO limit of 0Cfu/100ml for drinking water with the presence of Escherichia coli 22 (42.5%), Pseudomonas spp. 3 (8.9%), Klebsiella spp.15 (36.0%), Salmonella spp. 15 (36.0%), and Staphylococcus aureus 6 (12.6%) make up the percentage distribution of the bacteria isolates. The antibiogram analysis revealed that most isolates were resistant to Mupirocin (97%), Bacitracin (91%), Gentamycin (84%) and Clindamycin (76.3%), but were sensitive to Ofloxacin (99.4%), Ceftazidime (86%) and Amikacin (72.3%). The study revealed that while Salmonella species was susceptible to Amikacin (72%), Ceftazidime (82.1%), and Ofloxacin (86.9%), it was resistant to the other three tested drugs. The resistance profile and low bacteriological quality of the drinking water sources evident in this study, is of great importance for the public health to the people resident in Ohaukwu Local government Area of Ebonyi State. It emphasizes the need for public education campaigns against the risks of building substandard wells and boreholes, and maintaining stringent standards for sanitation and personal hygiene.
Authors: Awoke O. O.1 Edeh P. A.2* Ekuma U. O.3 Ede J. U.4 Ituma M. A.1 Awoke C. U.5 Anene C. C.6 and Onwa N. C1
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Abstract
Infections caused by using contaminated water are common in developing nations. Indiscriminate use of antibiotics has led to increased spread of antibiotic-resistance bacteria, even in underground water. This study investigated the susceptibility pattern of bacterial isolates from borehole water and hand-dug wells in Ohaukwu, Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Twenty (20) water samples were collected at random from hand-dug wells and underground boreholes located throughout Ohaukwu Local Government Area, and were examined for their physicochemical parameter, presence of bacteria as well as the antibiogram of the bacteria isolates using standard techniques. Our test results showed most of the physicochemical parameters were within permissible limits. The bacteriological analysis however exceeded the WHO limit of 0Cfu/100ml for drinking water with the presence of Escherichia coli 22 (42.5%), Pseudomonas spp. 3 (8.9%), Klebsiella spp.15 (36.0%), Salmonella spp. 15 (36.0%), and Staphylococcus aureus 6 (12.6%) make up the percentage distribution of the bacteria isolates. The antibiogram analysis revealed that most isolates were resistant to Mupirocin (97%), Bacitracin (91%), Gentamycin (84%) and Clindamycin (76.3%), but were sensitive to Ofloxacin (99.4%), Ceftazidime (86%) and Amikacin (72.3%). The study revealed that while Salmonella species was susceptible to Amikacin (72%), Ceftazidime (82.1%), and Ofloxacin (86.9%), it was resistant to the other three tested drugs. The resistance profile and low bacteriological quality of the drinking water sources evident in this study, is of great importance for the public health to the people resident in Ohaukwu Local government Area of Ebonyi State. It emphasizes the need for public education campaigns against the risks of building substandard wells and boreholes, and maintaining stringent standards for sanitation and personal hygiene.
Physicochemical Qualities of Ogbese River, Ovia North East LGA, Edo State, Nigeria
Ogbese river is the primary source of drinking water for the community’s inhabitants. It is located in Ogbese town, Ovia North East Local Government Area of Edo State, Nigeria. This study aimed to evaluate the physicochemical parameters which are of public health significance from Ogbese river in Ovia North East Local Government Area of Edo State, Nigeria. Three sampling points, upstream, midstream, and downstream, were chosen with intervals of 100 meters apart, and water samples were collected against the water current. Samples for physicochemical analyses were collected in sterile clean containers, appropriately labelled, and analyzed using standard analytical methods. The results showed that temperature ranged from 26.00 ±1.000C - 27.00 ±1.000C, pH ranged from 6.63 ±0.12 - 8.20 ±0.10, total dissolved solids ranged from 24.83 ±1.53 mg/ml - 156.77 ±16.47 mg/ml and conductivity ranged from 48.00 ±3.00 µS/cm - 224.07 ±166.53 µS/cm respectively. The results of the physicochemical analysis showed that the parameters sampled apart from Temperature and pH values were all below the permissible limit. Concerted efforts should be put in place, by the relevant authorities, to checkmate the public health menance associated, with the consumption of water from Ogbese river, Nigeria.
Authors: Idemudia I. B.* Ovenseri A. N. and Ekhaise F. O.
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Abstract
Ogbese river is the primary source of drinking water for the community’s inhabitants. It is located in Ogbese town, Ovia North East Local Government Area of Edo State, Nigeria. This study aimed to evaluate the physicochemical parameters which are of public health significance from Ogbese river in Ovia North East Local Government Area of Edo State, Nigeria. Three sampling points, upstream, midstream, and downstream, were chosen with intervals of 100 meters apart, and water samples were collected against the water current. Samples for physicochemical analyses were collected in sterile clean containers, appropriately labelled, and analyzed using standard analytical methods. The results showed that temperature ranged from 26.00 ±1.000C - 27.00 ±1.000C, pH ranged from 6.63 ±0.12 - 8.20 ±0.10, total dissolved solids ranged from 24.83 ±1.53 mg/ml - 156.77 ±16.47 mg/ml and conductivity ranged from 48.00 ±3.00 µS/cm - 224.07 ±166.53 µS/cm respectively. The results of the physicochemical analysis showed that the parameters sampled apart from Temperature and pH values were all below the permissible limit. Concerted efforts should be put in place, by the relevant authorities, to checkmate the public health menance associated, with the consumption of water from Ogbese river, Nigeria.
Pathogens Effects of Herbicides (Atrazine, Gramaxone and Glyphosate) on Soil Physicochemical and Microbiological Properties
The studies on the effects of the herbicide (atrazine, glyphosate and gramaxone) on soil physico- chemical properties was carried out between the months of August 2022 to January2023. Two sites forest and a garden were selected in Federal Polytechnic Mubi, Adamawa State, Nigeria using randomized complete block design (RCBD). The herbicides had significantly increased the amounts of soil organic carbon, organic matter, pH, sodium, potassium, bulk density, particle density, percentage moisture, available phosphorus and percentage nitrogen at p< 0.001 level of confidence, at same time lowering the values of available phosphorus (6.27 ppm), magnesium (2.19 ppm), sodium (0.36 ppm), potassium (2.10 ppm), iron (0.25 ppm) and manganese (7.21 cmol k -1). Bacterial species isolated at the study sites showed Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas putida, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus sphaericus, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella, Escherichia coli, Azotobacter nigricans, Flavobacterium aquaticum, Micrococcus loteus, Salmonella typhimurium, and Proteus vulgaris. Forest soil was found having the highest percentage of (52.75 %), while, the garden (47.25 %) of soil bacterial isolates. The herbicides caused a decrease in the soil bacterial counts and that gramaxone at higher dosage caused the highest decrease while glyphosate the least. Garden soil was found as having higher bacterial counts compared with the forest. Month of November/120th day (157.5x10-3 ±13 cfu/g) had the highest counts, followed by August, while December and January had the lowest which may be attributed due to seasonal variation from rainy to dry season.
Authors: Jafaru M. I.1* Doughari J. H.1 and Mohammed A.2
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Abstract
The studies on the effects of the herbicide (atrazine, glyphosate and gramaxone) on soil physico- chemical properties was carried out between the months of August 2022 to January2023. Two sites forest and a garden were selected in Federal Polytechnic Mubi, Adamawa State, Nigeria using randomized complete block design (RCBD). The herbicides had significantly increased the amounts of soil organic carbon, organic matter, pH, sodium, potassium, bulk density, particle density, percentage moisture, available phosphorus and percentage nitrogen at p< 0.001 level of confidence, at same time lowering the values of available phosphorus (6.27 ppm), magnesium (2.19 ppm), sodium (0.36 ppm), potassium (2.10 ppm), iron (0.25 ppm) and manganese (7.21 cmol k -1). Bacterial species isolated at the study sites showed Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas putida, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus sphaericus, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella, Escherichia coli, Azotobacter nigricans, Flavobacterium aquaticum, Micrococcus loteus, Salmonella typhimurium, and Proteus vulgaris. Forest soil was found having the highest percentage of (52.75 %), while, the garden (47.25 %) of soil bacterial isolates. The herbicides caused a decrease in the soil bacterial counts and that gramaxone at higher dosage caused the highest decrease while glyphosate the least. Garden soil was found as having higher bacterial counts compared with the forest. Month of November/120th day (157.5x10-3 ±13 cfu/g) had the highest counts, followed by August, while December and January had the lowest which may be attributed due to seasonal variation from rainy to dry season.
Screening and Optimization of Biosurfactant Production by Bacillus subtilis from Restaurant Wastewater Contaminated Soil
Biosurfactant production from Bacillus subtilis RT9(4)B isolated from restaurant wastewater contaminated soil was investigated. The isolated Bacillus subtilis RT9(4)B was screened for biosurfactant production using the emulsification index, oil displacement, zone of haemolysis, surface tension and a positive drop collapse method. Effects of carbon and nitrogen sources, pH, temperature and incubation periods on biosurfactant production were determined by optimization. The biosurfactant characterization was by Fourer Transform Infra-Red and Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry analyses. Preliminary assessment showed that the emulsification index was 56.41 ± 1.30 %, oil displacement, 6.02 ± 1.24 mm, zone of haemolysis, 5.12 ± 1.06 mm, surface tension, 29.46 ± 0.62 mN/m and a positive drop collapse test. At optimal conditions of temperature (40 ºC), pH (7), carbon and nitrogen sources (lactose, 20 g/l and urea, 1.5 g/l respectively), the surfactant reduced surface tension up to 11.10 ± 0.78 mN/m and the emulsification index rose to 95.51 ± 2.66%. The highest biosurfactant produced was 3.73 ± 0.19 g/L at 72 h. Bacillus subtilis RT9(4)B produced lipopeptide type biosurfactant containing hexadecanoic, octadecanoic acid, peptides, aliphatic, alkyl and esters
Authors: John W. C.1* Joshua V. I.1 Ihum T. A.2 Sikiru G. K.1 Dinchi P. T.1 and Ishaya M.3
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Abstract
Biosurfactant production from Bacillus subtilis RT9(4)B isolated from restaurant wastewater contaminated soil was investigated. The isolated Bacillus subtilis RT9(4)B was screened for biosurfactant production using the emulsification index, oil displacement, zone of haemolysis, surface tension and a positive drop collapse method. Effects of carbon and nitrogen sources, pH, temperature and incubation periods on biosurfactant production were determined by optimization. The biosurfactant characterization was by Fourer Transform Infra-Red and Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry analyses. Preliminary assessment showed that the emulsification index was 56.41 ± 1.30 %, oil displacement, 6.02 ± 1.24 mm, zone of haemolysis, 5.12 ± 1.06 mm, surface tension, 29.46 ± 0.62 mN/m and a positive drop collapse test. At optimal conditions of temperature (40 ºC), pH (7), carbon and nitrogen sources (lactose, 20 g/l and urea, 1.5 g/l respectively), the surfactant reduced surface tension up to 11.10 ± 0.78 mN/m and the emulsification index rose to 95.51 ± 2.66%. The highest biosurfactant produced was 3.73 ± 0.19 g/L at 72 h. Bacillus subtilis RT9(4)B produced lipopeptide type biosurfactant containing hexadecanoic, octadecanoic acid, peptides, aliphatic, alkyl and esters
Water Quality Assessment and Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing of Bacteria Isolated from Borehole Water Supplies within a Residential Environment in Elele, Rivers State, Nigeria
Borehole water supplies within residential settings in southern Nigeria are a major source of drinking water for low- and middle-class families. This study was designed to assess the water quality, phenotypic characterization and antibiogram profiling of bacteria isolated from some borehole water supplies within residential environments in Elele, Rivers State, Nigeria, that low and some middle-class families rely on as their source of drinking water. A total of 30 borehole water samples were collected at various geo-referenced points and subjected to physicochemical analysis and bacteriological before antibiotic susceptibility tests using standard methods. Results of the physicochemical analysis revealed that most water quality parameters fell within the safe limits of the World Health Organization (WHO) except for chromium (2∙0mg/L) and fluoride (25-100mg/L) which were above their permissible limits of 0∙05 and 1∙5 mg/L respectively. Predominant pathogenic bacteria; Escherichia coli (7, 50∙0%), Klebsiella pneumoniae ssp pneumoniae (2, 14∙3 %), and Enterobacter spp (5, 35∙7 %) experimentally annotated and confirmed by the VITEK® 2 Compact system, were all multidrug-resistant, MDR (100 %), phenotypes. However, this study unveiled the high rate of sensitivity (100%) for Klebsiella pneumoniae ssp pneumoniae and Enterobacter spp to ofloxacin, streptomycin and gentamycin 100 % resistance to meropenem and chloramphenicol. E. coli showed varying sensitivity and resistance levels to the test antibiotics. This study therefore, offers insight to the diversity of the predominant MDR bacterial phenotypes in borehole water within the study area and the use of ofloxacin, streptomycin and gentamycin in the treatment of waterborne infections caused by MDR Klebsiella pneumoniae ssp pneumoniae and Enterobacter spp within the study area. Also, regular evaluation of chromium and fluorine levels in these water supplies is needed to encourage the early development of an intervention strategy once detected above the WHO permissible limit.
Authors: Mbah E. I.* and Amuchie N. E
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Abstract
Borehole water supplies within residential settings in southern Nigeria are a major source of drinking water for low- and middle-class families. This study was designed to assess the water quality, phenotypic characterization and antibiogram profiling of bacteria isolated from some borehole water supplies within residential environments in Elele, Rivers State, Nigeria, that low and some middle-class families rely on as their source of drinking water. A total of 30 borehole water samples were collected at various geo-referenced points and subjected to physicochemical analysis and bacteriological before antibiotic susceptibility tests using standard methods. Results of the physicochemical analysis revealed that most water quality parameters fell within the safe limits of the World Health Organization (WHO) except for chromium (2∙0mg/L) and fluoride (25-100mg/L) which were above their permissible limits of 0∙05 and 1∙5 mg/L respectively. Predominant pathogenic bacteria; Escherichia coli (7, 50∙0%), Klebsiella pneumoniae ssp pneumoniae (2, 14∙3 %), and Enterobacter spp (5, 35∙7 %) experimentally annotated and confirmed by the VITEK® 2 Compact system, were all multidrug-resistant, MDR (100 %), phenotypes. However, this study unveiled the high rate of sensitivity (100%) for Klebsiella pneumoniae ssp pneumoniae and Enterobacter spp to ofloxacin, streptomycin and gentamycin 100 % resistance to meropenem and chloramphenicol. E. coli showed varying sensitivity and resistance levels to the test antibiotics. This study therefore, offers insight to the diversity of the predominant MDR bacterial phenotypes in borehole water within the study area and the use of ofloxacin, streptomycin and gentamycin in the treatment of waterborne infections caused by MDR Klebsiella pneumoniae ssp pneumoniae and Enterobacter spp within the study area. Also, regular evaluation of chromium and fluorine levels in these water supplies is needed to encourage the early development of an intervention strategy once detected above the WHO permissible limit.
Microbiological Quality of Sediment and Water Samples from Selected Surface Waters in Anambra State, Nigeria
Water occupies about 70% of the earth’s surface and is one of the most demanded of all urban and rural amenities, thus indispensable for human activities. Microbiological properties of water and sediment samples from four surface waters in Anambra state Nigeria were investigated for the evaluation of their pollution level. A total number of twenty (24) samples, with three (3) samples per sampling station were collected and examined in this study. Standard plate counts method was used to estimate the total aerobic, heterotrophic and coliform counts. The total aerobic heterotrophic bacterial counts obtained varied in each station from 3.6 x 104 cfu/ml – 2.23 x 105cfu/ml in the rainy season and from 3.2 x 104cfu/ml – 2.1 x 105cfu/ml in the dry season. The microorganisms found included Escherichia coli, Micrococcus sp., Pediococcus sp., Citrobacter sp., Planococcus sp., Flavobacterium sp., Mucor sp., Allescheria sp. and Saccharomyces sp. The average high iron content ranging from 6.4 – 52.55 mg/l was greater than the World Health Organization (0.3 mg/l) permissible range for drinking water. There was a negative correlation between the alkalinity value with total coliform of water, but positive correlation between the alkalinity values and the total coliform counts of the sediment and water. There was a significant difference at P <0.05 between the mean seasonal alkalinity values of the water and sediments. The findings revealed that the selected surface waters are highly contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms with poor physicochemical characteristics and remains unsafe for human consumption.This necessitates the need for primary prevention measures to be identified
Authors: Okaa A. I. Ogu C. T.* and Chukwujekwu A. G.
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Abstract
Water occupies about 70% of the earth’s surface and is one of the most demanded of all urban and rural amenities, thus indispensable for human activities. Microbiological properties of water and sediment samples from four surface waters in Anambra state Nigeria were investigated for the evaluation of their pollution level. A total number of twenty (24) samples, with three (3) samples per sampling station were collected and examined in this study. Standard plate counts method was used to estimate the total aerobic, heterotrophic and coliform counts. The total aerobic heterotrophic bacterial counts obtained varied in each station from 3.6 x 104 cfu/ml – 2.23 x 105cfu/ml in the rainy season and from 3.2 x 104cfu/ml – 2.1 x 105cfu/ml in the dry season. The microorganisms found included Escherichia coli, Micrococcus sp., Pediococcus sp., Citrobacter sp., Planococcus sp., Flavobacterium sp., Mucor sp., Allescheria sp. and Saccharomyces sp. The average high iron content ranging from 6.4 – 52.55 mg/l was greater than the World Health Organization (0.3 mg/l) permissible range for drinking water. There was a negative correlation between the alkalinity value with total coliform of water, but positive correlation between the alkalinity values and the total coliform counts of the sediment and water. There was a significant difference at P <0.05 between the mean seasonal alkalinity values of the water and sediments. The findings revealed that the selected surface waters are highly contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms with poor physicochemical characteristics and remains unsafe for human consumption.This necessitates the need for primary prevention measures to be identified
Heavy Metals Sludge from Septic Tank Sewage: Implication for Use as Fertilizer
Sludge contains nutrients, heavy metals, and metalloids some of which are essential macronutrients, such as N, P, K, Ca, Mn and other essential trace elements, such as Cu, Fe and Zn. This paper examines the heavy metals within the septic tank system and their eventual accumulation as components of sludge with implication for agricultural use. Sludge samples from the inlet and outlet chambers of the septic tank were randomly collected from three study locations in the south-south region of Nigeria. The composite samples were made for each of these study locations from which nine trace metals (Fe, Zn, Mn, Pb, Cu, Cr, Cd, Ni and Va) were analysed. The concentrations of the metals were determined using standard methods for water and wastewater examination. Results showed that sludge samples from the anaerobic bioreactors contained a high concentration of various trace metals. Iron had the highest mean concentration level of 556 ± 0.2 mg/kg – 3391 ± 1.13 in the raw sewage sludge sample, while vanadium was the least in abundance with mean concentrations of 0.86, 0.77, and 1.52 mg/kg in locations A, B and C respectively in the inlet chamber sludge samples. Although, sludge is variously used for agricultural purpose, there is need for treatment to reduce the concentration levels of heavy metals prior to its use as fertilizer as a matter of public health importance.
Authors: Oyem I. M.1* and Oyem H. H.2
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Abstract
Sludge contains nutrients, heavy metals, and metalloids some of which are essential macronutrients, such as N, P, K, Ca, Mn and other essential trace elements, such as Cu, Fe and Zn. This paper examines the heavy metals within the septic tank system and their eventual accumulation as components of sludge with implication for agricultural use. Sludge samples from the inlet and outlet chambers of the septic tank were randomly collected from three study locations in the south-south region of Nigeria. The composite samples were made for each of these study locations from which nine trace metals (Fe, Zn, Mn, Pb, Cu, Cr, Cd, Ni and Va) were analysed. The concentrations of the metals were determined using standard methods for water and wastewater examination. Results showed that sludge samples from the anaerobic bioreactors contained a high concentration of various trace metals. Iron had the highest mean concentration level of 556 ± 0.2 mg/kg – 3391 ± 1.13 in the raw sewage sludge sample, while vanadium was the least in abundance with mean concentrations of 0.86, 0.77, and 1.52 mg/kg in locations A, B and C respectively in the inlet chamber sludge samples. Although, sludge is variously used for agricultural purpose, there is need for treatment to reduce the concentration levels of heavy metals prior to its use as fertilizer as a matter of public health importance.
Evaluation of Probiotic Properties of Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from Some Fermented Foods
Probiotics are live microorganisms which when consumed in adequate quantity; promote the health of the consumer. This study was carried out to evaluate probiotic properties of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from fermented foods (wara, ogi, orange juice, pickles, sauerkraut and grape juice). A total of eighty four isolates were identified as LAB species by morphological, Gram staining and short biochemical tests. All isolates were characterized for probiotic properties including NaCl tolerance, bile tolerance, sugar fermentation, proteolytic activity, acid tolerance, antibiotic susceptability assay and adherance to stainless plates. All isolates survived in 2%, 4%, 6.5% and 8% NaCl concentrations. Four isolates were tolerance to pH 1.5, 2.0, and 3.0 for 24 and 48 hours. The four acid tolerant isolates were found to tolerant 0.3% bile salt for 24 hours with 85 to 99% rate of survival. Results of fermentation test showed that most isolates fermented all sugars. All strains digested casein by producing protease enzyme in skim milk agar plate. All the four isolates were found inhibiting some pathogenic bacteria to varying degrees and also displayed varying susceptibility to different antibiotics. The in vitro adherence to stainless steel plates of the 4 screened isolates were ranged from 32.83 to 37.70% adhesion rate. The phylogenetic analysis and the 16S rDNA sequencing assigned all the four efficient LAB isolates with probiotic properties to genus Lactobacillus, Leuconostoc and Weissella and were identified as Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus plantarum, Leuconostoc mesenteriodes and Weissella paramesenteroides. The four LAB strains were found to be potentially useful to produce probiotic products. Further study is needed to find specific probiotics with specific benefit from fermented foods.
Authors: Abdulsalam R.1* Bala J. D.1 Abalaka M. E.1 and Ocheme O. B.2
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Abstract
Probiotics are live microorganisms which when consumed in adequate quantity; promote the health of the consumer. This study was carried out to evaluate probiotic properties of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from fermented foods (wara, ogi, orange juice, pickles, sauerkraut and grape juice). A total of eighty four isolates were identified as LAB species by morphological, Gram staining and short biochemical tests. All isolates were characterized for probiotic properties including NaCl tolerance, bile tolerance, sugar fermentation, proteolytic activity, acid tolerance, antibiotic susceptability assay and adherance to stainless plates. All isolates survived in 2%, 4%, 6.5% and 8% NaCl concentrations. Four isolates were tolerance to pH 1.5, 2.0, and 3.0 for 24 and 48 hours. The four acid tolerant isolates were found to tolerant 0.3% bile salt for 24 hours with 85 to 99% rate of survival. Results of fermentation test showed that most isolates fermented all sugars. All strains digested casein by producing protease enzyme in skim milk agar plate. All the four isolates were found inhibiting some pathogenic bacteria to varying degrees and also displayed varying susceptibility to different antibiotics. The in vitro adherence to stainless steel plates of the 4 screened isolates were ranged from 32.83 to 37.70% adhesion rate. The phylogenetic analysis and the 16S rDNA sequencing assigned all the four efficient LAB isolates with probiotic properties to genus Lactobacillus, Leuconostoc and Weissella and were identified as Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus plantarum, Leuconostoc mesenteriodes and Weissella paramesenteroides. The four LAB strains were found to be potentially useful to produce probiotic products. Further study is needed to find specific probiotics with specific benefit from fermented foods.
Detoxification of Poultry Feed Using Candida tropicalis Isolated from Palm Wine
Aflatoxin contamination in poultry feed poses a significant threat to both poultry health and food safety. This study aimed to explore the potential of using Candida tropicalis, isolated from palm wine, to detoxify aflatoxins in poultry feed ingredients. In this study, Candida tropicalis was isolated from palm wine samples collected within Akure metropolis, Ondo State, Nigeria. The isolated yeast strain was identified morphologically, through sugar fermentation tests and molecularly. Concurrently, toxigenic Aspergillus flavus strains was isolated from contaminated poultry feed ingredients and was confirmed for aflatoxin production through quantification using thin layer chromatography (TLC). The ability of the isolated Candida tropicalis to degrade aflatoxins was assessed by inoculating toxigenic A. flavus into formulated poultry feed, followed by treatment with a suspension of C. tropicalis. The detoxification efficacy was evaluated by comparing the aflatoxin levels in treated and untreated feed samples. The in vivo effects of detoxified feed on broiler chickens, dividing them into five dietary groups and their haematological and liver enzyme parameters were monitored using standard techniques. Broilers fed with Candida tropicalis-treated feed showed improved hematological profiles, including higher white blood cell counts, compared to those fed with aflatoxin-contaminated feed. Additionally, liver enzyme activity was closer to normal in broilers consuming detoxified feed, demonstrating the protective effects of Candida tropicalis. Findings of the research demonstrates the potential of Candida tropicalis, as an effective biological agent for mitigating the effects of aflatoxins in poultry feeds.
Authors: Elesin M. A.* Akinyele B. J. and Oluwole O. R.
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Abstract
Aflatoxin contamination in poultry feed poses a significant threat to both poultry health and food safety. This study aimed to explore the potential of using Candida tropicalis, isolated from palm wine, to detoxify aflatoxins in poultry feed ingredients. In this study, Candida tropicalis was isolated from palm wine samples collected within Akure metropolis, Ondo State, Nigeria. The isolated yeast strain was identified morphologically, through sugar fermentation tests and molecularly. Concurrently, toxigenic Aspergillus flavus strains was isolated from contaminated poultry feed ingredients and was confirmed for aflatoxin production through quantification using thin layer chromatography (TLC). The ability of the isolated Candida tropicalis to degrade aflatoxins was assessed by inoculating toxigenic A. flavus into formulated poultry feed, followed by treatment with a suspension of C. tropicalis. The detoxification efficacy was evaluated by comparing the aflatoxin levels in treated and untreated feed samples. The in vivo effects of detoxified feed on broiler chickens, dividing them into five dietary groups and their haematological and liver enzyme parameters were monitored using standard techniques. Broilers fed with Candida tropicalis-treated feed showed improved hematological profiles, including higher white blood cell counts, compared to those fed with aflatoxin-contaminated feed. Additionally, liver enzyme activity was closer to normal in broilers consuming detoxified feed, demonstrating the protective effects of Candida tropicalis. Findings of the research demonstrates the potential of Candida tropicalis, as an effective biological agent for mitigating the effects of aflatoxins in poultry feeds.
Biopreservative Effects of Jack Fruit Seed and Bark on Fruit Juices
Fruit juices are drinks consumed worldwide as it contain vitamins, minerals, amino acids, dietary fibers, sugars and bioactive compounds which are important for the wellbeing and health of humans. Fresh fruits are minimally processed to obtain juices which render it perishable products and hence the need to preserve these juices. This study was aimed at investigating the biopreservative potential of jackfruit seed and bark on freshly prepared juices (watermelon, pineapple and pawpaw). The colony count was observed during the 96 hours storage period at 0 hour, 48 hours and 96 hours by standard spread plate count method. The samples were screened for total Heterotrophic Bacterial Count (THBC), Total Coliform Count (TCC), Total Lactic Acid Bacteria Count (LAB) and Total Fungal Count (TFC) according to the standard methods for the enumeration of bacteria and fungi. The microbial counts of the juices preserved with jack fruit seeds ranged from 1.0f x 104 to 1.18b x 107 cfu/ml while those preserved with jackfruit bark ranged from 1.3e x 104 to 8.8e x 106 cfu/ml. Jack fruit seeds exerted more biopreservative effects on the pineapple juice, while jackfruit bark had more biopreservative effects on the watermelon juice. The isolated microorganisms included Escherichia coli, Bacillus species, Salmonella species, Staphylococcus aureus, Citrobacter species, Micrococcus species, Lactobacillus species, Rhizopus species, Aspergillus species and Penicillium species. Bacillus sp were the most occurring bacteria in all fruit juices, followed by Staphylococcus aureus and Lactobacillus sp. while the most occurring fungi was Penicillium sp. Some of the microorganisms detected in this study can cause spoilage, food borne illness and pose great risks to human health, so there is need for mitigating the potential risks to consumer health and improving the quality of fruit juices by the addition of natural antimicrobials of plant such as jackfruit to fruit juices which are with little or no negative health consequences. In conclusion, jack fruit seed and bark has been found quite effective as a biopreservative and therefore, could serve as a good candidate for use in extending the shelf life of fruit juices.
Authors: Itaman V. O.* Osaro-Matthew R. C. and Okorie E. E.
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Abstract
Fruit juices are drinks consumed worldwide as it contain vitamins, minerals, amino acids, dietary fibers, sugars and bioactive compounds which are important for the wellbeing and health of humans. Fresh fruits are minimally processed to obtain juices which render it perishable products and hence the need to preserve these juices. This study was aimed at investigating the biopreservative potential of jackfruit seed and bark on freshly prepared juices (watermelon, pineapple and pawpaw). The colony count was observed during the 96 hours storage period at 0 hour, 48 hours and 96 hours by standard spread plate count method. The samples were screened for total Heterotrophic Bacterial Count (THBC), Total Coliform Count (TCC), Total Lactic Acid Bacteria Count (LAB) and Total Fungal Count (TFC) according to the standard methods for the enumeration of bacteria and fungi. The microbial counts of the juices preserved with jack fruit seeds ranged from 1.0f x 104 to 1.18b x 107 cfu/ml while those preserved with jackfruit bark ranged from 1.3e x 104 to 8.8e x 106 cfu/ml. Jack fruit seeds exerted more biopreservative effects on the pineapple juice, while jackfruit bark had more biopreservative effects on the watermelon juice. The isolated microorganisms included Escherichia coli, Bacillus species, Salmonella species, Staphylococcus aureus, Citrobacter species, Micrococcus species, Lactobacillus species, Rhizopus species, Aspergillus species and Penicillium species. Bacillus sp were the most occurring bacteria in all fruit juices, followed by Staphylococcus aureus and Lactobacillus sp. while the most occurring fungi was Penicillium sp. Some of the microorganisms detected in this study can cause spoilage, food borne illness and pose great risks to human health, so there is need for mitigating the potential risks to consumer health and improving the quality of fruit juices by the addition of natural antimicrobials of plant such as jackfruit to fruit juices which are with little or no negative health consequences. In conclusion, jack fruit seed and bark has been found quite effective as a biopreservative and therefore, could serve as a good candidate for use in extending the shelf life of fruit juices.
Profiling Phytochemical Constituents and Antibacterial Efficacy of Ethanol Extract of Anacardium occidentale Linn (Cashew) Slender Branches
Antibiotic resistance in most bacterial infections remains a threat to humanity. This necessitates the search for natural sources of remedy from Anacardium occidentale Linn (cashew) slender branches. The plant slender branches were air dried for four weeks at 25oC and process for extraction. Cold maceration method was used to obtain the extract using ethanol as menstruum. Antibacterial susceptibility test (AST) of the extract was carried out against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa obtained from the department of Biological Science Laboratory Ciprofloxacin and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) were used as positive and negative controls respectively. Ethanol extract at 200 mg/ml, shows 17.5±0.5 mm zone of inhibition against P. aeruginosa, 16±1.0 mm against E. coli, 14±0.0 mm against P. mirabilis and 11±1.0 mm against S. aureus. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most susceptible, while S. aureus, the most resistant to the extract. The findings of MIC and MBC revealed that the extract was bactericidal at 250 mg/ml. Profiling the phytochemical constituents revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, quinone, phenols, saponins, and carotenoids in the extracts. High Performance Liquid Chromatography shows the presence of quercetin a flavonoid, chlorogenic acids a phenol and testosterone which could be responsible for its antibacterial activity. This study reveals that A. occidentale Linn slender branch has antibacterial activity and could be use as precursor for drugs development.
Authors: Jesse I. A.1* Istifanus T.1 Mafe A. N.1 Oloninefa S. D.2 Attah F.3 and Targema B. T.4
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Abstract
Antibiotic resistance in most bacterial infections remains a threat to humanity. This necessitates the search for natural sources of remedy from Anacardium occidentale Linn (cashew) slender branches. The plant slender branches were air dried for four weeks at 25oC and process for extraction. Cold maceration method was used to obtain the extract using ethanol as menstruum. Antibacterial susceptibility test (AST) of the extract was carried out against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa obtained from the department of Biological Science Laboratory Ciprofloxacin and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) were used as positive and negative controls respectively. Ethanol extract at 200 mg/ml, shows 17.5±0.5 mm zone of inhibition against P. aeruginosa, 16±1.0 mm against E. coli, 14±0.0 mm against P. mirabilis and 11±1.0 mm against S. aureus. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most susceptible, while S. aureus, the most resistant to the extract. The findings of MIC and MBC revealed that the extract was bactericidal at 250 mg/ml. Profiling the phytochemical constituents revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, quinone, phenols, saponins, and carotenoids in the extracts. High Performance Liquid Chromatography shows the presence of quercetin a flavonoid, chlorogenic acids a phenol and testosterone which could be responsible for its antibacterial activity. This study reveals that A. occidentale Linn slender branch has antibacterial activity and could be use as precursor for drugs development.
Evaluation of Fungi Infestation of Stored White and Yellow Cassava Garri in Jos North Metropolis
Food security is required national development and for human survival. However, it is important that food security should not be seen only in the perspective of availability but also on safety. This study determined the mycological quality of selected white and yellow Garri sold within Jos North metropolis. The study was conducted at the biology laboratory of Federal College of Forestry, Jos. A total of 24 samples (12 white and 12 yellow) were purchased from Katako, Terminus, Busa buji and New market. The sample were collected in sterile polyethylene nylon. The fungi were isolated using prepared and sterilized Patatose dextrose agar. Identification of fungi was carried using microscopic method. Disk Diffusion Technique on Muller Hilton Agar (MHA) was used to determine fungal sensitivity. Data were statistical analyses using ANOVA and t-test at pvalue ≥ 0.05. The means was separated using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. The result revealed white Garri from Terminus has the highest fungal load of 14.50+ 1.26 Sfu/gl. Busa buji showed the lowest value of 5.50±1.53 Sfu/gl. The Fungi isolated were Aspergillus niger, Curvilaria sp, Penicillium sp, fusarium oxysparum, Geitricum sp and Macrophrosis. Aspergillus sp had the highest frequency of occurrence (28.95% and 23.68%) in both white and yellow Garri while Macrophrosis had the least frequency occurrence of 2.63%. The pH values of white and yellow Garri ranges between 5 and 6 and moisture content showed that yellow Garri had the highest moisture content of 21.76 ± 1.24. The isolate were more sensitive to keteconarzole than fluconazole and Griseofulvin. The findings revealed that consumers are exposed to the risk of fungal infestation. Therefore renewed vigilance on the efficiency of garri processing condition, handling and storage is required.
Authors: John W. C.1* Ishaya M.2 Ihum T. A.3 Joshua V. I.1 Dinchi P. T.1 and Sikiru G. K.1
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Abstract
Food security is required national development and for human survival. However, it is important that food security should not be seen only in the perspective of availability but also on safety. This study determined the mycological quality of selected white and yellow Garri sold within Jos North metropolis. The study was conducted at the biology laboratory of Federal College of Forestry, Jos. A total of 24 samples (12 white and 12 yellow) were purchased from Katako, Terminus, Busa buji and New market. The sample were collected in sterile polyethylene nylon. The fungi were isolated using prepared and sterilized Patatose dextrose agar. Identification of fungi was carried using microscopic method. Disk Diffusion Technique on Muller Hilton Agar (MHA) was used to determine fungal sensitivity. Data were statistical analyses using ANOVA and t-test at pvalue ≥ 0.05. The means was separated using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. The result revealed white Garri from Terminus has the highest fungal load of 14.50+ 1.26 Sfu/gl. Busa buji showed the lowest value of 5.50±1.53 Sfu/gl. The Fungi isolated were Aspergillus niger, Curvilaria sp, Penicillium sp, fusarium oxysparum, Geitricum sp and Macrophrosis. Aspergillus sp had the highest frequency of occurrence (28.95% and 23.68%) in both white and yellow Garri while Macrophrosis had the least frequency occurrence of 2.63%. The pH values of white and yellow Garri ranges between 5 and 6 and moisture content showed that yellow Garri had the highest moisture content of 21.76 ± 1.24. The isolate were more sensitive to keteconarzole than fluconazole and Griseofulvin. The findings revealed that consumers are exposed to the risk of fungal infestation. Therefore renewed vigilance on the efficiency of garri processing condition, handling and storage is required.
Quality Improvement of Watermelon-Clerodendrum volubile Extract Wine Produced via Sequential Malolactic Fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Lactobacillus delbrueckii
Herbal infusions medicinal benefits in wine and the impact of malolactic fermentation on wine quality is of high significance. The study aimed at improving the quality of watermelon wine with Clerodendrum volubile extract using Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp bulgaricus. S. cerevisiae and L. delbrueckii isolated from palm wine and yoghurt, respectively were used in this study. Fermentation must was prepared in various dilution ratios ranging from 95:5, 90:10 and 85:15 (watermelon to C. volubile). Static fermentation was carried out for 5 days with S. cerevisiae followed by malolactic fermentation with L. delbrueckii and then fermentation with S. cerevisiae for 23 days at room temperature. Physicochemical, phytochemical, mineral, and sensory properties were observed. Noticeable was pH decrease (5.21 -.3.33), increased titratable acidity (0.05-0.69 g/l), decreasing reducing sugar (0.59-0.011 mg/ml), temperature (30.5-24.2℃) and increasing total dissolved solids (19.7 48.9oB). Wine fermented with S. cerevisiae (D) had the highest phenolic content (481.68±0.37 mg/100ml), while vitamin C increased (20.2±0.73 - 29.28±0.70) with increase in C. volubile concentration. The Na+ was most abundant (51.71 mg/100ml), while Ca2+ (5.23 mg/100ml) was improved. Watermelon wine (D and H) showed the least (1.38±0.5%) alcohol content while wine C and G recorded the highest. Organoleptic properties of wine E received the highest preference rating for flavour, colour and taste. Therefore, the nutritional and sensorial properties of Watermelon-C. volubile wine can be improved through sequential malolactic fermentation
Authors: Kazeem M. O.1* Aderoboye Y. O.1 Oyinlola K. A.2 and Maiangwa J.3
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Abstract
Herbal infusions medicinal benefits in wine and the impact of malolactic fermentation on wine quality is of high significance. The study aimed at improving the quality of watermelon wine with Clerodendrum volubile extract using Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp bulgaricus. S. cerevisiae and L. delbrueckii isolated from palm wine and yoghurt, respectively were used in this study. Fermentation must was prepared in various dilution ratios ranging from 95:5, 90:10 and 85:15 (watermelon to C. volubile). Static fermentation was carried out for 5 days with S. cerevisiae followed by malolactic fermentation with L. delbrueckii and then fermentation with S. cerevisiae for 23 days at room temperature. Physicochemical, phytochemical, mineral, and sensory properties were observed. Noticeable was pH decrease (5.21 -.3.33), increased titratable acidity (0.05-0.69 g/l), decreasing reducing sugar (0.59-0.011 mg/ml), temperature (30.5-24.2℃) and increasing total dissolved solids (19.7 48.9oB). Wine fermented with S. cerevisiae (D) had the highest phenolic content (481.68±0.37 mg/100ml), while vitamin C increased (20.2±0.73 - 29.28±0.70) with increase in C. volubile concentration. The Na+ was most abundant (51.71 mg/100ml), while Ca2+ (5.23 mg/100ml) was improved. Watermelon wine (D and H) showed the least (1.38±0.5%) alcohol content while wine C and G recorded the highest. Organoleptic properties of wine E received the highest preference rating for flavour, colour and taste. Therefore, the nutritional and sensorial properties of Watermelon-C. volubile wine can be improved through sequential malolactic fermentation
Purification and Characterization of Digitaria exilis Protease (White Acha)
The protease of malted Digitaria exilis (white acha) species was extracted, purified and characterized. The enzyme was extracted with 200 ml of 0.1M citrate phosphate buffer (pH 7) containing 0.4% (w/v) cysteine and 0.86% NaCl, purified by dialysis against 4M sucrose, Ion exchange chromatography on CM sepharose and gel filtration chromatography on Sepharose 4B gel. On ion exchange chromatography and gel filteration chromatography, the white acha protease was purified 2.21 folds with a specific activity of 362 Umg-1 protein. The relative molecular weight of the protease was estimated to be 88,000 daltons by Gel filtration. The white acha protease was optimally active at 50oC and pH 7, but retained about 40% of its activity at 70oC (30 mins) and pH 8. Appreciable stimulation (P<0.05) of the white acha protease was only achieved by Mn2+, while the other metal ions (Zn2 ,Ba2+ , Fe2+ ,Cu2+ ,Ca2+ ,Sr2+ & Hg2+) were inhibitory. Guanidine chloride, n-bromosuccinamide and EGTA were inhibitory (P<0.05) to the acha protease, while sodium sulphite and 2-mercaptoethanol (2-Me) were stimulatory with striking stimulation obtained with 2-ME. A significant effect (P<0.05) of inhibitors on acha protease was recorded. The enzyme exhibited broad specificity (70 – 100%) in the hydrolysis of various proteins (Bovine serum, albumin, casein, egg albumin and gelatin) and showed strongest affinity for casein when its km (0.188 mg/ml) and Vmax (0.208 U/mol) values were obtained, respectively. Therefore, Digitaria exilis protease can be useful in food industries if harnessed
Authors: Ogu C. T.1* Mbah N. K.2 and Odibo F. J. C.1
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Abstract
The protease of malted Digitaria exilis (white acha) species was extracted, purified and characterized. The enzyme was extracted with 200 ml of 0.1M citrate phosphate buffer (pH 7) containing 0.4% (w/v) cysteine and 0.86% NaCl, purified by dialysis against 4M sucrose, Ion exchange chromatography on CM sepharose and gel filtration chromatography on Sepharose 4B gel. On ion exchange chromatography and gel filteration chromatography, the white acha protease was purified 2.21 folds with a specific activity of 362 Umg-1 protein. The relative molecular weight of the protease was estimated to be 88,000 daltons by Gel filtration. The white acha protease was optimally active at 50oC and pH 7, but retained about 40% of its activity at 70oC (30 mins) and pH 8. Appreciable stimulation (P<0.05) of the white acha protease was only achieved by Mn2+, while the other metal ions (Zn2 ,Ba2+ , Fe2+ ,Cu2+ ,Ca2+ ,Sr2+ & Hg2+) were inhibitory. Guanidine chloride, n-bromosuccinamide and EGTA were inhibitory (P<0.05) to the acha protease, while sodium sulphite and 2-mercaptoethanol (2-Me) were stimulatory with striking stimulation obtained with 2-ME. A significant effect (P<0.05) of inhibitors on acha protease was recorded. The enzyme exhibited broad specificity (70 – 100%) in the hydrolysis of various proteins (Bovine serum, albumin, casein, egg albumin and gelatin) and showed strongest affinity for casein when its km (0.188 mg/ml) and Vmax (0.208 U/mol) values were obtained, respectively. Therefore, Digitaria exilis protease can be useful in food industries if harnessed
Assessment of Lactic Acid Bacteria Treatments on some Biochemical Indices Associated with Ulcerative Colitis Induced in Wistar Rats
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease that affects the colonic mucosa and it’s clinically portrayed by diarrhea, abdominal pain and so on. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are one of the most significant groups of probiotic organisms, commonly used in fermented dairy products. These group of organisms enhance lactose digestion, stimulate the immune system, prevent and treat diarrhea. In the present study, the therapeutic effects of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum PQ104969 and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum PP893151 on acetic acid-induced ulcerative colitis was evaluated in Wistar albino rats. Acetic acid-induced ulcerative colitis was achieved by intrarectal administration of 5% acetic acid after acclimatization. Wistar rats were then treated orally with either 1 ml of normal saline, L. plantarum PQ104969 (5 × 107 Cfu/ml), L. plantarum PP893151 (5 × 107 Cfu/ml) or prednisolone (2 mg/kg) once a day for 7 days. Disease activity index (DAI) was recorded daily after colitis induction by assessing the symptoms. The rats were sacrificed on day 3 and 7 by cervical dislocation, and colon tissues were isolated for the biochemical analysis of oxidative stress parameters. Depletion of total glutathione (GSH) levels in the colitis group was significantly restored in the L. plantarum PP893151 treated groups, while L. plantarum PQ104969 regulated the expression of proteins, thus alleviated inflammatory response. Both lactic acid bacteria inhibited neutrophil infiltration to suppress myeloperoxidase activity in order to mitigate inflammatory reaction and oxidative stress development in acetic acid induced ulcerative colitis. Hence, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum associated with indigenous fermented foods could be used as an alternative treatment of Ulcerative Colitis
Authors: Bamigbade B. O.1* Oladejo B. O.1 and Omayone T. P.2
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Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease that affects the colonic mucosa and it’s clinically portrayed by diarrhea, abdominal pain and so on. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are one of the most significant groups of probiotic organisms, commonly used in fermented dairy products. These group of organisms enhance lactose digestion, stimulate the immune system, prevent and treat diarrhea. In the present study, the therapeutic effects of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum PQ104969 and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum PP893151 on acetic acid-induced ulcerative colitis was evaluated in Wistar albino rats. Acetic acid-induced ulcerative colitis was achieved by intrarectal administration of 5% acetic acid after acclimatization. Wistar rats were then treated orally with either 1 ml of normal saline, L. plantarum PQ104969 (5 × 107 Cfu/ml), L. plantarum PP893151 (5 × 107 Cfu/ml) or prednisolone (2 mg/kg) once a day for 7 days. Disease activity index (DAI) was recorded daily after colitis induction by assessing the symptoms. The rats were sacrificed on day 3 and 7 by cervical dislocation, and colon tissues were isolated for the biochemical analysis of oxidative stress parameters. Depletion of total glutathione (GSH) levels in the colitis group was significantly restored in the L. plantarum PP893151 treated groups, while L. plantarum PQ104969 regulated the expression of proteins, thus alleviated inflammatory response. Both lactic acid bacteria inhibited neutrophil infiltration to suppress myeloperoxidase activity in order to mitigate inflammatory reaction and oxidative stress development in acetic acid induced ulcerative colitis. Hence, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum associated with indigenous fermented foods could be used as an alternative treatment of Ulcerative Colitis
Anti-Bacterial Properties of Leaf Extracts of Moringa olifera and Alchornea cordifolia Against Biofilm-Forming Strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Medicinal plants represent potential sources of new antibacterial agents against drug resistant bacteria. The aim of this study was to investigate the antibacterial activities of aqueous and ethanol extracts of the leaves of Moringa oleifera and Alchornea cordifolia against strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa expressing various virulence and biofilm-forming characteristics. Five hundred grams (500 g) of each of the powdered plant materials was soaked in 1,500 ml of ethanol/water respectively for 24 h at room temperature. The extracts were filtered using non-adsorbent muslin cloth into a clean beaker. The filtrates were dried by evaporating off the solvent at 50 oC in a hot air oven. The inhibitory activities of the extracts were tested against the strains using the agar well diffusion and microbroth dilution assays. The crude ethanolic and aqueous extracts of the leaves of Moringa olifera and Alchornea cordifolia produced inhibition zones ranging from 10.0 mm to 20.0 mm at a concentration of 200 mg/ml. The extracts of Alchornea cordifolia had higher inhibitory effects on all the test isolates. The antibacterial activities of the extracts varied according to the genetic determinants carried by the various strains with the zone sizes decreasing to between 7.5 mm to 13.0 mm for some strains. The wild-type strain (PA14-GFP) carrying the green fluorescent protein was susceptible to the aqueous and ethanol extracts of both plants while some of the strains carrying mutations for biofilm formation were less susceptible to the plant extracts. It is remarkable that the ethanol extract of A. cordifolia had appreciable inhibitory activity against all isolates including strains like PA01-L-wt-PqSR and PA01-L-wt which carry mutations for biofilm formation. The minimum inhibitory concentration against these strains ranged from 6.25 mg/ml to 25 mg/ml while the minimum bactericidal concentration was between 12.5 mg/ml for the ethanol extracts and 25 mg/ml for the aqueous extracts. Findings of the study provides justification for further research on the potentials of these medicinal plants as sources for antibacterial and antibiofilm compounds.
Authors: Enya E.* Ekundayo E. O. and Madukwe E. U.
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Abstract
Medicinal plants represent potential sources of new antibacterial agents against drug resistant bacteria. The aim of this study was to investigate the antibacterial activities of aqueous and ethanol extracts of the leaves of Moringa oleifera and Alchornea cordifolia against strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa expressing various virulence and biofilm-forming characteristics. Five hundred grams (500 g) of each of the powdered plant materials was soaked in 1,500 ml of ethanol/water respectively for 24 h at room temperature. The extracts were filtered using non-adsorbent muslin cloth into a clean beaker. The filtrates were dried by evaporating off the solvent at 50 oC in a hot air oven. The inhibitory activities of the extracts were tested against the strains using the agar well diffusion and microbroth dilution assays. The crude ethanolic and aqueous extracts of the leaves of Moringa olifera and Alchornea cordifolia produced inhibition zones ranging from 10.0 mm to 20.0 mm at a concentration of 200 mg/ml. The extracts of Alchornea cordifolia had higher inhibitory effects on all the test isolates. The antibacterial activities of the extracts varied according to the genetic determinants carried by the various strains with the zone sizes decreasing to between 7.5 mm to 13.0 mm for some strains. The wild-type strain (PA14-GFP) carrying the green fluorescent protein was susceptible to the aqueous and ethanol extracts of both plants while some of the strains carrying mutations for biofilm formation were less susceptible to the plant extracts. It is remarkable that the ethanol extract of A. cordifolia had appreciable inhibitory activity against all isolates including strains like PA01-L-wt-PqSR and PA01-L-wt which carry mutations for biofilm formation. The minimum inhibitory concentration against these strains ranged from 6.25 mg/ml to 25 mg/ml while the minimum bactericidal concentration was between 12.5 mg/ml for the ethanol extracts and 25 mg/ml for the aqueous extracts. Findings of the study provides justification for further research on the potentials of these medicinal plants as sources for antibacterial and antibiofilm compounds.
Multi-Drug Resistance, HIV/AIDS Coinfection and Risk Factors Associated with Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection in Nigeria: A Systematic Review
Multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have emerged as major public health challenges facing tuberculosis control programme particularly in Asia and Africa. In Nigeria, the seroprevalence of HIV is 4.4%, the third highest infection burden in the world, with 21% of all tuberculosis patients dually infected with TB and HIV. The impact of MDR-TB is likely to increase if adequate measures are not taken. Despite the high prevalence of MDR-TB in Nigeria, not much effort has been made at tackling the problem. This paper reviews the burden of MDR-TB and the factors that are responsible for the problem particularly in Nigeria. Internet search of studies on MDR-TB was done and those relevant for this study were reviewed. The major risk factors of MDR-TB in Nigeria are previous TB treatment and HIV/AIDS coinfection. Efforts should be made towards proper diagnosis of HIV/AIDS and MDR-TB and adequate treatment given where causes are treatable. Patients should be adequately counseled and where facilities for diagnosis and treatment are inadequate, the government can provide and subsidize the cost for ease of management and treatment
Authors: Kashibu E.1* Doughari J. H.2 and Ja’afaru M. I.2
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Abstract
Multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have emerged as major public health challenges facing tuberculosis control programme particularly in Asia and Africa. In Nigeria, the seroprevalence of HIV is 4.4%, the third highest infection burden in the world, with 21% of all tuberculosis patients dually infected with TB and HIV. The impact of MDR-TB is likely to increase if adequate measures are not taken. Despite the high prevalence of MDR-TB in Nigeria, not much effort has been made at tackling the problem. This paper reviews the burden of MDR-TB and the factors that are responsible for the problem particularly in Nigeria. Internet search of studies on MDR-TB was done and those relevant for this study were reviewed. The major risk factors of MDR-TB in Nigeria are previous TB treatment and HIV/AIDS coinfection. Efforts should be made towards proper diagnosis of HIV/AIDS and MDR-TB and adequate treatment given where causes are treatable. Patients should be adequately counseled and where facilities for diagnosis and treatment are inadequate, the government can provide and subsidize the cost for ease of management and treatment
Molecular Detection of Buruli Ulcer among Patients with Various Degrees of Skin Ulcerative Lesions Revealed Zero Prevalence in Parts of Jigawa State, Northern Nigeria
The indolent, necrotizing Buruli ulcer disease is a chronic condition caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans, an environmental bacteria that can damage the skin, tissues, and bones. It is now recognized as one of the 20 Neglected Tropical Diseases targeted for elimination by the year 2030. Public health continues to face difficulties due to its mechanism of transmission that is yet to be completely unravel. From December 2019 to September 2023, a hospital-based study was conducted to ascertain the prevalence of Buruli ulcer in parts of Jigawa State, Nigeria. A purposive sampling technique was adopted in selecting and diagnosing 382 samples from patients with various degrees of skin ulcerative lesions across all age groups and gender. The diagnosis of all the samples initially involved the use of Ziehel Nelseen staining procedure. Thirty-five (35) samples with symptoms suspected to be Buruli ulcer were diagnosed using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) method. The results were negative for the 382 samples diagnosed using Ziehel Nelseen staining procedure as well as the 35 suspected Buruli ulcer using real-time PCR. This study concludes that despite testing samples with obvious ulcerative lesions suspected to be Buruli ulcer from patients, both Ziehel Nelseen staining procedure and real-time PCR revealed negative results. It is recommended that more samples suspected to have symptoms of Buruli ulcers should be diagnosed using real-time PCR and also make use of both IS2404 and IS2606.
Authors: Kashim Y. A.1 Dogara M. M.2 Mienda B. S.1 Nwafor T. E.3 Akinwale O. P. 3 Adeniyi K. A.2 and Abubakar H. H.4
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Abstract
The indolent, necrotizing Buruli ulcer disease is a chronic condition caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans, an environmental bacteria that can damage the skin, tissues, and bones. It is now recognized as one of the 20 Neglected Tropical Diseases targeted for elimination by the year 2030. Public health continues to face difficulties due to its mechanism of transmission that is yet to be completely unravel. From December 2019 to September 2023, a hospital-based study was conducted to ascertain the prevalence of Buruli ulcer in parts of Jigawa State, Nigeria. A purposive sampling technique was adopted in selecting and diagnosing 382 samples from patients with various degrees of skin ulcerative lesions across all age groups and gender. The diagnosis of all the samples initially involved the use of Ziehel Nelseen staining procedure. Thirty-five (35) samples with symptoms suspected to be Buruli ulcer were diagnosed using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) method. The results were negative for the 382 samples diagnosed using Ziehel Nelseen staining procedure as well as the 35 suspected Buruli ulcer using real-time PCR. This study concludes that despite testing samples with obvious ulcerative lesions suspected to be Buruli ulcer from patients, both Ziehel Nelseen staining procedure and real-time PCR revealed negative results. It is recommended that more samples suspected to have symptoms of Buruli ulcers should be diagnosed using real-time PCR and also make use of both IS2404 and IS2606.
Bacterial Infections of the Upper Respiratory Tract of Different Breeds of Dog in Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria
Dogs are domestic animals as well as human pets with potential zoonotic respiratory infections. Nasopharyngeal samples were collected from a total of fifty-five (55) dogs at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital (VTH), Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta (FUNAAB), Nigeria. Ten (10) breeds were examined for probable bacteria responsible for upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) and antibiotic resistance among the isolates. The isolates per breed with age as a factor, were microbiological screened, while antimicrobial susceptibility test (AST) was performed by Kirby-Bauer’s disc diffusion method with their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The URTI was highest (49.0%) for dogs younger than 12 months, while the least percentage of 5.5% was recorded for dogs between ages 6 and 10 years. The decreasing order of URTI rate based on breed was; Alsatian (43.6%)>Boerboel (20.0%)>Italian mastiff>Terrier cross (1.8%). The frequency of occurrence of ten identified bacterial species were Escherichia coli (83.1%), Citrobacter freundii (73.4%), Staphylococcus aureus (67.5%), Klebsiella oxytoca (65.2%), Bacillus subtilis (57.6%), Staphylococcus saprophyticus (40%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (38.2%), Streptococcus spp. (18.2%), Proteus mirabilis (14.5%) and Haemophilus spp. (5.8%). All the isolates expressed significant differences (P<0.05) across all the parameters tested and were also 100% resistant to at least one of the antibiotics tested. Percentage susceptibility rate (%) to nitrofurantoin (100), ciprofloxacin and amoxycillin (90.0), ceftriaxone (10.0), while augmentin was completely resisted by all the isolates (0%). The study revealed that most pet-dogs in the sampled area were potential carriers of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains. More public awareness aimed at curtailing the spread of these pathogenic agents is highly recommended.
Authors: Lifowora S. O.1 Adeyosoye O. I.2* and Akintokun A. K.3
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Abstract
Dogs are domestic animals as well as human pets with potential zoonotic respiratory infections. Nasopharyngeal samples were collected from a total of fifty-five (55) dogs at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital (VTH), Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta (FUNAAB), Nigeria. Ten (10) breeds were examined for probable bacteria responsible for upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) and antibiotic resistance among the isolates. The isolates per breed with age as a factor, were microbiological screened, while antimicrobial susceptibility test (AST) was performed by Kirby-Bauer’s disc diffusion method with their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The URTI was highest (49.0%) for dogs younger than 12 months, while the least percentage of 5.5% was recorded for dogs between ages 6 and 10 years. The decreasing order of URTI rate based on breed was; Alsatian (43.6%)>Boerboel (20.0%)>Italian mastiff>Terrier cross (1.8%). The frequency of occurrence of ten identified bacterial species were Escherichia coli (83.1%), Citrobacter freundii (73.4%), Staphylococcus aureus (67.5%), Klebsiella oxytoca (65.2%), Bacillus subtilis (57.6%), Staphylococcus saprophyticus (40%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (38.2%), Streptococcus spp. (18.2%), Proteus mirabilis (14.5%) and Haemophilus spp. (5.8%). All the isolates expressed significant differences (P<0.05) across all the parameters tested and were also 100% resistant to at least one of the antibiotics tested. Percentage susceptibility rate (%) to nitrofurantoin (100), ciprofloxacin and amoxycillin (90.0), ceftriaxone (10.0), while augmentin was completely resisted by all the isolates (0%). The study revealed that most pet-dogs in the sampled area were potential carriers of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains. More public awareness aimed at curtailing the spread of these pathogenic agents is highly recommended.
Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in Nigeria (2010-2023)
Helicobacter pylori the aetiologic agent of peptic ulcer, also associated with gastritis and gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma, has been reported to be prevalent in some developing countries. Taking into consideration its mode of transmission which is faecal oral, it is important for developing countries to be alert on the nation’s own prevalence, as a high rate could facilitate increase in transmission which would be detrimental to public health. This review, analyzes on available related research published online between 2010-2023, to identify the prevalence rate of H. pylori in Nigeria. The research papers collected for this review represented the North, South, East and West regions of Nigeria. Thus, showing a representative overview of prevalence rates of H. pylori in Nigeria. The range identified was 20%-80% prevalence rate, with most over 50% and the highest percentage prevalence of H. pylori, reported in the Northern region of Nigeria. Risk factors observed included among others, overcrowding, low socioeconomic class, water sources and toilet facility. Therefore taking into consideration the economic status of Nigeria, the risk factors and prevalence showed that a large proportion of Nigerians are at risk and may not have the facilities required to prevent this infection. As a result, it may be futile to limit the H. pylori prevalence management to personal efforts of individuals, rather more governmental and non governmental groups should be set up and financed to aid the control of the spread of H. pylori infection.
Authors: Mohammed O. A.*
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Abstract
Helicobacter pylori the aetiologic agent of peptic ulcer, also associated with gastritis and gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma, has been reported to be prevalent in some developing countries. Taking into consideration its mode of transmission which is faecal oral, it is important for developing countries to be alert on the nation’s own prevalence, as a high rate could facilitate increase in transmission which would be detrimental to public health. This review, analyzes on available related research published online between 2010-2023, to identify the prevalence rate of H. pylori in Nigeria. The research papers collected for this review represented the North, South, East and West regions of Nigeria. Thus, showing a representative overview of prevalence rates of H. pylori in Nigeria. The range identified was 20%-80% prevalence rate, with most over 50% and the highest percentage prevalence of H. pylori, reported in the Northern region of Nigeria. Risk factors observed included among others, overcrowding, low socioeconomic class, water sources and toilet facility. Therefore taking into consideration the economic status of Nigeria, the risk factors and prevalence showed that a large proportion of Nigerians are at risk and may not have the facilities required to prevent this infection. As a result, it may be futile to limit the H. pylori prevalence management to personal efforts of individuals, rather more governmental and non governmental groups should be set up and financed to aid the control of the spread of H. pylori infection.
In-vitro Biofilm Formation and Antimicrobial Resistance of Metallo Beta-lactamase Producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa of Clinical Origin
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients and patients with underlying medical conditions. The prevalence of biofilm formation and muti drug resistant strains of P. aeruginosa isolates has been on the increase. This study was aimed at in-vitro biofilm formation in metallo beta-lactamase producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa of clinical origin. A total of 590 different clinical samples were used for this study, during which the samples were collected from different units of Alex-Ekwueme Federal Teaching Hospital and Mile 4 Hospital all in Abakaliki. Standard microbiological methods were used to identify the isolates. The isolated P. aeruginosa were further subjected to imipenem-ethylene diamine tetractic acid combine disc test (CDT) to ascertain the metallo beta-lactamase production, biofilm assay using tube method to determine the ability of isolates to form biofilm. The isolates were also subjected to antibiotics susceptibility studies against different classes of antibiotics through disc diffusion method. Out of the 590 samples collected and screened, fifty nine (59) isolates were identified and characterized as P. aeruginosa. Thirty four (34) were metallo beta-lactamase (MBL) producer, and 21 were biofilm producers. The antibiogram of the biofilm producing P. aeruginosa revealed high resistance rate to cefoxitin (95.2%), nalixidic acid (85.7%), cefepime (80.9%), piperaciilin (80.9%), ofloxacin (76.2%), colistin (76.2%), amikacin (76.2%), tetracycline (71.4%), amoxicillin (71.4%), and ceftriaxone (66.7%). Strict implementation and adherence to antibiotics stewardship in the hospital setting is highly recommended to control and manage the rise antibiotic resistance
Authors: Nwankwo F. M.* Iroha I. R. Awoke O. A. Ugbo E. N. and Nwankwo L. N.
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Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients and patients with underlying medical conditions. The prevalence of biofilm formation and muti drug resistant strains of P. aeruginosa isolates has been on the increase. This study was aimed at in-vitro biofilm formation in metallo beta-lactamase producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa of clinical origin. A total of 590 different clinical samples were used for this study, during which the samples were collected from different units of Alex-Ekwueme Federal Teaching Hospital and Mile 4 Hospital all in Abakaliki. Standard microbiological methods were used to identify the isolates. The isolated P. aeruginosa were further subjected to imipenem-ethylene diamine tetractic acid combine disc test (CDT) to ascertain the metallo beta-lactamase production, biofilm assay using tube method to determine the ability of isolates to form biofilm. The isolates were also subjected to antibiotics susceptibility studies against different classes of antibiotics through disc diffusion method. Out of the 590 samples collected and screened, fifty nine (59) isolates were identified and characterized as P. aeruginosa. Thirty four (34) were metallo beta-lactamase (MBL) producer, and 21 were biofilm producers. The antibiogram of the biofilm producing P. aeruginosa revealed high resistance rate to cefoxitin (95.2%), nalixidic acid (85.7%), cefepime (80.9%), piperaciilin (80.9%), ofloxacin (76.2%), colistin (76.2%), amikacin (76.2%), tetracycline (71.4%), amoxicillin (71.4%), and ceftriaxone (66.7%). Strict implementation and adherence to antibiotics stewardship in the hospital setting is highly recommended to control and manage the rise antibiotic resistance
Occurrence of Metallo-beta-lactamase in Multidrug Resistant Escherichia coli Isolated from Donkey Slaughter Market
Animals used in food production have been identified as one of the major primary sources of antibiotic resistant pathogenic bacteria within the Enterobacteriaceae family. The Escherichia coli harboring metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs) is a serious threat to global health. This study was aimed at the occurrences of metallo-beta-lactamase in multidrug resistance Escherichia coli isolated from donkey slaughter market. A total of 75 swab samples were collected from equipment used in donkey slaughters and E. coli was identified using Eosin Methylene Blue Agar (EMBA), MacConkey Agar (MCA) media and other microbiological standard techniques. The E. coli isolates were tested for multidrug resistance (MDR) using disk diffusion method and multiple antimicrobial resistances index (MARI) were calculated. The presence of metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL) in multidrug resistance E. coli was confirmed using modified Hodge test method. Thirty (40.0%) swab samples were positive for E. coli, knife had 8(32.0%), table had 12(48.0%) and slab harbored 10(40.0%). The isolates were resistance to tetracycline (40.0% 80.0%), gentamicin (25.0%-30.0%), erythromycin (40.0%-50.0%), ampicillin (70.0%-75.0%) and ciprofloxacin (20.0%-37.5%). Three major antibiotics resistance pattern were revealed from the 14 (46.7%) isolate that were MDR-E. coli which includes; TE-CN-E-AMP-CIP, TE-E-AMP-CIP and TE-CN E-AMP. This study revealed the occurrences of MBLs in MDR- E. coli to be 5(35.7%). The presence of MBLs in MDR E. coli isolated from donkey creates strong threat to the treatment of such infection in clinical setting and it calls for an urgent veterinary surveillance program to monitor antibiotics used as growth enhancers in animal production.
Authors: Ugbo E. N.1* Ugbo A. I.2 Agumah B. N.1 Nwojiji E. C.2 Ewah C. M.3 Ogbonna I. P.2 and Ekpono C. U.2
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Abstract
Animals used in food production have been identified as one of the major primary sources of antibiotic resistant pathogenic bacteria within the Enterobacteriaceae family. The Escherichia coli harboring metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs) is a serious threat to global health. This study was aimed at the occurrences of metallo-beta-lactamase in multidrug resistance Escherichia coli isolated from donkey slaughter market. A total of 75 swab samples were collected from equipment used in donkey slaughters and E. coli was identified using Eosin Methylene Blue Agar (EMBA), MacConkey Agar (MCA) media and other microbiological standard techniques. The E. coli isolates were tested for multidrug resistance (MDR) using disk diffusion method and multiple antimicrobial resistances index (MARI) were calculated. The presence of metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL) in multidrug resistance E. coli was confirmed using modified Hodge test method. Thirty (40.0%) swab samples were positive for E. coli, knife had 8(32.0%), table had 12(48.0%) and slab harbored 10(40.0%). The isolates were resistance to tetracycline (40.0% 80.0%), gentamicin (25.0%-30.0%), erythromycin (40.0%-50.0%), ampicillin (70.0%-75.0%) and ciprofloxacin (20.0%-37.5%). Three major antibiotics resistance pattern were revealed from the 14 (46.7%) isolate that were MDR-E. coli which includes; TE-CN-E-AMP-CIP, TE-E-AMP-CIP and TE-CN E-AMP. This study revealed the occurrences of MBLs in MDR- E. coli to be 5(35.7%). The presence of MBLs in MDR E. coli isolated from donkey creates strong threat to the treatment of such infection in clinical setting and it calls for an urgent veterinary surveillance program to monitor antibiotics used as growth enhancers in animal production.
Assessing the Phytochemical Profile and Antimicrobial Efficacy of Allium sativum Against Some Bacterial Pathogens
This research was carried out to examine the phytochemical composition and antibacterial efficacy of garlic against some bacteria pathogens. A standardized phytochemical investigation was done qualitatively utilizing benchmark protocols. The garlic extract’s ability to combat bacterial growth was evaluated using the agar well diffusion assay. Potency of the Allium sativum extracts was investigated by determining minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values via micro dilution methodology against selected bacteria pathogens. Phytochemical analysis of the garlic extracts revealed many bioactive constituents, including saponins, flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, terpenoids, glycosides, anthraquinolones and steroids; which are found diverse levels of presence across various extracts The antimicrobial efficacy of Allium sativum extracts (aqueous and ethanol) was evaluated at potency from 25 to 200 milligram/ml, resulting in diameters of inhibition size 10-22 millimeter (S. aureus), 9-21 millimeter (E. coli). Garlic extracts MIC against Staphylococcus aureus ranged from 25 milligram/milliliter (ethanol) to 50 milligram/milliliter aqueous while E. coli had a uniform MIC of 25 milligram/milliliter for both extracts. Both S. aureus and E. coli exhibited MBC values of 50 milligram/milliliter (aqueous extract) and 25 milligram/milliliter (ethanol extract), indicating ethanol extract's enhanced bactericidal potency. The observed antibacterial effects of garlic extracts are likely due to the synergistic action of some of its bioactive compounds; supporting its potential use as a natural antimicrobial agent. The ethanol extract of garlic exhibited superior antimicrobial activity (11-22 mm) compared to the aqueous extract (9-21 mm); displaying concentration-dependent inhibition. Therefore, it is advisable to conduct a thorough structural elucidation of garlic bioactive constituents to assess the actual potency among various phytochemicals discovered in it.
Authors: Unegbu V. N.1* Nwachukwu N. O.2 and Okoronkwo C. U.3
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Abstract
This research was carried out to examine the phytochemical composition and antibacterial efficacy of garlic against some bacteria pathogens. A standardized phytochemical investigation was done qualitatively utilizing benchmark protocols. The garlic extract’s ability to combat bacterial growth was evaluated using the agar well diffusion assay. Potency of the Allium sativum extracts was investigated by determining minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values via micro dilution methodology against selected bacteria pathogens. Phytochemical analysis of the garlic extracts revealed many bioactive constituents, including saponins, flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, terpenoids, glycosides, anthraquinolones and steroids; which are found diverse levels of presence across various extracts The antimicrobial efficacy of Allium sativum extracts (aqueous and ethanol) was evaluated at potency from 25 to 200 milligram/ml, resulting in diameters of inhibition size 10-22 millimeter (S. aureus), 9-21 millimeter (E. coli). Garlic extracts MIC against Staphylococcus aureus ranged from 25 milligram/milliliter (ethanol) to 50 milligram/milliliter aqueous while E. coli had a uniform MIC of 25 milligram/milliliter for both extracts. Both S. aureus and E. coli exhibited MBC values of 50 milligram/milliliter (aqueous extract) and 25 milligram/milliliter (ethanol extract), indicating ethanol extract's enhanced bactericidal potency. The observed antibacterial effects of garlic extracts are likely due to the synergistic action of some of its bioactive compounds; supporting its potential use as a natural antimicrobial agent. The ethanol extract of garlic exhibited superior antimicrobial activity (11-22 mm) compared to the aqueous extract (9-21 mm); displaying concentration-dependent inhibition. Therefore, it is advisable to conduct a thorough structural elucidation of garlic bioactive constituents to assess the actual potency among various phytochemicals discovered in it.
Aflatoxin Contamination in Spices Sold in Ilorin, North-Central, Nigeria
Spices are commonly contaminated with aflatoxins, a group of potent mycotoxins produced by moulds. This study investigated the incidence of aflatoxigenic fungi and aflatoxin contents in spices commonly used in Ilorin, North Central Nigeria. Sixty samples of thirteen different spices were purchased from three markets. Fungal isolates were identified using phenotypic characteristics. Aflatoxin contamination was investigated qualitatively and quantitatively using thin layer chromatography and ELISA techniques respectively. Six species belonging to the fungal genera Aspergillus, Rhizopus and Penicillium were recovered. A. flavus and A. niger were the most dominant species. Thirty-one (47.1 %) out of sixty (60) samples analyzed were contaminated by total aflatoxin while 29 (52.9 %) were not. Three samples had aflatoxin contents above the 20 ppb (µg/Kg) limit value by the EU while the others did not exceed the 20 ppb (µg/Kg) limit. These results provide baseline information on fungal contamination in spices in Ilorin. Proper spices handling that will limit risks of fungal contamination and their metabolites accumulation at all production and storage stages is recommended while monitoring of aflatoxin contamination and creation of local benchmarks by regulatory agencies is recommended.
Authors: Ahmed El-Imam, Amina, M., Oguntimehin, S. A.* and Sanni, A
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Abstract
Spices are commonly contaminated with aflatoxins, a group of potent mycotoxins produced by moulds. This study investigated the incidence of aflatoxigenic fungi and aflatoxin contents in spices commonly used in Ilorin, North Central Nigeria. Sixty samples of thirteen different spices were purchased from three markets. Fungal isolates were identified using phenotypic characteristics. Aflatoxin contamination was investigated qualitatively and quantitatively using thin layer chromatography and ELISA techniques respectively. Six species belonging to the fungal genera Aspergillus, Rhizopus and Penicillium were recovered. A. flavus and A. niger were the most dominant species. Thirty-one (47.1 %) out of sixty (60) samples analyzed were contaminated by total aflatoxin while 29 (52.9 %) were not. Three samples had aflatoxin contents above the 20 ppb (µg/Kg) limit value by the EU while the others did not exceed the 20 ppb (µg/Kg) limit. These results provide baseline information on fungal contamination in spices in Ilorin. Proper spices handling that will limit risks of fungal contamination and their metabolites accumulation at all production and storage stages is recommended while monitoring of aflatoxin contamination and creation of local benchmarks by regulatory agencies is recommended.
Bacteriuria Among Diabetic and Non-diabetic Patients in some Hospitals in Rivers State, Nigeria
Among the great diversity of etiological agents attributed to urinary tract infections, bacteria are the major causative organisms that are responsible for more than 95% of Urinary Tract Infections ( UTIs). This study aimed at the isolation and identification of bacteria in urine from diabetics and non-diabetics. A total of 300 mid-stream early morning urine specimens were collected from diabetic and non-diabetic patients attending some Hospitals in Rivers State. The specimens were inoculated aseptically onto CHROMagar Orientation plates and incubated aerobically for 24-48 hours at 37oC. Glucose in urine was also measured using uristrip (Combi 9). A total of 95 isolates belonging to 12 genera were isolated. Some of the isolates include Staphylococcus sp., Tatumella sp., Enterobacter sp., Klebsiella sp., Kluyvera sp., Rauotella sp., Proteus sp., Serratia sp., Enterococcus sp., Escherichia sp., Pragia sp., and Photorhabdus asymbiotica with Staphylococcus aureus having the highest occurrence of 19%. Others include Escherichia coli 9%, Kluyvera ascobata 7%, Klebsiella aerogenes 8%, Serratia liquefactens, Enterococcus sp., Pragia fontium constituted 5% each, Enterobacter cloacea , Enterobacter pyrinus, Rauotella planticola, Serratia ficana, Tatumella terrea constituted 4% each, Enterobacter cancergenes, Enterobacter hormaechie constituted 3% each, Klebsiella oxytoca, Proteus mirabilis, Serratia odorifera, Serratia fonticola and Photorhabdus asymbiotica constituted 2% each while Kluyvera intermedia constituted 1% respectively. The study showed different types of bacteria isolated which in most cases were significantly higher in diabetic than non-diabetic patients.
Authors: Hanson, A. H., Akani, N. P., Williams, J. O. and Sampson, T.
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Abstract
Among the great diversity of etiological agents attributed to urinary tract infections, bacteria are the major causative organisms that are responsible for more than 95% of Urinary Tract Infections ( UTIs). This study aimed at the isolation and identification of bacteria in urine from diabetics and non-diabetics. A total of 300 mid-stream early morning urine specimens were collected from diabetic and non-diabetic patients attending some Hospitals in Rivers State. The specimens were inoculated aseptically onto CHROMagar Orientation plates and incubated aerobically for 24-48 hours at 37oC. Glucose in urine was also measured using uristrip (Combi 9). A total of 95 isolates belonging to 12 genera were isolated. Some of the isolates include Staphylococcus sp., Tatumella sp., Enterobacter sp., Klebsiella sp., Kluyvera sp., Rauotella sp., Proteus sp., Serratia sp., Enterococcus sp., Escherichia sp., Pragia sp., and Photorhabdus asymbiotica with Staphylococcus aureus having the highest occurrence of 19%. Others include Escherichia coli 9%, Kluyvera ascobata 7%, Klebsiella aerogenes 8%, Serratia liquefactens, Enterococcus sp., Pragia fontium constituted 5% each, Enterobacter cloacea , Enterobacter pyrinus, Rauotella planticola, Serratia ficana, Tatumella terrea constituted 4% each, Enterobacter cancergenes, Enterobacter hormaechie constituted 3% each, Klebsiella oxytoca, Proteus mirabilis, Serratia odorifera, Serratia fonticola and Photorhabdus asymbiotica constituted 2% each while Kluyvera intermedia constituted 1% respectively. The study showed different types of bacteria isolated which in most cases were significantly higher in diabetic than non-diabetic patients.
Antibiogram of Clinical Isolates of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella species Producing Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase (ESBL)
The public health threat posed by bacteria producing extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL) is increasingly contributing to the global challenge of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) which is slowly ushering in a post antibiotic era – where no antibiotic is likely to work. AMR is a global health threat that warrant urgent steps to mitigate its growing ugly trend. This study investigated the susceptibility profile of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella species – with the goal of informing Nigerian physicians on the best antibiotic therapy when ESBL-positive bacteria is implicated in an infection or disease. Standard microbiology technique was employed in the bacteriological analysis of clinical samples of urine and feaces (n=246) for the isolation and characterization of Klebsiella species and Escherichia coli isolates. ESBL production was phenotypically confirmed using the double disk synergy test (DDST) technique while susceptibility studies was carried out using the Kirby Bauer disk diffusion technique. 80 (50%) isolates of E. coli and 30 (18.75%) isolates of Klebsiella species were recovered from in-patients while 28 (17.5%) isolates of E. coli and 22 (13.76%) isolates of Klebsiella species were recovered from the out-patients samples. The result revealed that ESBL was phenotypically confirmed in 26 (31.71%) isolates of E. coli, 15 (18.29%) isolates of Klebsiella species from in-patients; and 7 (8.54%) isolates of E. coli and 4 (4.88%) isolates of Klebsiella species from out-patients samples. All E. coli and Klebsiella species isolates showed varied (high) resistance to the tested antibiotics with exception to imipenem (100%) to which the bacterial isolates showed complete susceptibility. Surveillance of ESBL-producing bacteria is advocated to assuage the nefarious activities of these multidrug resistant organisms in the hospital setting.
Authors: Ovia, K., Ibiam, U., Okoh, N., Okafor, C., Eromonsele, B., Okoroafor, I. and Ejikeugwu, C.
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Abstract
The public health threat posed by bacteria producing extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL) is increasingly contributing to the global challenge of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) which is slowly ushering in a post antibiotic era – where no antibiotic is likely to work. AMR is a global health threat that warrant urgent steps to mitigate its growing ugly trend. This study investigated the susceptibility profile of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella species – with the goal of informing Nigerian physicians on the best antibiotic therapy when ESBL-positive bacteria is implicated in an infection or disease. Standard microbiology technique was employed in the bacteriological analysis of clinical samples of urine and feaces (n=246) for the isolation and characterization of Klebsiella species and Escherichia coli isolates. ESBL production was phenotypically confirmed using the double disk synergy test (DDST) technique while susceptibility studies was carried out using the Kirby Bauer disk diffusion technique. 80 (50%) isolates of E. coli and 30 (18.75%) isolates of Klebsiella species were recovered from in-patients while 28 (17.5%) isolates of E. coli and 22 (13.76%) isolates of Klebsiella species were recovered from the out-patients samples. The result revealed that ESBL was phenotypically confirmed in 26 (31.71%) isolates of E. coli, 15 (18.29%) isolates of Klebsiella species from in-patients; and 7 (8.54%) isolates of E. coli and 4 (4.88%) isolates of Klebsiella species from out-patients samples. All E. coli and Klebsiella species isolates showed varied (high) resistance to the tested antibiotics with exception to imipenem (100%) to which the bacterial isolates showed complete susceptibility. Surveillance of ESBL-producing bacteria is advocated to assuage the nefarious activities of these multidrug resistant organisms in the hospital setting.
Cultural and Molecular Characterization of Bacterial Contaminants from Pounded Yam Sold Along Major Roads in Makurdi Metropolis, Benue State, Nigeria
Roadside foods are often contaminated by various pathogenic bacteria, which can cause food borne diseases. This study was aimed at using molecular methods to identify bacterial contaminants in pounded yam sold along major roads in Makurdi metropolis, Benue State, Nigeria. Isolation and biochemical characterization of the bacterial contaminants in pounded yam samples was done on Nutrient agar, Eosine methylene blue and Mannitol salt agar. The ZR DNA Miniprep was utilized in DNA extraction. BigDye Terminator kit was used for sequencing on a 3510 ABI sequencer. BLAST analysis was performed on the sequences. Results of isolation and biochemical characterization revealed six bacterial genera: Pseudomonas spp, Bacillus spp, Staphylococcus spp, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp and Proteus spp. Lowest bacterial occurrence of 11.98 % was recorded in pounded yam samples from Gboko, Wadata samples accounted for the highest percentage occurrence of 17.19 %. Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus spp were implicated as the most contaminating bacteria accounting for 20.84 and 19.27% respectively. Bacillus spp was the least contaminating bacteria accounting for 8.33 %. The 16SrRNA gene amplification of the isolated bacterial DNA was at 1500 bp. Result of BLAST analysis revealed the bacterial contaminants in the pounded yam samples as Staphylococcus aureus strain B3A22 (93.80 % pairwise identity), Staphylococcus sciuri strain LZH-22 (93.10 % pairwise identity) and Escherichia coli strain G1F12 (76.70 % pairwise identity). The bacterial contaminants in the pounded yam contain some species involved in food-borne illnesses. Therefore, hygienic way of food preparation is of utmost importance.
Authors: Womboh, S. B., Ajumobi, V. E., Ebute, P. A. and Iheukwumere, C. C.
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Abstract
Roadside foods are often contaminated by various pathogenic bacteria, which can cause food borne diseases. This study was aimed at using molecular methods to identify bacterial contaminants in pounded yam sold along major roads in Makurdi metropolis, Benue State, Nigeria. Isolation and biochemical characterization of the bacterial contaminants in pounded yam samples was done on Nutrient agar, Eosine methylene blue and Mannitol salt agar. The ZR DNA Miniprep was utilized in DNA extraction. BigDye Terminator kit was used for sequencing on a 3510 ABI sequencer. BLAST analysis was performed on the sequences. Results of isolation and biochemical characterization revealed six bacterial genera: Pseudomonas spp, Bacillus spp, Staphylococcus spp, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp and Proteus spp. Lowest bacterial occurrence of 11.98 % was recorded in pounded yam samples from Gboko, Wadata samples accounted for the highest percentage occurrence of 17.19 %. Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus spp were implicated as the most contaminating bacteria accounting for 20.84 and 19.27% respectively. Bacillus spp was the least contaminating bacteria accounting for 8.33 %. The 16SrRNA gene amplification of the isolated bacterial DNA was at 1500 bp. Result of BLAST analysis revealed the bacterial contaminants in the pounded yam samples as Staphylococcus aureus strain B3A22 (93.80 % pairwise identity), Staphylococcus sciuri strain LZH-22 (93.10 % pairwise identity) and Escherichia coli strain G1F12 (76.70 % pairwise identity). The bacterial contaminants in the pounded yam contain some species involved in food-borne illnesses. Therefore, hygienic way of food preparation is of utmost importance.
Impact of Pesticides on Microbial Population in LASUSTECH Agricultural Field, Nigeria
Pesticides are used to increase crop production. Besides combating pests, pesticides affect the activity of beneficial soil microbial communities thereby affecting the nutritional quality of soils. This study investigated the impact of pesticides on the ecological activity of microorganisms in LASUSTECH agricultural field. Twenty milliliters of Fungicides (Copper (1) oxide metalyxl and 2,3-Dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate (DDVP), Insecticides (Chlorpyrifos, Cyperrmethrin, Deltamethrin and Dimethoate) and Herbicide (Glyphosphate) was separately added to 2000g of soil. The microbial counts were examined by serial dilution and plating methods weekly for four weeks. The results demonstrated a decrease in the microbial count in all the soils treated with pesticides and the controls but the percentage decrease in soils with pesticides is higher than the percentage decrease in the controls. The highest decrease in bacterial count was recorded in soil treated with Deltamethrin (from 20 to 7 x 105cfu/mL) and the lowest decrease was recorded in the soils treated with Cypermethrin (from 40.5 to 20.5 x 105 cfu mL), DDVP (from 43 to 23 x 105 cfu mL). For fungi, the highest decrease in population was recorded in the soil treated with DDVP (from 23 to 6 x 106 cfu mL) and the lowest decrease was observed in the soil treated with Chlopyrifos (from 7 to 3.5 x 106 cfu mL).In conclusion, this study has shown that the investigated pesticides significantly decreased the microbial population in soil. This confirms and reinforces the reports that prolong use of pesticides in soil destabilizes soil microbial activity and ecology.
Authors: Aina, O.R. and Olaleye, O.N.
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Abstract
Pesticides are used to increase crop production. Besides combating pests, pesticides affect the activity of beneficial soil microbial communities thereby affecting the nutritional quality of soils. This study investigated the impact of pesticides on the ecological activity of microorganisms in LASUSTECH agricultural field. Twenty milliliters of Fungicides (Copper (1) oxide metalyxl and 2,3-Dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate (DDVP), Insecticides (Chlorpyrifos, Cyperrmethrin, Deltamethrin and Dimethoate) and Herbicide (Glyphosphate) was separately added to 2000g of soil. The microbial counts were examined by serial dilution and plating methods weekly for four weeks. The results demonstrated a decrease in the microbial count in all the soils treated with pesticides and the controls but the percentage decrease in soils with pesticides is higher than the percentage decrease in the controls. The highest decrease in bacterial count was recorded in soil treated with Deltamethrin (from 20 to 7 x 105cfu/mL) and the lowest decrease was recorded in the soils treated with Cypermethrin (from 40.5 to 20.5 x 105 cfu mL), DDVP (from 43 to 23 x 105 cfu mL). For fungi, the highest decrease in population was recorded in the soil treated with DDVP (from 23 to 6 x 106 cfu mL) and the lowest decrease was observed in the soil treated with Chlopyrifos (from 7 to 3.5 x 106 cfu mL).In conclusion, this study has shown that the investigated pesticides significantly decreased the microbial population in soil. This confirms and reinforces the reports that prolong use of pesticides in soil destabilizes soil microbial activity and ecology.
Incidence of Bacteria Associated with Post Harvest Rot of Colocasia esculenta LIN (Cocoyam) Tubers Sold in Different Markets in Bukuru, Jos South Local Government Area, Nigeria
The bacteria species associated with post-harvest rot of Colocasia esculenta Lin (Cocoyam) tubers sold in Bukuru market of Plateau State were investigated. Fifty (50) Samples of C. esculenta were obtained randomly from 3 different Markets within Bukuru and brought for analysis. The tubers were surface disinfect with Sodium Hypo chloride (NaOCl) for 5 minutes. A portion of the rotten sample and the surface tissue were sliced into thin sections and inoculated on Nutrient agar and incubated for 24 hours at 37 °C followed by Subculture for another 24 hours to obtain pure cultures. Pure cultures were examined using microscopic examination and biochemical test to identify the bacteria species while a pathogenicity test was carried out using healthy C. esculenta corms and cormels. The study identifies nine different bacteria species associated with post-harvest rot of cocoyam. They include with Pseudomonas aeruginosa (16.7 %) Corynebacterium spp (4.2 %) Enterobacter cloacae (4.2 %), Staphylococcus aureus (8.3%) Escherichia coli (20.8%), Bacillus subtilis (12.5 %), Shigella spp (4.2 %) Salmonella spp (12.5 %) and Bacillus pumillus (12.5 %). The percentage frequency of the identified bacteria species shows that Escherichia coli had the highest frequency of occurrence to be 20.8 % while Corynebacterium spp, Shigella spp Enterobacter cloacae had the least percentage of occurrence to be 4.2 % each. The pathogenicity test confirmed that the organisms isolated were the actual causal agents of rots in cocoyam sold in Bukuru market. Efforts should be made to put preventive and control measures, which includes proper handling of tubers during harvest, Post harvest, transportation and storage to reduce loss of the crop.
Authors: Danahap, L. S., Christopher, I. and Okechalu, O. B.
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Abstract
The bacteria species associated with post-harvest rot of Colocasia esculenta Lin (Cocoyam) tubers sold in Bukuru market of Plateau State were investigated. Fifty (50) Samples of C. esculenta were obtained randomly from 3 different Markets within Bukuru and brought for analysis. The tubers were surface disinfect with Sodium Hypo chloride (NaOCl) for 5 minutes. A portion of the rotten sample and the surface tissue were sliced into thin sections and inoculated on Nutrient agar and incubated for 24 hours at 37 °C followed by Subculture for another 24 hours to obtain pure cultures. Pure cultures were examined using microscopic examination and biochemical test to identify the bacteria species while a pathogenicity test was carried out using healthy C. esculenta corms and cormels. The study identifies nine different bacteria species associated with post-harvest rot of cocoyam. They include with Pseudomonas aeruginosa (16.7 %) Corynebacterium spp (4.2 %) Enterobacter cloacae (4.2 %), Staphylococcus aureus (8.3%) Escherichia coli (20.8%), Bacillus subtilis (12.5 %), Shigella spp (4.2 %) Salmonella spp (12.5 %) and Bacillus pumillus (12.5 %). The percentage frequency of the identified bacteria species shows that Escherichia coli had the highest frequency of occurrence to be 20.8 % while Corynebacterium spp, Shigella spp Enterobacter cloacae had the least percentage of occurrence to be 4.2 % each. The pathogenicity test confirmed that the organisms isolated were the actual causal agents of rots in cocoyam sold in Bukuru market. Efforts should be made to put preventive and control measures, which includes proper handling of tubers during harvest, Post harvest, transportation and storage to reduce loss of the crop.
Fungal Laccase Production; a Tool for Biodegradation of Maize Cobs
Laccases are increasingly being used in the biodegradation and utilization of biomass. This trend has led to increased need for development of efficient production systems. This research was carried out with the aim of optimizing the fermentation conditions of selected and consortia of four fungal species (Lachnocladium flavidum, Aspergillus niger, Trichoderma reesei, and Lenzites betulina) for production of laccase from biodegradation of corn cobs. Maize cobs were prepared, alkaline pretreated and fermented with various lignocellulolytic fungi. Single and mixed-culture solid state fermentation with various fungal species was carried out. Process parameters of pH, incubation time, moisture content and inoculum concentration were optimized and the effects of various carbon and nitrogen supplementation were determined. Changes in the fibre contents were analyzed using standard methods. Lachnocladium flavidum proved to be the most effective lignin degrader with optimal lignolytic activities. Optimal conditions were supported at incubation period of 8-9 days with culture conc. of 8 x 103 spores/ml, pH 6-7, moisture at 65-70%, sucrose and yeast as best supporting carbon and nitrogen sources. Results also show variability in degradation of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. Cellulose and hemicellulose were most affected. Mixed culture of T. reesei and A. niger had the most significant reduction in cellulose (10.50±1.20%), T. reesei had the most significant reduction in hemicellulose (15.30±1.30%). Lignin was most significantly reduced by mixed culture of Lach. flavidum/ A. niger (7.20±0.80%)
Authors: Olagunju, A.,* Onyike, E., Ameh, D. A. and Atawodi, S. E
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Abstract
Laccases are increasingly being used in the biodegradation and utilization of biomass. This trend has led to increased need for development of efficient production systems. This research was carried out with the aim of optimizing the fermentation conditions of selected and consortia of four fungal species (Lachnocladium flavidum, Aspergillus niger, Trichoderma reesei, and Lenzites betulina) for production of laccase from biodegradation of corn cobs. Maize cobs were prepared, alkaline pretreated and fermented with various lignocellulolytic fungi. Single and mixed-culture solid state fermentation with various fungal species was carried out. Process parameters of pH, incubation time, moisture content and inoculum concentration were optimized and the effects of various carbon and nitrogen supplementation were determined. Changes in the fibre contents were analyzed using standard methods. Lachnocladium flavidum proved to be the most effective lignin degrader with optimal lignolytic activities. Optimal conditions were supported at incubation period of 8-9 days with culture conc. of 8 x 103 spores/ml, pH 6-7, moisture at 65-70%, sucrose and yeast as best supporting carbon and nitrogen sources. Results also show variability in degradation of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. Cellulose and hemicellulose were most affected. Mixed culture of T. reesei and A. niger had the most significant reduction in cellulose (10.50±1.20%), T. reesei had the most significant reduction in hemicellulose (15.30±1.30%). Lignin was most significantly reduced by mixed culture of Lach. flavidum/ A. niger (7.20±0.80%)
Production and Proximate Composition of Yoghurts from Tiger nuts and Soybean using Lactic Acid Bacteria Starter Cultures
Traditionally, yoghurt is fermented whole milk. It is believed to possess nutritional and therapeutic properties. Appropriate aliquot of commercially prepared yoghurts was sourced and used to isolate LAB bacteria using standard procedures. The morphological characteristics of the isolates were studied and recorded. They were later stored in MRS agar slants at 4oC in the refrigerator for further use. Biochemical and sugar fermentation tests were carried on the isolates and the isolates were identified as Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus. They were then inoculated into extracted, sterile tiger nut and soy milks for the production of yoghurts. For pH, it was observed that the highest pH at zero hour was 6 from MILK COM while the lowest after 8 hours of fermentation was 3.6 from both TGN LAB and TGN COM respectively. For temperature, 29.0oC was the lowest temperature at the beginning of the fermentation from MILK LAB while the highest temperature at the end of the fermentation was 31.5oC from TGN LAB, TGN COM, SOY LAB, SOY COM and MILK LAB respectively. The protein content of SOY LAB yoghurt (3.69) was the highest while those of MILK LAB and MILK COM (statistically the same) were the lowest. TGN LAB yoghurt had the lowest (3.09) fat content while MILK LAB (Control 1) had the highest (3.87) value. The fiber content of the four samples produced from soy and tiger nut milks were of the same value statistically while MILK LAB and MILK COM have zero fibre. The lowest carbohydrate content (3.41) was found in yoghurt made from SOY LAB while the highest value (4.90) was in TGN LAB yoghurt. Yoghurt made from TGN LAB has the highest acceptability (7.37). Yoghurts made from soy and tiger nut milks have higher carbohydrate and protein contents than those made from animal milk. They also possess better nutritional values such as lower fat and higher fibre contents than the dairy yoghurts. Yoghurt made from tiger nut milk had best acceptance to the panelists than the dairy yoghurts.
Authors: Obi, C. N., Chiekie, U. I., Oriaku, C. P. and Ogele, C. P.
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Abstract
Traditionally, yoghurt is fermented whole milk. It is believed to possess nutritional and therapeutic properties. Appropriate aliquot of commercially prepared yoghurts was sourced and used to isolate LAB bacteria using standard procedures. The morphological characteristics of the isolates were studied and recorded. They were later stored in MRS agar slants at 4oC in the refrigerator for further use. Biochemical and sugar fermentation tests were carried on the isolates and the isolates were identified as Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus. They were then inoculated into extracted, sterile tiger nut and soy milks for the production of yoghurts. For pH, it was observed that the highest pH at zero hour was 6 from MILK COM while the lowest after 8 hours of fermentation was 3.6 from both TGN LAB and TGN COM respectively. For temperature, 29.0oC was the lowest temperature at the beginning of the fermentation from MILK LAB while the highest temperature at the end of the fermentation was 31.5oC from TGN LAB, TGN COM, SOY LAB, SOY COM and MILK LAB respectively. The protein content of SOY LAB yoghurt (3.69) was the highest while those of MILK LAB and MILK COM (statistically the same) were the lowest. TGN LAB yoghurt had the lowest (3.09) fat content while MILK LAB (Control 1) had the highest (3.87) value. The fiber content of the four samples produced from soy and tiger nut milks were of the same value statistically while MILK LAB and MILK COM have zero fibre. The lowest carbohydrate content (3.41) was found in yoghurt made from SOY LAB while the highest value (4.90) was in TGN LAB yoghurt. Yoghurt made from TGN LAB has the highest acceptability (7.37). Yoghurts made from soy and tiger nut milks have higher carbohydrate and protein contents than those made from animal milk. They also possess better nutritional values such as lower fat and higher fibre contents than the dairy yoghurts. Yoghurt made from tiger nut milk had best acceptance to the panelists than the dairy yoghurts.
Seroprevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Toxoplasma gondii among Pregnant Women Attending Ante Natal Clinics in Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria
Toxoplasmosis is a parasitic disease caused by Toxoplasma gondii an obligate intracellular parasite. It results in severe complications in the foetus if the infection is acquired during pregnancy including spontaneous abortion, low birth weight, congenital malformations and intrauterine death. The study was Hospital based and cross-sectional and was carried out among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in Zaria, Kaduna State. The samples were collected from Gambo Sawaba General Hospital Kofan Gayan, Ahmadu Bello University Medical Centre and Major Ibrahim Bello Abdullahi Memorial Hospital. A total of 182 blood samples were collected. Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) method was used to determine the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma IgM antibodies. A structured questionnaire was used to collect information on socio-demographic characteristics and factors associated with Toxoplasma infection. The study established an overall seroprevalence of 19.2%. There were no significant associations of T. gondii infection with all demographic and risk factors measured in this research (p>0.05), except ownership of cat (OR=0.23, 95%CI=0.1 – 0.5, P=0.00) and blood transfusion (OR=0.04, 95%CI=0.04 – 0.50, P=0.01)
Authors: Adamu, S., Doko, M.H.I. and Inabo, H.I.
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Abstract
Toxoplasmosis is a parasitic disease caused by Toxoplasma gondii an obligate intracellular parasite. It results in severe complications in the foetus if the infection is acquired during pregnancy including spontaneous abortion, low birth weight, congenital malformations and intrauterine death. The study was Hospital based and cross-sectional and was carried out among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in Zaria, Kaduna State. The samples were collected from Gambo Sawaba General Hospital Kofan Gayan, Ahmadu Bello University Medical Centre and Major Ibrahim Bello Abdullahi Memorial Hospital. A total of 182 blood samples were collected. Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) method was used to determine the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma IgM antibodies. A structured questionnaire was used to collect information on socio-demographic characteristics and factors associated with Toxoplasma infection. The study established an overall seroprevalence of 19.2%. There were no significant associations of T. gondii infection with all demographic and risk factors measured in this research (p>0.05), except ownership of cat (OR=0.23, 95%CI=0.1 – 0.5, P=0.00) and blood transfusion (OR=0.04, 95%CI=0.04 – 0.50, P=0.01)
Bacteriological Quality and the Antibiogram of Isolates from Raw Cow Milk Produced in Ibadan Metropolis Oyo State, Nigeria
This study aimed at evaluating the bacteriological quality as well as the antibiogram (antibiotic sensitivity profile) of organisms isolated from raw cow milk produced in Ibadan metropolis. Raw cow milk samples were collected from University of Ibadan Research farm, Bodija, Sabo and Akinyele cow settlement ibadan. Bacterial counts, isolation and phenotypic identification of bacterial isolated from the assessed raw cow milk were determined using standard procedures. Antibiotic sensitivity tests was carried out by disc diffusion method. The total bacterial counts and total coliform counts ranged between 0.9×106 to 4.5×106 CFU/ml and 0.4×106 to 4.2×106 CFU/ml, respectively. Fourty-two (42) bacterial isolates were identiifield as Staphylococcus aureus (16), Escherichia coli (8), Salmonella typhimurium (6), Shigella dysentriae (6), Enterobacter aerogenes (4) and Serretia marcescens (2). Based on the antibiogram, S. aureus, E. coli , S. typhi and S. dysentriae had 100% resistance to Tetracycline, Gentamycin and Nitrofurantoin while Serratia marcescens strains had 100% susceptibility to all the antibiotic except Nitrofurantoin which had 50% susceptibility and Tetracycline which had 100% resistance. All of the E.coli isolates were resistance to tetracycline. The raw cow milk samples analysed exceeded the WHO microbiological standard of 1.0×105 CFU/mL and 3.0×101 CFU/mL for total bacteria count and coliform count for raw milk respectively. The antibiogram studies revealed that some bacteria isolates were resistant to most of the antibiotics used. This may pose a high risk of milk borne illnesses among consumers and put them at risk of being infected with antibiotic resistant strains of pathogenic bacteria. There is utmost need for an awareness program with a follow up mechanism to educate dairy farmers and handlers on hygienic production practices and discourage the indiscriminate use of antibotics to have a wholesome milk
Authors: Adediran, A. B.,*, Aforijiku, S., Adediran, A. T. and Fashogbon, R. O.
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Abstract
This study aimed at evaluating the bacteriological quality as well as the antibiogram (antibiotic sensitivity profile) of organisms isolated from raw cow milk produced in Ibadan metropolis. Raw cow milk samples were collected from University of Ibadan Research farm, Bodija, Sabo and Akinyele cow settlement ibadan. Bacterial counts, isolation and phenotypic identification of bacterial isolated from the assessed raw cow milk were determined using standard procedures. Antibiotic sensitivity tests was carried out by disc diffusion method. The total bacterial counts and total coliform counts ranged between 0.9×106 to 4.5×106 CFU/ml and 0.4×106 to 4.2×106 CFU/ml, respectively. Fourty-two (42) bacterial isolates were identiifield as Staphylococcus aureus (16), Escherichia coli (8), Salmonella typhimurium (6), Shigella dysentriae (6), Enterobacter aerogenes (4) and Serretia marcescens (2). Based on the antibiogram, S. aureus, E. coli , S. typhi and S. dysentriae had 100% resistance to Tetracycline, Gentamycin and Nitrofurantoin while Serratia marcescens strains had 100% susceptibility to all the antibiotic except Nitrofurantoin which had 50% susceptibility and Tetracycline which had 100% resistance. All of the E.coli isolates were resistance to tetracycline. The raw cow milk samples analysed exceeded the WHO microbiological standard of 1.0×105 CFU/mL and 3.0×101 CFU/mL for total bacteria count and coliform count for raw milk respectively. The antibiogram studies revealed that some bacteria isolates were resistant to most of the antibiotics used. This may pose a high risk of milk borne illnesses among consumers and put them at risk of being infected with antibiotic resistant strains of pathogenic bacteria. There is utmost need for an awareness program with a follow up mechanism to educate dairy farmers and handlers on hygienic production practices and discourage the indiscriminate use of antibotics to have a wholesome milk
Effect of Fermentation Method on Nutritional, Anti-Nutritional Composition and Microbial Properties of Mung Bean (Vigna radiata) 'Iru'
The study investigated the effect of fermentation on the nutritional and anti-nutritional composition of fermented mung bean ‘iru’ as a protein condiment. The mung bean was processed to mung bean ‘iru’ using the local method of producing ‘iru’ from African locust beans. The mung bean was sorted, washed and boiled for 1 hr. The boiled seeds was dehulled to remove the seeds coat, washed and boiled again for 1 hr. The water was drained, spread and seed were spread on a sack bag to cooled and wrapped with enough banana leave (Musa saplentum) and packed in a cleaned plastic container, to ferment for 5 days in a warmed place at room temperature. Mung bean ‘iru’ were dried using an electric oven at 50oC for 18 hrs used for chemical analysis. The fermented samples were cultured on the following medium; plate count agar, potato dextrose agar and nutrient agar to isolate microorganisms. The proximate composition was analysed using standard methods. The microbial load count of bacteria (8.85 × 106 CFU/ml), yeast (1.18 × 106 CFU/ml) and fungi (3 × 104 CFU/ml) respectively. The overall microorganisms isolated and identified from the sample were Pediococus sp, Alcaligen sp, Bifidobacterium sp, Staphylococcus aureus, Lysinibacillus sp, Bacillus sp, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Penicillin sp, Candida sp and Geotrichum sp.; ash content (2.080 ±0.06 %), crude fibre (2.857 ±0.02 %) were lower than moisture content (7.646 ±0.08 %), crude fat (6.683 ±0.13 %) while protein content (20.349 ±0.07 %) and carbohydrate content (60.385±0.12 %) were higher and energy (1527.566 ±0.15 kj/g) with the highest value. Anti-nutritional factors values were tannin (1.434 ±0.04 mg/g), phytic acid (1.915 ±0.09 mg/g) were lower than oxalate (2.701 ±0.07 mg/g), phytate (6.798 ±0.14 mg/g) and phenol (15.255 ±0.13 %) had highest value. Mung bean ‘iru’ is a good source of protein and energy.
Authors: Lawal, R.T., Fabiyi, K., Aboderin, E.A, Adetuberu, I.A. and Ajayi, A.N.
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Abstract
The study investigated the effect of fermentation on the nutritional and anti-nutritional composition of fermented mung bean ‘iru’ as a protein condiment. The mung bean was processed to mung bean ‘iru’ using the local method of producing ‘iru’ from African locust beans. The mung bean was sorted, washed and boiled for 1 hr. The boiled seeds was dehulled to remove the seeds coat, washed and boiled again for 1 hr. The water was drained, spread and seed were spread on a sack bag to cooled and wrapped with enough banana leave (Musa saplentum) and packed in a cleaned plastic container, to ferment for 5 days in a warmed place at room temperature. Mung bean ‘iru’ were dried using an electric oven at 50oC for 18 hrs used for chemical analysis. The fermented samples were cultured on the following medium; plate count agar, potato dextrose agar and nutrient agar to isolate microorganisms. The proximate composition was analysed using standard methods. The microbial load count of bacteria (8.85 × 106 CFU/ml), yeast (1.18 × 106 CFU/ml) and fungi (3 × 104 CFU/ml) respectively. The overall microorganisms isolated and identified from the sample were Pediococus sp, Alcaligen sp, Bifidobacterium sp, Staphylococcus aureus, Lysinibacillus sp, Bacillus sp, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Penicillin sp, Candida sp and Geotrichum sp.; ash content (2.080 ±0.06 %), crude fibre (2.857 ±0.02 %) were lower than moisture content (7.646 ±0.08 %), crude fat (6.683 ±0.13 %) while protein content (20.349 ±0.07 %) and carbohydrate content (60.385±0.12 %) were higher and energy (1527.566 ±0.15 kj/g) with the highest value. Anti-nutritional factors values were tannin (1.434 ±0.04 mg/g), phytic acid (1.915 ±0.09 mg/g) were lower than oxalate (2.701 ±0.07 mg/g), phytate (6.798 ±0.14 mg/g) and phenol (15.255 ±0.13 %) had highest value. Mung bean ‘iru’ is a good source of protein and energy.
Microbiological, Nutritional and Organoleptic Changes Associated with Fermented Oil Bean (Pentaclethra macrophylla Benth) Seed (ugba) Stored at Ambient Temperature
Ugba is the Igbo name of the fermented African Oil bean seeds (Pentaclethra macrophylla Benth). It is a traditional food condiment generally produced by natural fermentation and is an important and cheap source of protein for people whose staple foods are deficient in protein. The study was carried out to determine the microbiological, nutritional and organoleptic changes associate with ugba when stored at ambient temperature. The oil bean seeds were processed traditionally and subjected to a four day spontaneous fermentation to produce the ugba. One gram of the fermenting and fermented samples was serially diluted and 0.1 ml aliquots was plated by spreading on appropriate media for the isolation of bacteria and fungi. The isolates were purified and then characterized. The ugba sample was then stored in an air-tight container for 7 days. Each day, the sample was examined for sensory properties and acceptability by a team of panelists. The bacterial isolates recovered during the fermentation were Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus and Lactobacillus species while Aspergillus niger, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Rhizopus species, Candida and Fusarium spp were the fungal isolates recovered from the sample. Only Bacillus spp and Lactobacillus spp were isolated at the end of the fermentation while Saccharomyces cerevisiae was the only fungus isolated at the end of the fermentation. The food borne pathogens and spoilage organisms were eliminated from the final product making the ugba safe for consumption. The ugba was found to be high in protein (27.64 %) and fat (24.93 %) but low in ash, fibre and carbohydrate. Acceptability of ugba was best on the 2nd and 3rd days of storage with acceptability scores of 79.22 and 78.9% respectively. Beyond the 4th day of storage, the ugba was not found acceptable for consumption. In conclusion, the production of ugba is by a mixed microbial flora. However, only health organisms GRAS (Generally Regarded As Safe) (Bacillus and Lactobacillus species) remained at the end of the fermentation as the contaminating food borne pathogens and spoilage organisms were eliminated from the final product making the ugba safe for human consumption. Fermentation also increased the protein and fat contents of the ugba thereby making it a good supplement for animal protein especially in rural areas where animal protein is very expensive to provide.
Authors: Obi, C. N., Oriaku, C. P., Ademe, O. F., Epundu, I. B. and Okore, C. O.
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Abstract
Ugba is the Igbo name of the fermented African Oil bean seeds (Pentaclethra macrophylla Benth). It is a traditional food condiment generally produced by natural fermentation and is an important and cheap source of protein for people whose staple foods are deficient in protein. The study was carried out to determine the microbiological, nutritional and organoleptic changes associate with ugba when stored at ambient temperature. The oil bean seeds were processed traditionally and subjected to a four day spontaneous fermentation to produce the ugba. One gram of the fermenting and fermented samples was serially diluted and 0.1 ml aliquots was plated by spreading on appropriate media for the isolation of bacteria and fungi. The isolates were purified and then characterized. The ugba sample was then stored in an air-tight container for 7 days. Each day, the sample was examined for sensory properties and acceptability by a team of panelists. The bacterial isolates recovered during the fermentation were Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus and Lactobacillus species while Aspergillus niger, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Rhizopus species, Candida and Fusarium spp were the fungal isolates recovered from the sample. Only Bacillus spp and Lactobacillus spp were isolated at the end of the fermentation while Saccharomyces cerevisiae was the only fungus isolated at the end of the fermentation. The food borne pathogens and spoilage organisms were eliminated from the final product making the ugba safe for consumption. The ugba was found to be high in protein (27.64 %) and fat (24.93 %) but low in ash, fibre and carbohydrate. Acceptability of ugba was best on the 2nd and 3rd days of storage with acceptability scores of 79.22 and 78.9% respectively. Beyond the 4th day of storage, the ugba was not found acceptable for consumption. In conclusion, the production of ugba is by a mixed microbial flora. However, only health organisms GRAS (Generally Regarded As Safe) (Bacillus and Lactobacillus species) remained at the end of the fermentation as the contaminating food borne pathogens and spoilage organisms were eliminated from the final product making the ugba safe for human consumption. Fermentation also increased the protein and fat contents of the ugba thereby making it a good supplement for animal protein especially in rural areas where animal protein is very expensive to provide.
Production of Fermented Cassava Flour (Lafun) using Lactic Acid Bacteria as Starter Culture
Lafun, a fermented cassava product, confronts challenges in terms of product quality and safety as a result of spontaneous fermentation systems. To resolve these issues, a production method utilizing starter cultures was developed. Lactic acid bacteria were isolated from fermented cassava and screened for their technological properties. The physicochemical parameters, proximate and antinutrient content of the control fermented Lafun samples were determined by standard procedures. A total of twelve (12) lactic acid bacteria were obtained and identified as Lactobacillus plantarum (41.67 %), Lactobacillus. salivarius (25.00 %), Lactobacillus kalixensis (25.03 %) and Lactobacillus pentosus (8.3 %). Lactic acid, diacetyl and hydrogen peroxide produced by lactic acid bacteria isolates ranged from 0.06 – 11.70 1.40 – 2.50, and 0.30 - 2.00 (mg/mL) respectively. The pH of the controlled and spontaneous fermentation of cassava ranged from pH 7.20 -3.60 and pH 7.10 – 4.30 and total titratable acidity (TTA) ranged from 1.27 -1.9 and 0.61- 1.55 respectively. Controlled fermented lafun with L. plantarum (LF 7) as starter culture had significantly higher (p < 0 .05) protein, fat, sodium, potassium, iron, zinc, phosphorus, vitamins C, B1, and A while containing lower cyanide, saponin, and phytates 0.10, 0.20, 0.01 mg/g respectively. The study concluded that L. plantarum has the potential to improve the nutritional value and degradation of antinutrients in fermented Lafun hence, improving food safety and quality.
Authors: Abimbola, O. G., Adedoyin, B.A., Ogunremi, O. R. and Adeyemo S. M.
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Abstract
Lafun, a fermented cassava product, confronts challenges in terms of product quality and safety as a result of spontaneous fermentation systems. To resolve these issues, a production method utilizing starter cultures was developed. Lactic acid bacteria were isolated from fermented cassava and screened for their technological properties. The physicochemical parameters, proximate and antinutrient content of the control fermented Lafun samples were determined by standard procedures. A total of twelve (12) lactic acid bacteria were obtained and identified as Lactobacillus plantarum (41.67 %), Lactobacillus. salivarius (25.00 %), Lactobacillus kalixensis (25.03 %) and Lactobacillus pentosus (8.3 %). Lactic acid, diacetyl and hydrogen peroxide produced by lactic acid bacteria isolates ranged from 0.06 – 11.70 1.40 – 2.50, and 0.30 - 2.00 (mg/mL) respectively. The pH of the controlled and spontaneous fermentation of cassava ranged from pH 7.20 -3.60 and pH 7.10 – 4.30 and total titratable acidity (TTA) ranged from 1.27 -1.9 and 0.61- 1.55 respectively. Controlled fermented lafun with L. plantarum (LF 7) as starter culture had significantly higher (p < 0 .05) protein, fat, sodium, potassium, iron, zinc, phosphorus, vitamins C, B1, and A while containing lower cyanide, saponin, and phytates 0.10, 0.20, 0.01 mg/g respectively. The study concluded that L. plantarum has the potential to improve the nutritional value and degradation of antinutrients in fermented Lafun hence, improving food safety and quality.
Human Papillomavirus among Nigerian Women: An Overview
Human Papillomavirus (HPV), is a DNA virus from the family Papillomaviridae (De, Sanjosé et al., 2018 and Virus Taxonomy, 2018). Capable of causing abnormal tissue growth, leading to warts and other changes to cells; thus, it is the major cause of cervical cancers globally. In Nigeria, the increase in the rate of cervical cancer infections and associated deaths is alarming. Thus, the present review was conducted to enrich the data bank of information on HPV in circulation amongst women, with particular focus on Nigeria. Adhering to the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions/Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) instructions for documenting meta-analysis and systematic reviews, this study randomly sampled publications related to human papillomavirus in Nigeria from relevant databases, particularly published reviews and researches published on Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus, with a cross-sectional approach. From a total of 220 identified studies, 18 pooled data studies were extracted using the developed systematic review protocol as a guide, which were subsequently used to analyze the extent of research on HPV performed in Nigeria with regards to the location. Findings by Manga et al., (2015); Aondona et al., (2021) uncovered that the common strains of HPV circulated within Nigeria are HPV 16, 18, 31, 33, 35 and 45. The study therefore recommended that research and sensitization programme on HPV be conducted in all the six (6) geopolitical zones of the country to create awareness and to suggest possible preventive measures that may mitigate the increasing rate of infection with cervical cancer within the country.
Authors: Jabaka, R.D., Kuta, F.A, Adabara, N.U. and Shittu, K.O.
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Abstract
Human Papillomavirus (HPV), is a DNA virus from the family Papillomaviridae (De, Sanjosé et al., 2018 and Virus Taxonomy, 2018). Capable of causing abnormal tissue growth, leading to warts and other changes to cells; thus, it is the major cause of cervical cancers globally. In Nigeria, the increase in the rate of cervical cancer infections and associated deaths is alarming. Thus, the present review was conducted to enrich the data bank of information on HPV in circulation amongst women, with particular focus on Nigeria. Adhering to the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions/Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) instructions for documenting meta-analysis and systematic reviews, this study randomly sampled publications related to human papillomavirus in Nigeria from relevant databases, particularly published reviews and researches published on Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus, with a cross-sectional approach. From a total of 220 identified studies, 18 pooled data studies were extracted using the developed systematic review protocol as a guide, which were subsequently used to analyze the extent of research on HPV performed in Nigeria with regards to the location. Findings by Manga et al., (2015); Aondona et al., (2021) uncovered that the common strains of HPV circulated within Nigeria are HPV 16, 18, 31, 33, 35 and 45. The study therefore recommended that research and sensitization programme on HPV be conducted in all the six (6) geopolitical zones of the country to create awareness and to suggest possible preventive measures that may mitigate the increasing rate of infection with cervical cancer within the country.
Phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial Activities of Ethanolic and Aqueous Leaf Extracts of Alchornea cordifolia and Sida acuta on Organisms Isolated from Meat
The ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Alchornea cordifolia and Sida acuta were screened for antibacterial activities against isolates from meat. A mortar and pestle were used to macerate the meat and a serial dilution was obtained. The diluents were cultured and biochemical tests were done. For the antibacterial activities, the disc diffusion method was employed while the macro broth dilution method was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations and minimum bactericidal concentrations. Five (5) genera of bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp, and Shigella spp were isolated from meat and used for this work. The ethanol and aqueous extracts of the two plants’ leaves showed a broad spectrum of activities. The aqueous extract of A. cordifolia had larger zones of inhibition ranging from 3.0 mm – 17 mm and lower MIC and MBC values that ranged from 3.125 mg/mL – 6.25mg/mL, while the ethanolic extract had zones of inhibition that ranged from 4.0 mm – 15mm and MIC and MBC values that ranged from 6.25mg/mL- 12.5mg/mL. Sida acuta had higher zones of inhibition that ranged from 5mm- 18mm and lower MIC and MBC values that ranged from 1.563mg/mL- 3.125mg/mL in the ethanolic extract. The aqueous extract had lower zones of inhibition that ranged from 5mm- 15mm and MIC and MBC values ranging from 6.25mg/mL- 12.5mg/mL. The biochemical determinations of the plants leave revealed the presence of Tannin, Saponin, Terpenoids, Steroids, Alkaloids, Flavonoids, Phenol, and Hydrogen Cyanides in varying quantities. Steroids were absent in Sida acuta. This study revealed that both extracts had antibacterial activities against the test organisms hence suggesting that they could be a good source of antibiotics for treating foodborne diseases caused by these bacteria.
Authors: Edward, K.C., Chijioke, D.U. and Friday, C.G.
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Abstract
The ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Alchornea cordifolia and Sida acuta were screened for antibacterial activities against isolates from meat. A mortar and pestle were used to macerate the meat and a serial dilution was obtained. The diluents were cultured and biochemical tests were done. For the antibacterial activities, the disc diffusion method was employed while the macro broth dilution method was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations and minimum bactericidal concentrations. Five (5) genera of bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp, and Shigella spp were isolated from meat and used for this work. The ethanol and aqueous extracts of the two plants’ leaves showed a broad spectrum of activities. The aqueous extract of A. cordifolia had larger zones of inhibition ranging from 3.0 mm – 17 mm and lower MIC and MBC values that ranged from 3.125 mg/mL – 6.25mg/mL, while the ethanolic extract had zones of inhibition that ranged from 4.0 mm – 15mm and MIC and MBC values that ranged from 6.25mg/mL- 12.5mg/mL. Sida acuta had higher zones of inhibition that ranged from 5mm- 18mm and lower MIC and MBC values that ranged from 1.563mg/mL- 3.125mg/mL in the ethanolic extract. The aqueous extract had lower zones of inhibition that ranged from 5mm- 15mm and MIC and MBC values ranging from 6.25mg/mL- 12.5mg/mL. The biochemical determinations of the plants leave revealed the presence of Tannin, Saponin, Terpenoids, Steroids, Alkaloids, Flavonoids, Phenol, and Hydrogen Cyanides in varying quantities. Steroids were absent in Sida acuta. This study revealed that both extracts had antibacterial activities against the test organisms hence suggesting that they could be a good source of antibiotics for treating foodborne diseases caused by these bacteria.
A Review on Clinical Manifestations, Diagnosis and Treatment of Candidiasis among Immunosuppressed Pulmonary Tuberculosis Individuals
Immunocompromized individuals are subject to various forms of infections including that due to opportunistic pathogens like Candida species (candidiasis), which exhibits variety of manifestations seen in different parts of the body of the affected individual. The review aimed to highlight on the occurrence of candidiasis among immunocompromized individuals like TB patients that show various manifestations consistent with Candida infections that can be diagnosed and treated using different antifungal agents. Data were retrieved from various search engines, including Google, being and Yandex among others, using relevant search terns related to the subject matter. Information regarding candidiasis as opportunistic disease among immunocopromized individuals were obtained. Additionally, more data revealing the variety of manifestations related to this disease, diagnosis and various treatment options were also obtained. The obtained data suggests that some of the clinical manifestations observed among immunosuppressed individuals are associated with secondary infections due to Candida species and can be diagnosed through microscopy, culture and serology among other methods and are treatable using appropriate antifungal agents.
Authors: Sule, H., Kumurya, A. S. and Yusha’u, M
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Abstract
Immunocompromized individuals are subject to various forms of infections including that due to opportunistic pathogens like Candida species (candidiasis), which exhibits variety of manifestations seen in different parts of the body of the affected individual. The review aimed to highlight on the occurrence of candidiasis among immunocompromized individuals like TB patients that show various manifestations consistent with Candida infections that can be diagnosed and treated using different antifungal agents. Data were retrieved from various search engines, including Google, being and Yandex among others, using relevant search terns related to the subject matter. Information regarding candidiasis as opportunistic disease among immunocopromized individuals were obtained. Additionally, more data revealing the variety of manifestations related to this disease, diagnosis and various treatment options were also obtained. The obtained data suggests that some of the clinical manifestations observed among immunosuppressed individuals are associated with secondary infections due to Candida species and can be diagnosed through microscopy, culture and serology among other methods and are treatable using appropriate antifungal agents.
Fermented Rice Water for Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs) and its Antimicrobial Activities against Microorganisms Associated with Skin Infection
As a skin treatment, rice water is becoming increasingly popular. It is said to aid in the treatment of a variety of skin ailments. Despite the fact that rice water has some genuine benefits, science has yet to fully validate many of its claims. The aim of this study is to biosynthesize nanoparticles using fermented rice water and to carry out the antimicrobial activity of the synthesized nanoparticles. To synthesize the silver nanoparticles, rice was subjected to a 48-hour fermentation process to obtain fermented rice water (FRW), which served as a bio-reductant and stabilizer for the nanoparticle synthesis and was used as the antimicrobial agents. UV-Visible spectroscopy was used to characterize the particles. The antimicrobial potential of FRW-AgNPs was assessed against common clinical bacterial and fungal isolates associated with skin diseases and infections (Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans and Trichophyton rubrum). The inhibitory effects of FRW-AgNPs were compared to those of FRW alone. The colloidal AgNPs were brownish in color and had a maximum absorption wavelength of 380nm, indicating that nanoparticles had formed. FRW-AgNPs demonstrated antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans strains, inhibiting their growth with inhibitory zones measuring 21.3 mm and 22.0 mm, respectively. In contrast, FRW displayed lower inhibitory effects, with inhibitory zones of 13.3 mm and 13.0 mm against the respective strains highlighting the enhanced antibacterial and antifungal activity of FRW-AgNPs compared to FRW alone. Additionally, FRW-AgNPs completely inhibited the growth of Trichophyton rubrum at a concentration of 100 µg/ml. This study successfully biosynthesized silver nanoparticles using fermented rice water and demonstrated their promising antimicrobial properties against clinically relevant fungal strains associated with skin disease and infection.
Authors: Yusuf-Salihu, B.O., Abdulmumini, S.A. and Ajao, A.T.
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Abstract
As a skin treatment, rice water is becoming increasingly popular. It is said to aid in the treatment of a variety of skin ailments. Despite the fact that rice water has some genuine benefits, science has yet to fully validate many of its claims. The aim of this study is to biosynthesize nanoparticles using fermented rice water and to carry out the antimicrobial activity of the synthesized nanoparticles. To synthesize the silver nanoparticles, rice was subjected to a 48-hour fermentation process to obtain fermented rice water (FRW), which served as a bio-reductant and stabilizer for the nanoparticle synthesis and was used as the antimicrobial agents. UV-Visible spectroscopy was used to characterize the particles. The antimicrobial potential of FRW-AgNPs was assessed against common clinical bacterial and fungal isolates associated with skin diseases and infections (Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans and Trichophyton rubrum). The inhibitory effects of FRW-AgNPs were compared to those of FRW alone. The colloidal AgNPs were brownish in color and had a maximum absorption wavelength of 380nm, indicating that nanoparticles had formed. FRW-AgNPs demonstrated antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans strains, inhibiting their growth with inhibitory zones measuring 21.3 mm and 22.0 mm, respectively. In contrast, FRW displayed lower inhibitory effects, with inhibitory zones of 13.3 mm and 13.0 mm against the respective strains highlighting the enhanced antibacterial and antifungal activity of FRW-AgNPs compared to FRW alone. Additionally, FRW-AgNPs completely inhibited the growth of Trichophyton rubrum at a concentration of 100 µg/ml. This study successfully biosynthesized silver nanoparticles using fermented rice water and demonstrated their promising antimicrobial properties against clinically relevant fungal strains associated with skin disease and infection.
Beta-glucosidase Production by Aspergillus niger using Breadfruit Seed Hull as Substrate under a Solid State Fermentation
Cost effective production of β-glucosidase which is of high value in most biotechnological processes requires an efficient microbial producer, technologies and biomass resources that are economical. This study aimed at evaluating the biochemical characteristics of β-glucosidase produced by Aspergillus niger under solid state fermentation using agro-industrial residues. Fungal isolates from spoilt yam were isolated and screened for the production of β-glucosidase. Study on the optimized conditions and industrial suitability of the produced β-glucosidase was carried out using the most potent fungal producer and the substrate that supported the highest yield of the enzyme. The β-glucosidase producer was identified culturally and morphologically as Aspergillus niger. The highest yield of β-glucosidase (161.4±3.2 U/g) was supported by bread fruit seed hull out of the four screened agro-waste. Optimal cultural conditions for the enhanced production of β-glucosidase ((210.1 U/g) were at pH 6.0, 35 oC, moisture level 75 %, inoculum size 2 % and incubation period of 72 hrs. The optimum activity of the crude enzyme was recorded at pH 6.0 and 60 oC. The pH stability of the enzyme was over a broad range of 4.0 – 8.0 with relative residual activity above 70 % recorded after incubation for 120 min. The β-glucosidase was thermostable as its half life was 4 hrs at 65 oC. This study showed that Aspergillus niger can effectively utilize a low cost substrate (breadfruit seed hull) for the production of β-glucosidase which might be suitable for diverse industrial processes as depicted by its biochemical characteristics.
Authors: Osaro-Matthew, R. C.*, Ughala, E. and Emmanuel, G. O.
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Abstract
Cost effective production of β-glucosidase which is of high value in most biotechnological processes requires an efficient microbial producer, technologies and biomass resources that are economical. This study aimed at evaluating the biochemical characteristics of β-glucosidase produced by Aspergillus niger under solid state fermentation using agro-industrial residues. Fungal isolates from spoilt yam were isolated and screened for the production of β-glucosidase. Study on the optimized conditions and industrial suitability of the produced β-glucosidase was carried out using the most potent fungal producer and the substrate that supported the highest yield of the enzyme. The β-glucosidase producer was identified culturally and morphologically as Aspergillus niger. The highest yield of β-glucosidase (161.4±3.2 U/g) was supported by bread fruit seed hull out of the four screened agro-waste. Optimal cultural conditions for the enhanced production of β-glucosidase ((210.1 U/g) were at pH 6.0, 35 oC, moisture level 75 %, inoculum size 2 % and incubation period of 72 hrs. The optimum activity of the crude enzyme was recorded at pH 6.0 and 60 oC. The pH stability of the enzyme was over a broad range of 4.0 – 8.0 with relative residual activity above 70 % recorded after incubation for 120 min. The β-glucosidase was thermostable as its half life was 4 hrs at 65 oC. This study showed that Aspergillus niger can effectively utilize a low cost substrate (breadfruit seed hull) for the production of β-glucosidase which might be suitable for diverse industrial processes as depicted by its biochemical characteristics.
Phytochemical Screening and in –vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Monodora myristica Seed Extract on Selected Human Pathogens
Monodora myristica is a spice whose various parts are used traditionally for the treatment of a variety of ailments. The purpose of this study was to determine the phytochemical constituents and in-vitro antimicrobial activity of methanolic seed extract of M. myristica against Staphylococcus aureus, Esherichia coli and Candida albicans. Plant seeds were collected, dehulled, air-dried, blended and extracted with methanol using soxhlet apparatus. The result of the qualitative phytochemical screening showed the presence of phenolic compounds, flavanoids, terpenoids, saponins, alkaloids, tannins and cardiac glycoside. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis of the extract revealed the presence of twenty-one different compounds. The first compound detected was formic acid at a retention time of 6.032 minutes while the last compound detected was7-Acetyl-2-hydroxy-2 methyl-5 isopropylbicyclo [4.3.0.] nonane, at a retention time of 0.72 minutes. The extract exhibited increased antimicrobial activity with increasing concentration. The mean inhibition zone diameter (IZD) at 80mg/ml, 40 mg/ml, 20 mg/ml, 10 mg/ml extract concentrations were 25.8mm, 22.5mm, 20.5mm and 15.0mm for E .coli, 22.5mm, 21.0mm, 17.8mm, 15.0mm for S. aureus and 24.5, 20.5, 17.0, 18.0mm for C. albicans. The MIC ranged between 2.5 and 3.5 mg/ml while the MBC values ranged between 3.0 and 3.5 mg/ml
Authors: Whiliki O. O.* Dowe E. and Otue E. I
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Abstract
Monodora myristica is a spice whose various parts are used traditionally for the treatment of a variety of ailments. The purpose of this study was to determine the phytochemical constituents and in-vitro antimicrobial activity of methanolic seed extract of M. myristica against Staphylococcus aureus, Esherichia coli and Candida albicans. Plant seeds were collected, dehulled, air-dried, blended and extracted with methanol using soxhlet apparatus. The result of the qualitative phytochemical screening showed the presence of phenolic compounds, flavanoids, terpenoids, saponins, alkaloids, tannins and cardiac glycoside. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis of the extract revealed the presence of twenty-one different compounds. The first compound detected was formic acid at a retention time of 6.032 minutes while the last compound detected was7-Acetyl-2-hydroxy-2 methyl-5 isopropylbicyclo [4.3.0.] nonane, at a retention time of 0.72 minutes. The extract exhibited increased antimicrobial activity with increasing concentration. The mean inhibition zone diameter (IZD) at 80mg/ml, 40 mg/ml, 20 mg/ml, 10 mg/ml extract concentrations were 25.8mm, 22.5mm, 20.5mm and 15.0mm for E .coli, 22.5mm, 21.0mm, 17.8mm, 15.0mm for S. aureus and 24.5, 20.5, 17.0, 18.0mm for C. albicans. The MIC ranged between 2.5 and 3.5 mg/ml while the MBC values ranged between 3.0 and 3.5 mg/ml
Antibiotics-resistance pattern of bacteria isolated from fish ponds in Ikorodu, Lagos State, Nigeria
Aquacultures are practised in different water confinements which include plastic ponds, concrete and earthen and are known to harbour pathogens. In aquaculture (fish rearing) the use of antibiotics is on the increase where they are used as disease eradicators and as growth promoters. This study sought to investigate the antibiotic resistance pattern of bacteria isolated from fish ponds in Ikorodu, Lagos State, Nigeria. A total number of ten water samples were collected from five different sampling points at depth 1.5 m within the ponds, close to the outlets and at the outlets from the cat-fish and tilapia-fish ponds. These samples were serially diluted, inoculated and the pure isolates were subjected to antibiotics sensitivity testing using Kirby- Bauer’s disc diffusion method. Based on the cellular, morphological and biochemical characterization nine bacterial isolates were identified and isolates found to show multiple resistances to antibiotics were further identified by molecular analysis using 16SrRNA gene detection and sequencing. The Antibiotic susceptibility test showed that the isolates were resistant to ceftazidime, cefuroxime, nitrofurantoin, ampicillin, amoxycillin, clavulanate. gentamicin, ciprofloxacin and all the isolates were susceptible to ofloxacin. The molecular analysis revealed that the organisms which showed multiple resistances to antibiotics were Azotobacter chroococcum, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In conclusion this study has revealed the need for good management of aquaculture facilities in order to avoid zoonotic diseases. Also, monitoring of antibiotics usage in fish ponds management should be given high priority to avoid resistant genes from being transferred to other bacteria of human clinical significance.
Authors: Aina O. R.* and Olaleye O. N
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Abstract
Aquacultures are practised in different water confinements which include plastic ponds, concrete and earthen and are known to harbour pathogens. In aquaculture (fish rearing) the use of antibiotics is on the increase where they are used as disease eradicators and as growth promoters. This study sought to investigate the antibiotic resistance pattern of bacteria isolated from fish ponds in Ikorodu, Lagos State, Nigeria. A total number of ten water samples were collected from five different sampling points at depth 1.5 m within the ponds, close to the outlets and at the outlets from the cat-fish and tilapia-fish ponds. These samples were serially diluted, inoculated and the pure isolates were subjected to antibiotics sensitivity testing using Kirby- Bauer’s disc diffusion method. Based on the cellular, morphological and biochemical characterization nine bacterial isolates were identified and isolates found to show multiple resistances to antibiotics were further identified by molecular analysis using 16SrRNA gene detection and sequencing. The Antibiotic susceptibility test showed that the isolates were resistant to ceftazidime, cefuroxime, nitrofurantoin, ampicillin, amoxycillin, clavulanate. gentamicin, ciprofloxacin and all the isolates were susceptible to ofloxacin. The molecular analysis revealed that the organisms which showed multiple resistances to antibiotics were Azotobacter chroococcum, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In conclusion this study has revealed the need for good management of aquaculture facilities in order to avoid zoonotic diseases. Also, monitoring of antibiotics usage in fish ponds management should be given high priority to avoid resistant genes from being transferred to other bacteria of human clinical significance.
Phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial Activity of Two Plant Extracts against Multidrug-Resistant Stenotrophomonas maltophilia of Clinical Origin
New antibacterial agents are pressingly in need to combat the outgrowing incidence of bacterial resistance, which has been number one significant public health threat. The antibacterial activity and phytochemical components of Cannabis sativa and Garcinia kola against Stenotrophomonas maltophilia from diabetic patients with wound infection were investigated. Pure and type isolates of S. maltophilia (ATCC 17666) were obtained from Ogun and Lagos State hospitals, while the plants used were purchased from Ago-Iwoye market, Ogun State. Disk and agar diffusion methods were used to evaluate the antibacterial profile, and the effect of the extracts on the studied isolates, respectively. The isolates of S. maltophilia were resistant to all the antibiotics tested. The effect of the two extracts on the two S. maltophilia varied based on the plant solvent, concentration, and organisms. Ethanol extracts of G. kola and C. sativa on pure/type S. maltophilia had the highest diameter zones of inhibition of 24 mm/27 mm and 19 mm/22 mm at 150 mg/ml, respectively. The type isolate had the highest diameter zones of inhibition in all concentrations of the solvent extracts except for the aqueous. Minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentration for both plants were 75 mg/ml (type isolate), 150 mg/ml (pure isolate), and 75 mg/ml for C. Sativa alone. Some phytochemicals such as alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins were observed in the plant extracts.In conclusion, the tested plants possess antibacterial activity, hence, could be used as substitutes in the treatment and management of S. maltophilia pathogens in diabetics with wound infection, and also, in the formulation of pharmaceuticals.
Authors: Agu, G. C.* Agbolade, O. A. Ezima, E. N. Sossou, I. T. Afolabi, O. T. Onabanjo, M. A. and Coker, M. O.
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Abstract
New antibacterial agents are pressingly in need to combat the outgrowing incidence of bacterial resistance, which has been number one significant public health threat. The antibacterial activity and phytochemical components of Cannabis sativa and Garcinia kola against Stenotrophomonas maltophilia from diabetic patients with wound infection were investigated. Pure and type isolates of S. maltophilia (ATCC 17666) were obtained from Ogun and Lagos State hospitals, while the plants used were purchased from Ago-Iwoye market, Ogun State. Disk and agar diffusion methods were used to evaluate the antibacterial profile, and the effect of the extracts on the studied isolates, respectively. The isolates of S. maltophilia were resistant to all the antibiotics tested. The effect of the two extracts on the two S. maltophilia varied based on the plant solvent, concentration, and organisms. Ethanol extracts of G. kola and C. sativa on pure/type S. maltophilia had the highest diameter zones of inhibition of 24 mm/27 mm and 19 mm/22 mm at 150 mg/ml, respectively. The type isolate had the highest diameter zones of inhibition in all concentrations of the solvent extracts except for the aqueous. Minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentration for both plants were 75 mg/ml (type isolate), 150 mg/ml (pure isolate), and 75 mg/ml for C. Sativa alone. Some phytochemicals such as alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins were observed in the plant extracts.In conclusion, the tested plants possess antibacterial activity, hence, could be used as substitutes in the treatment and management of S. maltophilia pathogens in diabetics with wound infection, and also, in the formulation of pharmaceuticals.
Antibiogram of Enteric Bacteria in Pharmaceutical Industrial Wastewater and Surrounding Groundwater Sources
This study set out to determine the influence of microbial quality of wastewater from a pharmaceutical industry on surrounding groundwater sources and antibiotic susceptibility of isolated bacteria. Wastewater and water samples were collected from the study sites and the concentrations of enteric bacteria were determined using standard microbiological technique. Physicochemical characteristics of the wastewater and water samples were determined using standard methods. Relationships between the levels of enteric bacteria in the wastewater and water samples were determined using Pearson’s correlation. Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the isolates were determined using standard disc diffusion method. The results revealed that E. coli had the highest mean concentration in the wastewater and water samples. The levels of enterococci in the wastewater samples had the most correlations with the levels of other enteric bacteria in water samples from the boreholes. Salmonella was susceptible to perfloxacin, while enterococci was susceptible to zinacef and all the isolates showed resistance to multiple antibiotics. This study demonstrates that the microbial quality of the boreholes were influenced by the wastewater from the pharmaceutical industry. Water from the boreholes had poor microbial quality and potential pathogenic antibiotic-resistant bacteria that may pose significant risks to public health
Authors: Olalemi, A. O.* Ajayi, O. J. Abiola, O. O. and Usifo, J. I.
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Abstract
This study set out to determine the influence of microbial quality of wastewater from a pharmaceutical industry on surrounding groundwater sources and antibiotic susceptibility of isolated bacteria. Wastewater and water samples were collected from the study sites and the concentrations of enteric bacteria were determined using standard microbiological technique. Physicochemical characteristics of the wastewater and water samples were determined using standard methods. Relationships between the levels of enteric bacteria in the wastewater and water samples were determined using Pearson’s correlation. Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the isolates were determined using standard disc diffusion method. The results revealed that E. coli had the highest mean concentration in the wastewater and water samples. The levels of enterococci in the wastewater samples had the most correlations with the levels of other enteric bacteria in water samples from the boreholes. Salmonella was susceptible to perfloxacin, while enterococci was susceptible to zinacef and all the isolates showed resistance to multiple antibiotics. This study demonstrates that the microbial quality of the boreholes were influenced by the wastewater from the pharmaceutical industry. Water from the boreholes had poor microbial quality and potential pathogenic antibiotic-resistant bacteria that may pose significant risks to public health
Antibacterial Susceptibility Pattern of Bacteria Associated With Wound Infections in Benue State University Teaching Hospital Makurdi, Nigeria
Data on the isolated bacteria causing wound infections is currently needed in Nigeria to determine the best management practice and antibiotics to be adopted in wound infection treatment to reduce the cost, pains and improve recovery of affected patients. This work is aimed at identifying bacteria isolated from wound infections in Benue State Teaching Hospital Makurdi Nigeria. Samples were collected from ward patients. Swabs were collected from these patients using standard medical procedures and analyzed using cultured nutrient agar medium and cystine lactose electrolyte deficient agar (CLED) medium. Klebsiella spp , Streptococcus spp, Staphylococcus aureus , and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were bacteria isolated from wound infections. The abundance of these bacteria causing wound infection increases from Streptococcus spp (10%), Klebsiella spp (20%), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (30%) to Staphylococcus aureus (40%). Both culture methods showed the same abundance pattern. Antimicrobial sensitivity pattern and inhibition of bacteria identified with wound infections were different across sampled antibiotics. However, this study revealed the bacteria responsible for wound infections and their antibiotic sensitivity pattern. The outcome could be useful in model ling antibiotics for the management of bacterial wound infections.
Authors: Aernan P. T.* Yaji M. E. and Obiagwu V. E.
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Abstract
Data on the isolated bacteria causing wound infections is currently needed in Nigeria to determine the best management practice and antibiotics to be adopted in wound infection treatment to reduce the cost, pains and improve recovery of affected patients. This work is aimed at identifying bacteria isolated from wound infections in Benue State Teaching Hospital Makurdi Nigeria. Samples were collected from ward patients. Swabs were collected from these patients using standard medical procedures and analyzed using cultured nutrient agar medium and cystine lactose electrolyte deficient agar (CLED) medium. Klebsiella spp , Streptococcus spp, Staphylococcus aureus , and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were bacteria isolated from wound infections. The abundance of these bacteria causing wound infection increases from Streptococcus spp (10%), Klebsiella spp (20%), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (30%) to Staphylococcus aureus (40%). Both culture methods showed the same abundance pattern. Antimicrobial sensitivity pattern and inhibition of bacteria identified with wound infections were different across sampled antibiotics. However, this study revealed the bacteria responsible for wound infections and their antibiotic sensitivity pattern. The outcome could be useful in model ling antibiotics for the management of bacterial wound infections.
Molecular Characterization of Extended Spectrum Beta lactamase Producing Enterobacteriaceae Isolated from Duck Droppings
The transmission of the members of the Enterobacteriaceae family with extended spectrum has become a cause for concern. Food animals have been researched to be reservoirs of antimicrobial resistance especially in developing part of the world where there is indiscriminate prophylactic use of antibiotics in animal farming. This study investigated molecular identification and antibiotics resistance of extended spectrum beta lactamase producing Enterobactericeae isolated from duck droppings. A total of twenty-two (22) isolates from forty (40) duck dropping samples in this study were Gram negative bacteria. The isolation of associated Enterobacteriaceae from the duck droppings was carried out using the standard microbiological methods, ESBL phenotypic detection was carried out using combination disc test and double disc synergism test. The major findings were the presence of multidrug resistant Citrobacter freundii 7(31.82%), Klebsiella pneumoniae 7(31.82%), Proteus spp. 3(13.64%), and Serratia marcescens 5(22.72%) to commonly used antibiotics such as ceftazidime, cefixime, nitrofurantoin, ofloxacin, augmentin and cefuroxime. Double disk synergy test showed 5(22.72%) were ESBL producers which include: Citrobacter freundi 3(42.86%), Klebsiella pneumoniae 1(14.29%) and Proteus spp. 1(33.33%). The PCR amplification of the ESBL genes in the five isolates to blaTEM ESBL gene revealed a negative result bands corresponding to blaTEM ESBL though positive for ESBL production. This could be as a result of expression of other genes like CTX, SHV, OXA and other types. This research shows that ducks are also reservoir of ESBL producing Enterobacteriaceae which calls for concern. There is, therefore need for more stringent measures and policies to be put in place by public health regulatory bodies to check misuse of antibiotics in food-animal farming in Nigeria.
Authors: Romiluyi B.* Itaman V. O. Odumosu B. Adeleye I. A. and Smith S. I.
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Abstract
The transmission of the members of the Enterobacteriaceae family with extended spectrum has become a cause for concern. Food animals have been researched to be reservoirs of antimicrobial resistance especially in developing part of the world where there is indiscriminate prophylactic use of antibiotics in animal farming. This study investigated molecular identification and antibiotics resistance of extended spectrum beta lactamase producing Enterobactericeae isolated from duck droppings. A total of twenty-two (22) isolates from forty (40) duck dropping samples in this study were Gram negative bacteria. The isolation of associated Enterobacteriaceae from the duck droppings was carried out using the standard microbiological methods, ESBL phenotypic detection was carried out using combination disc test and double disc synergism test. The major findings were the presence of multidrug resistant Citrobacter freundii 7(31.82%), Klebsiella pneumoniae 7(31.82%), Proteus spp. 3(13.64%), and Serratia marcescens 5(22.72%) to commonly used antibiotics such as ceftazidime, cefixime, nitrofurantoin, ofloxacin, augmentin and cefuroxime. Double disk synergy test showed 5(22.72%) were ESBL producers which include: Citrobacter freundi 3(42.86%), Klebsiella pneumoniae 1(14.29%) and Proteus spp. 1(33.33%). The PCR amplification of the ESBL genes in the five isolates to blaTEM ESBL gene revealed a negative result bands corresponding to blaTEM ESBL though positive for ESBL production. This could be as a result of expression of other genes like CTX, SHV, OXA and other types. This research shows that ducks are also reservoir of ESBL producing Enterobacteriaceae which calls for concern. There is, therefore need for more stringent measures and policies to be put in place by public health regulatory bodies to check misuse of antibiotics in food-animal farming in Nigeria.
Incidence of Neisseria Gonorrhoeae among Patients attending Selected Hospitals in Minna, Nigeria
Gonorrhoea is a sexually transmitted disease (STD) caused by infection with the Neisseria gonorrhoeae bacterium. This work was carried out from April to June, 2022 to determine the incidence of Neisseria gonorrhoeae among patients attending some selected Hospitals in Minna, Niger State. One hundred and twenty (120) samples collected, which includes, high vaginal swabs,81 (67.50%) , endo cervical swabs 16 (13.33%) from female patients and urethral swab, 23(19.17%) from male patients. The samples were cultured on chocolate agar modified with antibiotics. Isolation and identification of the organisms were done by standard bacteriological procedure. Antibiotic susceptibility profiles of the isolates were determined by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method on Muller Hinton agar. Neisseria gonorrhoeaewas not isolated out of the 39 isolates obtained in the study as follows; Escherichia coli 13(33.3%), Staphylococcus aureus 12(30.8%), Streptococcus sp 3(7.7%) Klebsiella sp. 2(5.1%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa 9(23.1%). The antibiotics susceptibility testing revealed E. coli were sensitive to ciprofloxacin, septrin, and pefloxacin. Apart from E. coli, other isolates sensitive to these antibiotics includes, Streptococcus sp., Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella sp. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus sp. were 100% resistant to amoxicillin, chloramphenicol, rifampin, augmentin and gentamicin. Twenty-three (23) (19.17%) positive cases of genitourinary tract infection were male, while female patients had 97(80.83%). During this research, middle aged patient from 25-30 (30.80%) and 20-24 (25.60%) were found to possess the highest prevalence of genitourinary tract infection. The findings of this study indicated that E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus were the most prevalent isolates responsible for genitourinary tract infection due to the possession of some virulent associated features which helps them to attach to the genital tract. Proper measures should be taken to prevent further spread of this infection most especially in women and children.
Authors: Baba J.* Mabekoje O. O. Sanda I. Majiya H. Baba U. A. Chock J. J. Abdul-Rahaman A. A. Abdullahi M. Jibril F. L. Dauda D. and Sani A. R
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Abstract
Gonorrhoea is a sexually transmitted disease (STD) caused by infection with the Neisseria gonorrhoeae bacterium. This work was carried out from April to June, 2022 to determine the incidence of Neisseria gonorrhoeae among patients attending some selected Hospitals in Minna, Niger State. One hundred and twenty (120) samples collected, which includes, high vaginal swabs,81 (67.50%) , endo cervical swabs 16 (13.33%) from female patients and urethral swab, 23(19.17%) from male patients. The samples were cultured on chocolate agar modified with antibiotics. Isolation and identification of the organisms were done by standard bacteriological procedure. Antibiotic susceptibility profiles of the isolates were determined by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method on Muller Hinton agar. Neisseria gonorrhoeaewas not isolated out of the 39 isolates obtained in the study as follows; Escherichia coli 13(33.3%), Staphylococcus aureus 12(30.8%), Streptococcus sp 3(7.7%) Klebsiella sp. 2(5.1%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa 9(23.1%). The antibiotics susceptibility testing revealed E. coli were sensitive to ciprofloxacin, septrin, and pefloxacin. Apart from E. coli, other isolates sensitive to these antibiotics includes, Streptococcus sp., Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella sp. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus sp. were 100% resistant to amoxicillin, chloramphenicol, rifampin, augmentin and gentamicin. Twenty-three (23) (19.17%) positive cases of genitourinary tract infection were male, while female patients had 97(80.83%). During this research, middle aged patient from 25-30 (30.80%) and 20-24 (25.60%) were found to possess the highest prevalence of genitourinary tract infection. The findings of this study indicated that E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus were the most prevalent isolates responsible for genitourinary tract infection due to the possession of some virulent associated features which helps them to attach to the genital tract. Proper measures should be taken to prevent further spread of this infection most especially in women and children.
Effect of Different Rates of Single Super Phosphate and Frequency of Megagreen on Nodulation, Nitrogen Fixation and Yield of Cowpea
Megagreen is a bio stimulant, containing micronized calcite whose particles act quickly on the vegetal metabolism via foliar surface. Therefore experiment was carried out at the screen house of the College of Plant Science and Crop Production at the Federal Univer sity of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Southwestern Nigeria to investigate the effect of different rates of single super phosphate and frequency of megagreen on nodulation, nitrogen fixation and yield of cowpea Vigna unguiculata L). The experiment was a Complete Randomized Design (CRD) arranged in split split plot with application of megagreen at the rates of 1.5 and 3 (kg/ha per 500 litres of water) used and applied at two frequencies and application of SSP (0 kg/ha P 2 O 5 ) and recommended rate (40 kg/h a P 2 O 5 ) applied at planting. Plant growth and reproductive parameters were measured. The soil physical and chemical properties; and analysis of ureides N and nitrates N were determined. The results showed that cowpea gave no significant response to the two treatments of SSP and megagreen in terms of the growth parameters, yield obtained, level of nitrogen retained in the soil and the ammonium nitrate in the plant sap and plant tissue. However, application of SSP and megagreen at the rate of 3 kg/ha per 500 litres of water at 2, and 3 WAP (S 1 M 2 R 1 ) also recorded more than 200 % increase in yield. The findings indicate that application of SSP and megagreen at the rate of 3 kg/ha are the preferred option to improve soil fertility and quality, and increase cowp ea yield
Authors: Adigun M. O.* Abiola I. O. and Babalola O. A.
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Abstract
Megagreen is a bio stimulant, containing micronized calcite whose particles act quickly on the vegetal metabolism via foliar surface. Therefore experiment was carried out at the screen house of the College of Plant Science and Crop Production at the Federal Univer sity of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Southwestern Nigeria to investigate the effect of different rates of single super phosphate and frequency of megagreen on nodulation, nitrogen fixation and yield of cowpea Vigna unguiculata L). The experiment was a Complete Randomized Design (CRD) arranged in split split plot with application of megagreen at the rates of 1.5 and 3 (kg/ha per 500 litres of water) used and applied at two frequencies and application of SSP (0 kg/ha P 2 O 5 ) and recommended rate (40 kg/h a P 2 O 5 ) applied at planting. Plant growth and reproductive parameters were measured. The soil physical and chemical properties; and analysis of ureides N and nitrates N were determined. The results showed that cowpea gave no significant response to the two treatments of SSP and megagreen in terms of the growth parameters, yield obtained, level of nitrogen retained in the soil and the ammonium nitrate in the plant sap and plant tissue. However, application of SSP and megagreen at the rate of 3 kg/ha per 500 litres of water at 2, and 3 WAP (S 1 M 2 R 1 ) also recorded more than 200 % increase in yield. The findings indicate that application of SSP and megagreen at the rate of 3 kg/ha are the preferred option to improve soil fertility and quality, and increase cowp ea yield
Fermentation and Biocontrol of Mycotoxins in Sorghum bicolor L. Moench Sold in Selected Markets in Abeokuta Metropolis, Ogun State, Nigeria.
Sorghum bicolor L. Moench (Guinea corn) is a cereal that is widely planted and consumed as staple in Nigeria. Mycotoxin contamination of this grain can present public health concerns to consumers especially children, where it can be fatal. This study investigated the use of fermentation as a biocontrol strategy to mitigate mycotoxins present in Sorghum bicolor grains. A total of 3 0 samples of sorghum were purchased from 3 selected markets in Abeokuta metropolis and pooled into 3 composites per market. Each pooled sample w as divided into 2 parts. One part was allowed to ferment spontaneously for 96 hours while the other part was left unfermented. These were screened for the presence of fungi using isolation method, and fungal metabolites using LC MS/MS analytical method. T he fungal species identified in non fermented sorghum were Aspergillus niger, A spergillus . flavus , Aspergillus turbingensis , and Fusarium coffeatum , while those in fermented sorghum were Pichia kudriavzii and Candida parapsilosis. Aflatoxin B1 and B2 were detected in the non fermented grains with concentration of 41.6 µg/kg 0.02 (SE) and 5.77 µ g/kg +/ 0.01 (SE) respectively, both above E U recommended limit s . In the fermented grains, AFB1 and AFB2 were drastically reduced to 5.7 7 µ g/kg and 1.54 µ g/kg respectively. High amounts of fusaric acid (421 µ g/kg) were also recorded in the fermented grains. The presence of fusaric acid in the fermented grains in high amounts could be of public health concern though moderately toxic to anim als. The reduction in AFB1 and AFB2 content in the fermented samples indicates that fermentation can be employed as a biocontrol strategy for the mitigation of mycotoxins in cereal based foods.
Authors: Adewunmi A. A⃰. and Chingoma G. I.
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Abstract
Sorghum bicolor L. Moench (Guinea corn) is a cereal that is widely planted and consumed as staple in Nigeria. Mycotoxin contamination of this grain can present public health concerns to consumers especially children, where it can be fatal. This study investigated the use of fermentation as a biocontrol strategy to mitigate mycotoxins present in Sorghum bicolor grains. A total of 3 0 samples of sorghum were purchased from 3 selected markets in Abeokuta metropolis and pooled into 3 composites per market. Each pooled sample w as divided into 2 parts. One part was allowed to ferment spontaneously for 96 hours while the other part was left unfermented. These were screened for the presence of fungi using isolation method, and fungal metabolites using LC MS/MS analytical method. T he fungal species identified in non fermented sorghum were Aspergillus niger, A spergillus . flavus , Aspergillus turbingensis , and Fusarium coffeatum , while those in fermented sorghum were Pichia kudriavzii and Candida parapsilosis. Aflatoxin B1 and B2 were detected in the non fermented grains with concentration of 41.6 µg/kg 0.02 (SE) and 5.77 µ g/kg +/ 0.01 (SE) respectively, both above E U recommended limit s . In the fermented grains, AFB1 and AFB2 were drastically reduced to 5.7 7 µ g/kg and 1.54 µ g/kg respectively. High amounts of fusaric acid (421 µ g/kg) were also recorded in the fermented grains. The presence of fusaric acid in the fermented grains in high amounts could be of public health concern though moderately toxic to anim als. The reduction in AFB1 and AFB2 content in the fermented samples indicates that fermentation can be employed as a biocontrol strategy for the mitigation of mycotoxins in cereal based foods.
Antimicrobial Activity of Clay against Some Skin Infection Isolates
The rising global threat of resistance of microorganisms to antibiotics is alarming. This has necessitated the use of alternative antimicrobial agents in the treatment of infectious diseases caused by pathogens. Clay has since been under investigation for its antimicrobial and therapeutic properties. This study investigated the physicochemical quality and antimicrobial activity of some clay against some skin infection isolates. The physicochemical quality of the clay samples were determined by standard meth ods. The test organisms were multidrug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa , antibiotic susceptible Pseudomonas aeruginosa , methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, antibiotic susceptible Staphylococcus aureus and Aspergillus spp. Clay concentrations of 12 .5%, 25% and 50% were prepared for use for determining minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentration (MBC). Of the 10 screened clay samples for antimicrobial activity, three (3) showed activity with zones of inhibition ranging from 11 mm to 16 mm. The MIC of the clay samples ranged from 25 mg/ml to 50 mg/ml against the tested microorganisms . There was no antimicrobial activity against Aspergillus spp. for all clay samples. The MBC for other clay was >50 mg/ml. The physicochemical composition revealed that the clay were high in kaolinite, illite, sulphur, iron and aluminum. This study revealed that clay had antimicrobial activities against the test organisms, perhaps due to their physicochemical composition, suggesti ng that clay could be an alternative treatment option for skin infections caused by these organisms.
Authors: Isichei-ukah O. B.* and Ofie O. G.
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Abstract
The rising global threat of resistance of microorganisms to antibiotics is alarming. This has necessitated the use of alternative antimicrobial agents in the treatment of infectious diseases caused by pathogens. Clay has since been under investigation for its antimicrobial and therapeutic properties. This study investigated the physicochemical quality and antimicrobial activity of some clay against some skin infection isolates. The physicochemical quality of the clay samples were determined by standard meth ods. The test organisms were multidrug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa , antibiotic susceptible Pseudomonas aeruginosa , methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, antibiotic susceptible Staphylococcus aureus and Aspergillus spp. Clay concentrations of 12 .5%, 25% and 50% were prepared for use for determining minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentration (MBC). Of the 10 screened clay samples for antimicrobial activity, three (3) showed activity with zones of inhibition ranging from 11 mm to 16 mm. The MIC of the clay samples ranged from 25 mg/ml to 50 mg/ml against the tested microorganisms . There was no antimicrobial activity against Aspergillus spp. for all clay samples. The MBC for other clay was >50 mg/ml. The physicochemical composition revealed that the clay were high in kaolinite, illite, sulphur, iron and aluminum. This study revealed that clay had antimicrobial activities against the test organisms, perhaps due to their physicochemical composition, suggesti ng that clay could be an alternative treatment option for skin infections caused by these organisms.
Characterization of Antibiotics Resistant Enterococci Isolated from Epe Dam Water, Lagos Nigeria
Dams have been constructed worldwide to dependably provide people with safe water to drink, which has become the practice in developed areas of Nigeria and is acknowledged as a fundamental human right and a cost effective measure for controlling disease. However, the glo bal scientific community is increasingly concerned by descriptions of these dams to be aquatic reservoirs of antibiotic resistant bacteria and/or genes. This study was aimed at the characterization of antibiotics resistant enterococci from Epe dam water in Lagos, Nigeria . Isolation was done by pour plating followed by streaking on selective agar. Isolated bacteria were identified using prescribed standard biochemical methods. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was done using the Kirby Bauer disk diffusion te chnique against using clinically relevant antibiotics. The 66.66% of Enterococcus faecalis , 27.77% of Enterococcus faecium , and 5.57% of Enterococcus gallinarum were isolated from the sample s . Isolates displayed varying high levels of resistance against te st antibiotics. Enterococcus faecalis proved to be resistant to z innacef (Z), a moxicillin (AM), r ocephin (R), and s treptomycin (S), Enterococcus faecium was resistant to z innacef (Z), a moxicillin (AM), and s treptomycin (SXT) while Enterococcus gallinarum is resistant to p efloxacin (PEF), gentamycin (GN), zinnacef (Z), a moxicillin (AM), and s treptomycin (S). Hence, this study ascertains that dam waters are reservoirs of multiple antibiotics resistant Enterococci. Therefore, there is a need to improve hygie ne conditions in the sampled water environment
Authors: Oyeyipo F. M.1 Adebanjo A. U. 1 Oyetade O. E. 1* Ogundipe E. I. 2 and Olanrewaju V. A. 1
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Abstract
Dams have been constructed worldwide to dependably provide people with safe water to drink, which has become the practice in developed areas of Nigeria and is acknowledged as a fundamental human right and a cost effective measure for controlling disease. However, the glo bal scientific community is increasingly concerned by descriptions of these dams to be aquatic reservoirs of antibiotic resistant bacteria and/or genes. This study was aimed at the characterization of antibiotics resistant enterococci from Epe dam water in Lagos, Nigeria . Isolation was done by pour plating followed by streaking on selective agar. Isolated bacteria were identified using prescribed standard biochemical methods. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was done using the Kirby Bauer disk diffusion te chnique against using clinically relevant antibiotics. The 66.66% of Enterococcus faecalis , 27.77% of Enterococcus faecium , and 5.57% of Enterococcus gallinarum were isolated from the sample s . Isolates displayed varying high levels of resistance against te st antibiotics. Enterococcus faecalis proved to be resistant to z innacef (Z), a moxicillin (AM), r ocephin (R), and s treptomycin (S), Enterococcus faecium was resistant to z innacef (Z), a moxicillin (AM), and s treptomycin (SXT) while Enterococcus gallinarum is resistant to p efloxacin (PEF), gentamycin (GN), zinnacef (Z), a moxicillin (AM), and s treptomycin (S). Hence, this study ascertains that dam waters are reservoirs of multiple antibiotics resistant Enterococci. Therefore, there is a need to improve hygie ne conditions in the sampled water environment
Molecular Characterisation and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of Pseudomonas Species Isolated from Infected Wounds of Patients in Insurgency-Stricken Maiduguri, Borno State
Multidrug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa has been known to cause infections among hospitalised patients leading to significant morbidity and mortality. Carbapenems are usually deployed for treating these infections. This work focused on molecular characterisation and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of wound infections due to Pseudomonas species from four major hospitals within Maiduguri, Nigeria. Four hundred and twenty non-duplicate wound specimens were collected from surgical units of four hospitals within Maiduguri metropolis between February 2020 and October 2020. The samples were analysed for Pseudomonas species and molecularly identified using standard methods. Pseudomonas species constituted 72 (17.1%) of the isolates, with P. aeruginosa being responsible for 68 (94.4%); the remaining were P. putida 2(2.8%) and P. fluorescens 2(2.8%). The highest prevalence of 36.8% was in the 21-40-year age group, with 66% being males. (P<0.05). Resistance was documented at 100%, 83.6%, 35.3% 29.4%, 27.9% and 4.4% for ceftazidime, aztreonam, meropenem, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin and piperacillin-tazobactam, respectively. Genotypic characterisation of the P. aeruginosa isolates was positive for blaVIM, blaIMP. An alarmingly high level of carbapenem resistance was discovered among Pseudomonas species from our study population, with the presence of VIM and IMP. This finding will serve as a guide for empiric therapy of infected surgical wounds among our patients. To effectively tackle the menace of antimicrobial resistance, strict adherence to antimicrobial stewardship guidelines, infection prevention and control, and the need for improved surveillance; employing the One Health approach need to be universally adopted.
Authors: Issa A. Ngoshe I. Y. Isa T. Bello S. H. Tom I. M. Benisheikh A. Ali K. H. Edu-muyideen I. O. Fowora M. A. Audu R. Salako L. B. Garbati M. A.
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Abstract
Multidrug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa has been known to cause infections among hospitalised patients leading to significant morbidity and mortality. Carbapenems are usually deployed for treating these infections. This work focused on molecular characterisation and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of wound infections due to Pseudomonas species from four major hospitals within Maiduguri, Nigeria. Four hundred and twenty non-duplicate wound specimens were collected from surgical units of four hospitals within Maiduguri metropolis between February 2020 and October 2020. The samples were analysed for Pseudomonas species and molecularly identified using standard methods. Pseudomonas species constituted 72 (17.1%) of the isolates, with P. aeruginosa being responsible for 68 (94.4%); the remaining were P. putida 2(2.8%) and P. fluorescens 2(2.8%). The highest prevalence of 36.8% was in the 21-40-year age group, with 66% being males. (P<0.05). Resistance was documented at 100%, 83.6%, 35.3% 29.4%, 27.9% and 4.4% for ceftazidime, aztreonam, meropenem, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin and piperacillin-tazobactam, respectively. Genotypic characterisation of the P. aeruginosa isolates was positive for blaVIM, blaIMP. An alarmingly high level of carbapenem resistance was discovered among Pseudomonas species from our study population, with the presence of VIM and IMP. This finding will serve as a guide for empiric therapy of infected surgical wounds among our patients. To effectively tackle the menace of antimicrobial resistance, strict adherence to antimicrobial stewardship guidelines, infection prevention and control, and the need for improved surveillance; employing the One Health approach need to be universally adopted.
Antibacterial Activity of Anacardium occidentale (Cashew) Stem Bark against Bacterial Isolates
The aim of this study was to investigate the relative antibacterial activity and phytochemical properties of ethanolic and water extracts of Anacardium occidentale (cashew) stem bark. The phytochemicals were screened using qualitative methods. Qualitatively analyzed phytochemical constituents in the stem bark extracts includes carbohydrates, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, sterols, anthraquinone, terpens and phenol. The microorganisms assayed for the antibacterial activities using the agar well diffusion were Escherichia coli, Salmonella Typhi, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus, studies on the susceptibility pattern and the zones of inhibition exhibited by the extracts shows a certain degree of inhibitory effects against the test organisms. Ethanolic extract of A. occidentale stem bark was effective against B.subtilis at concentration of 100mg/ml and 50 mg/ml only, S. aureus and S. Typhi at concentration of 100 mg/ml only, and E. coli at concentration of 100 mg/ml only while in aqueous extract of A. occidentale stem bark, there was effect against S. aureus at concentration of 100 mg/ml and 50 mg/ml, followed by B. subtilis at concentration of 100 mg/ml and 50 mg/ml, S. Typhi and lastly E.coli both at the concentration of 100 mg/ml. Considering the diameter of the zone of inhibition, it was noticed that there was little or no difference between the diameters of both extracts. Although, these results suggest an important ethno-pharmaceutical potential of A. occidentaleas a source of compounds with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity that can be used in the pharmaceutical industry its low activity may be due to low concentration of the extracts
Authors: Baba J.* Mabekoje O. O. Shehu S. Mohammed S. B. Majiya H. Chock J. J. Abdul-Rahaman A. A. Abdullahi M. Jibril F. L. Dauda D. Muhammad I. L
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Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the relative antibacterial activity and phytochemical properties of ethanolic and water extracts of Anacardium occidentale (cashew) stem bark. The phytochemicals were screened using qualitative methods. Qualitatively analyzed phytochemical constituents in the stem bark extracts includes carbohydrates, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, sterols, anthraquinone, terpens and phenol. The microorganisms assayed for the antibacterial activities using the agar well diffusion were Escherichia coli, Salmonella Typhi, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus, studies on the susceptibility pattern and the zones of inhibition exhibited by the extracts shows a certain degree of inhibitory effects against the test organisms. Ethanolic extract of A. occidentale stem bark was effective against B.subtilis at concentration of 100mg/ml and 50 mg/ml only, S. aureus and S. Typhi at concentration of 100 mg/ml only, and E. coli at concentration of 100 mg/ml only while in aqueous extract of A. occidentale stem bark, there was effect against S. aureus at concentration of 100 mg/ml and 50 mg/ml, followed by B. subtilis at concentration of 100 mg/ml and 50 mg/ml, S. Typhi and lastly E.coli both at the concentration of 100 mg/ml. Considering the diameter of the zone of inhibition, it was noticed that there was little or no difference between the diameters of both extracts. Although, these results suggest an important ethno-pharmaceutical potential of A. occidentaleas a source of compounds with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity that can be used in the pharmaceutical industry its low activity may be due to low concentration of the extracts
Antibiotics Resistance: A Global Health Challenge
Infectious diseases have been the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, particularly in low-income countries, especially in children. The development of antibiotics led to the improvement of life expectancy by about 8 years as they could be used to treat infections that were previously life-threatening. They have also made possible complex surgeries that could otherwise kill the patients. However, a number of pathogens have developed resistance to antibiotics, rendering the drugs ineffective in treatment of infections. The level of antibiotics resistance is rising dangerously, threatening the ability to treat even common infections. Worst still, antibiotics resistance is not limited to a given locality. Resistance to antibiotics can develop in one area and spread worldwide due to interconnected trades and travels. Thus, antibiotics resistance is a global health crisis and a silent tsunami that unless urgent steps are taken, many infectious diseases that could easily be treated will become difficult to manage, leading to increase in mortality and morbidity. This paper discusses antibiotics, their mode of action, development of resistance and its effect on global health and the means of preventing/controlling resistance.
Authors: Aniashi S. O.* and ???
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Abstract
Infectious diseases have been the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, particularly in low-income countries, especially in children. The development of antibiotics led to the improvement of life expectancy by about 8 years as they could be used to treat infections that were previously life-threatening. They have also made possible complex surgeries that could otherwise kill the patients. However, a number of pathogens have developed resistance to antibiotics, rendering the drugs ineffective in treatment of infections. The level of antibiotics resistance is rising dangerously, threatening the ability to treat even common infections. Worst still, antibiotics resistance is not limited to a given locality. Resistance to antibiotics can develop in one area and spread worldwide due to interconnected trades and travels. Thus, antibiotics resistance is a global health crisis and a silent tsunami that unless urgent steps are taken, many infectious diseases that could easily be treated will become difficult to manage, leading to increase in mortality and morbidity. This paper discusses antibiotics, their mode of action, development of resistance and its effect on global health and the means of preventing/controlling resistance.
Antibacterial Activities of Fenugreek Oil and Seed Extracts on Selected Pathogenic Bacteria and Proximate Composition of Fenugreek Seed
Fenugreek is an annually globally grown medicinal plant known for its various bioactive components, including antibacterial activities. It have been consumed medically for food as condiments. The proximate analysis of fenugreek seed showed that carbohydrates (37.79 %) had the highest value followed by fibre (22.48%), protein (20.76%), moisture (8.96%), fat (6.57%) and lowest value was recorded for ash (3.44%). The antibacterial activities of fenugreek oil and fenugreek seed extract (ethanol and methanol of 60 g/200 ml) was tested against pathogenic bacteria using open well diffusion and paper disc method at 10 μl, 20 μl, 40 μl, 50 μl and 100 μl concentration. The higher the concentrations, the more significant were the antibacterial activities of both fenugreek oil and seeds extracts. It was observed that the ethanolic extract was the most active against Escherichia coli with the highest zone of inhibition of 14 mm, followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae with 13 mm, while Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa had 12 mm each zone of inhibition. Streptococcus pyogenes had the lowest zone of inhibition of 11 mm. The findings of this study revealed that fenugreek samples extracts were potent against the test bacteria
Authors: Raji-Idowu F. O. O.
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Abstract
Fenugreek is an annually globally grown medicinal plant known for its various bioactive components, including antibacterial activities. It have been consumed medically for food as condiments. The proximate analysis of fenugreek seed showed that carbohydrates (37.79 %) had the highest value followed by fibre (22.48%), protein (20.76%), moisture (8.96%), fat (6.57%) and lowest value was recorded for ash (3.44%). The antibacterial activities of fenugreek oil and fenugreek seed extract (ethanol and methanol of 60 g/200 ml) was tested against pathogenic bacteria using open well diffusion and paper disc method at 10 μl, 20 μl, 40 μl, 50 μl and 100 μl concentration. The higher the concentrations, the more significant were the antibacterial activities of both fenugreek oil and seeds extracts. It was observed that the ethanolic extract was the most active against Escherichia coli with the highest zone of inhibition of 14 mm, followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae with 13 mm, while Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa had 12 mm each zone of inhibition. Streptococcus pyogenes had the lowest zone of inhibition of 11 mm. The findings of this study revealed that fenugreek samples extracts were potent against the test bacteria
Microbiological Safety of Ready-To-Eat Foods and Hand Hygiene Assessment of Food Handlers in a Nigerian Private University
Ready-to-eat foods are widely available in public places including tertiary institutions. The safety of the foods is often compromised by poor hygiene and inadequate sanitary facilities and can have debilitating effects on human health. Unfortunately, the microbiological quality of foods sold at Nigerian universities is rarely routinely assessed. Food samples from the cafeteria of a Nigerian private University, the surfaces on which they are prepared and served and stool samples from the food handlers were assessed for microbiological quality using standard microbiological procedures. The obtained data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Microbial counts of foods that were sampled ranged from 0.1 x 106 cfu/g for hot dog to 4.13 x 106 cfu/g for rice. The highest number of isolates (19/51, 37.3%) was from the hands of food handlers while the least number (6/51, 11.8%) was from swabbed surfaces. The presence of Burkholderia cepacia, Raoultella ornithinolytica and Klebsiella pneumoniae from the samples is indicative of poor microbiological safety of ready-to-eat food and suggests unhygienic practices by the food handlers. Active surveillance of ready-to-eat foods is required to ensure food safety.
Authors: Oyedeji B. A.1 Bejide O. S.1,2* Taiwo M. O.1 Shofunde A. A.1 Omeonu F. C.1 and Babalola C. P.1
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Abstract
Ready-to-eat foods are widely available in public places including tertiary institutions. The safety of the foods is often compromised by poor hygiene and inadequate sanitary facilities and can have debilitating effects on human health. Unfortunately, the microbiological quality of foods sold at Nigerian universities is rarely routinely assessed. Food samples from the cafeteria of a Nigerian private University, the surfaces on which they are prepared and served and stool samples from the food handlers were assessed for microbiological quality using standard microbiological procedures. The obtained data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Microbial counts of foods that were sampled ranged from 0.1 x 106 cfu/g for hot dog to 4.13 x 106 cfu/g for rice. The highest number of isolates (19/51, 37.3%) was from the hands of food handlers while the least number (6/51, 11.8%) was from swabbed surfaces. The presence of Burkholderia cepacia, Raoultella ornithinolytica and Klebsiella pneumoniae from the samples is indicative of poor microbiological safety of ready-to-eat food and suggests unhygienic practices by the food handlers. Active surveillance of ready-to-eat foods is required to ensure food safety.
Isolation and Screening of Linamarase Producing Microorganisms for Detoxification of Cyanide in Cassava
This research focuses on isolation and screening of linamarase producing microorganisms for detoxification of cyanide in cassava tubers. Linamarase is the enzyme that breaks down the toxic substance, linamarin (cyanogenic glucoside) in cassava. A total of six microorganisms were isolated and screened. Out of the six isolates, two were able to grow in a medium containing potassium cyanide (KCN) solution (800 ppm) namely Priestia flexa and Pichia kudriavzevii. These were the isolates that gave optical density (OD) readings ≥0.4 after 2 days of incubation. In conclusion, this research provides a useful information on the choice of these microorganisms for linamarase production for detoxification of cyanide in cassava tubers
Authors: Benjamin C. I* Braide W. Okorondu S. I. and Mike-Anosike E. E.
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Abstract
This research focuses on isolation and screening of linamarase producing microorganisms for detoxification of cyanide in cassava tubers. Linamarase is the enzyme that breaks down the toxic substance, linamarin (cyanogenic glucoside) in cassava. A total of six microorganisms were isolated and screened. Out of the six isolates, two were able to grow in a medium containing potassium cyanide (KCN) solution (800 ppm) namely Priestia flexa and Pichia kudriavzevii. These were the isolates that gave optical density (OD) readings ≥0.4 after 2 days of incubation. In conclusion, this research provides a useful information on the choice of these microorganisms for linamarase production for detoxification of cyanide in cassava tubers
Dynamics of fungi associated with storage of dried fermented cocoa beans varieties in Nigeria
Fungi associated with seed coats and nibs of dried fermented F3 Amazon and CRIN Tc series cocoa beans varieties stored for 120 days at 29-34oC/RH 55-65% (low humidity condition) and 29-31oC/RH 85-95% (high humidity condition) were isolated and identified at 15-day intervals (till the end of storage) using standard methods. Percentage of occurrence of each of the isolated fungal species was also calculated. Yeasts (13.00-100.00%) and Rhizopus species (5.88-60.00%) were most consistently isolated throughout the storage period from both seed coats and nibs of the two cocoa varieties used in this study under high and low humidity storage conditions. Isolation of Fusarium spp. (4.45-37.50%) from the seed coats of F3 Amazon variety, began at the 15th day of storage, while that of Aspergillus spp. (7.69-19.28%) began on the 30th day on the seed coats of same variety under both storage conditions. Similar trend was noticed on the nibs of the same variety. The seed coats of Tc series cocoa beans also followed similar pattern. The conspicuous presence of yeasts, Fusarium spp., Rhizopus spp. and Aspergillus spp. on the seed coats and nibs of both F3 Amazon and Tc series cocoa beans varieties during both low and high humidity storage showed that the fungi were both internally and externally borne on the beans and could cause infections on the beans both during dry and wet seasons. Suitable measures therefore need to be taken at the critical storage periods for production of safer cocoa beans.
Authors: Ogundeji B. A.* Akintokun A. K. Akintokun P. O. Afolabi O. R. Ogundeji F. O. and Agbeniyi S. O.
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Abstract
Fungi associated with seed coats and nibs of dried fermented F3 Amazon and CRIN Tc series cocoa beans varieties stored for 120 days at 29-34oC/RH 55-65% (low humidity condition) and 29-31oC/RH 85-95% (high humidity condition) were isolated and identified at 15-day intervals (till the end of storage) using standard methods. Percentage of occurrence of each of the isolated fungal species was also calculated. Yeasts (13.00-100.00%) and Rhizopus species (5.88-60.00%) were most consistently isolated throughout the storage period from both seed coats and nibs of the two cocoa varieties used in this study under high and low humidity storage conditions. Isolation of Fusarium spp. (4.45-37.50%) from the seed coats of F3 Amazon variety, began at the 15th day of storage, while that of Aspergillus spp. (7.69-19.28%) began on the 30th day on the seed coats of same variety under both storage conditions. Similar trend was noticed on the nibs of the same variety. The seed coats of Tc series cocoa beans also followed similar pattern. The conspicuous presence of yeasts, Fusarium spp., Rhizopus spp. and Aspergillus spp. on the seed coats and nibs of both F3 Amazon and Tc series cocoa beans varieties during both low and high humidity storage showed that the fungi were both internally and externally borne on the beans and could cause infections on the beans both during dry and wet seasons. Suitable measures therefore need to be taken at the critical storage periods for production of safer cocoa beans.
The Effect of Aspartame on L-asparaginase Activity using Streptomyces species
L-asparaginase is the first therapeutic enzyme with antineoplastic properties that has been studied broadly by researchers and scientists far and wide. Aspartame is a methyl ester of aspartic acid and phenylalanine dipeptides. The aim of this research was to ascertain the effect of aspartame on L- asparaginase (enzyme) activities from marine water Isolate. Soil and water samples from lagoon and ocean were collected for the isolation of Streptomyces spp. Isolation was carried out by serial dilution and pour plate method. Pure culture of actinomycetes were obtained by using the streak plate method, Identification of isolated marine actinomycetes was carried out according to Bergy’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology. Production of L-asparaginase was carried out in Erlenmeyer flask containing Czapek Dox broth supplemented with L-asparaginase (1g/L), with one used as the control and the other with 0.5 g aspartame in it, as production medium for 7 days at 120 rpm and at 28 0C. Optical density (growth rate) were determined at 600 nm using the spectrophotometer. Aspartame had highest optical density of 0.3826 ± 0.0015 on day 7 of production and the least optical density of 0.094 ± 0.001 on initial day. L-asparaginase activity with aspartame was 25 ????mol/ml/min on day 7 and the control had activity value of 66.6666 ± 0.0524 . Conclusively, this study explains that aspartame did not support the production of L-asparaginase.
Authors: Dimowo C. G.* and Osazuwa N. I.
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Abstract
L-asparaginase is the first therapeutic enzyme with antineoplastic properties that has been studied broadly by researchers and scientists far and wide. Aspartame is a methyl ester of aspartic acid and phenylalanine dipeptides. The aim of this research was to ascertain the effect of aspartame on L- asparaginase (enzyme) activities from marine water Isolate. Soil and water samples from lagoon and ocean were collected for the isolation of Streptomyces spp. Isolation was carried out by serial dilution and pour plate method. Pure culture of actinomycetes were obtained by using the streak plate method, Identification of isolated marine actinomycetes was carried out according to Bergy’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology. Production of L-asparaginase was carried out in Erlenmeyer flask containing Czapek Dox broth supplemented with L-asparaginase (1g/L), with one used as the control and the other with 0.5 g aspartame in it, as production medium for 7 days at 120 rpm and at 28 0C. Optical density (growth rate) were determined at 600 nm using the spectrophotometer. Aspartame had highest optical density of 0.3826 ± 0.0015 on day 7 of production and the least optical density of 0.094 ± 0.001 on initial day. L-asparaginase activity with aspartame was 25 ????mol/ml/min on day 7 and the control had activity value of 66.6666 ± 0.0524 . Conclusively, this study explains that aspartame did not support the production of L-asparaginase.
Biostimulation of Hydrocarbon-Utilizing Bacteria in Soil Amended with Spent Engine Oil Using Citrullus lanatus and Citrus sinensis Peels Agro-Wastes
Soil contamination by spent engine oil from mechanical parts of machines is a growing concern in many countries. Biostimulation of contaminated soil with agro-waste like Citrullus lanatus (water melon) and Citrus sinensi (orange) peels offers an environmentally friendly and cost-effective method for remediating the contaminated soil. In this study, biostimualtion of 200g soil contaminated with 20 ml spent engine oil was enhanced using water melon peel (WP), orange peel (OP) and water melon and orange peels compost (WP+OP). This was undertaken for a period of 56 days under room condition. The result showed that the hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria (HUB) counts obtained from the nutrient-treated sample when compared with those from the oil-amended-untreated were statistically significant (P < 0.05). The presence of Micrococcus spp., Pseudomonas spp., Bacillus spp., Klebsiella spp. and Proteus spp. were detected after amendment with watermelon and orange peels agro-wastes from the contaminated soil. The result also showed that amendment with 40g orange peels had higher percentage degradation (75%) compared to the watermelon peels (56%). The half-life (t½) of the amended soil sample treated with combined agro-waste was observed to be 8.45 days as compared to 9 days and 10.66 days observed after individual treatments with orange and watermelon peels respectively. This study has proven that water melon and orange peel samples have stimulating potential in the biodegradation of spent engine oil from the contaminated soil. Keywords: Agro-wastes, biostimulation, contaminated soil, spent engine oil
Authors: Yusuf, K., and Yahaya, S
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Abstract
Soil contamination by spent engine oil from mechanical parts of machines is a growing concern in many countries. Biostimulation of contaminated soil with agro-waste like Citrullus lanatus (water melon) and Citrus sinensi (orange) peels offers an environmentally friendly and cost-effective method for remediating the contaminated soil. In this study, biostimualtion of 200g soil contaminated with 20 ml spent engine oil was enhanced using water melon peel (WP), orange peel (OP) and water melon and orange peels compost (WP+OP). This was undertaken for a period of 56 days under room condition. The result showed that the hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria (HUB) counts obtained from the nutrient-treated sample when compared with those from the oil-amended-untreated were statistically significant (P < 0.05). The presence of Micrococcus spp., Pseudomonas spp., Bacillus spp., Klebsiella spp. and Proteus spp. were detected after amendment with watermelon and orange peels agro-wastes from the contaminated soil. The result also showed that amendment with 40g orange peels had higher percentage degradation (75%) compared to the watermelon peels (56%). The half-life (t½) of the amended soil sample treated with combined agro-waste was observed to be 8.45 days as compared to 9 days and 10.66 days observed after individual treatments with orange and watermelon peels respectively. This study has proven that water melon and orange peel samples have stimulating potential in the biodegradation of spent engine oil from the contaminated soil. Keywords: Agro-wastes, biostimulation, contaminated soil, spent engine oil
Good Manufacturing Practices in the Food Industry
Good manufacturing practices (GMP) refers to an international set of regulations devised for implementation in the food and drug manufacturing industries to ensure safety of products. It requires documentation and periodic verification and it is enforced by the National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC) in Nigeria. The application of good manufacturing practices in a food industry is therefore very necessary for the production of safe food. Good manufacturing practice is a prerequisite program that involve basic operational conditions and procedures. They include, correct construction and layout of the food premises, adequate maintenance of equipment and machinery used in processing, effective pest control program, quality control of raw materials and ingredients, storage and delivery. They also involve procedures such as employee training and personal hygiene, cleaning and sanitation, record keeping, traceability and recall. Good manufacturing practice is a fundamental management tool that should be applied in every quality system
Authors: Ilyasu, U.S., Bala, J.D., Tauheed, F.L., Adabara, N.U., Auta, H.S. and Adedeji., A.S
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Abstract
Good manufacturing practices (GMP) refers to an international set of regulations devised for implementation in the food and drug manufacturing industries to ensure safety of products. It requires documentation and periodic verification and it is enforced by the National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC) in Nigeria. The application of good manufacturing practices in a food industry is therefore very necessary for the production of safe food. Good manufacturing practice is a prerequisite program that involve basic operational conditions and procedures. They include, correct construction and layout of the food premises, adequate maintenance of equipment and machinery used in processing, effective pest control program, quality control of raw materials and ingredients, storage and delivery. They also involve procedures such as employee training and personal hygiene, cleaning and sanitation, record keeping, traceability and recall. Good manufacturing practice is a fundamental management tool that should be applied in every quality system
Isolation and Molecular Identification of Novel Lipase Producing Bacterium from Cocoa Processing Plant Effluent in Igba, Ondo, Nigeria
Wastewater samples were collected from cocoa processing plant effluent in Ondo, Nigeria. Lipase-producing bacteria were isolated and screened from the effluent. Four bacterial isolates showed lipolytic activities and were assessed both qualitatively (agar plate cultures) using tributyrin agar and quantitatively (liquid cultures) using olive oil as sole carbon and energy source. The bacterium with the highest lipase activity was selected, identified by biochemical methods and using molecular techniques. The optimization of the production medium for maximum production and lipase activity were carried out. Lipase activity was assayed by a spectrophotometric method. The absorbance of p-Nitrophenol released was measured at 410 nm. The 16S rRNA gene sequencing confirmed the bacteria with the highest lipase activity to be Brevundimonas diminuta. Maximum enzyme production was obtained when the medium was incubated for 72 h (35.85± 0.5 U/ml) at temperature of 35°C and maintained at pH 7.5. Olive oil (with 30.00 ± 4.09 U/ml) and peptone (with 47.33 ± 1.26 U/ml) were found to be the most suitable substrate for maximum enzyme production. The organism also utilized the effluent (with 4.78 ± 0.16 U/ml) as carbon source. The study concluded that cocoa processing plant effluent contain substrate that makes it a renewable source for the production of microbial lipase.
Authors: Adedire, S. A., Awojobi, K.O., Agunbiade, J.O., Omojoyegbe R.T. and Adewale I.O.
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Abstract
Wastewater samples were collected from cocoa processing plant effluent in Ondo, Nigeria. Lipase-producing bacteria were isolated and screened from the effluent. Four bacterial isolates showed lipolytic activities and were assessed both qualitatively (agar plate cultures) using tributyrin agar and quantitatively (liquid cultures) using olive oil as sole carbon and energy source. The bacterium with the highest lipase activity was selected, identified by biochemical methods and using molecular techniques. The optimization of the production medium for maximum production and lipase activity were carried out. Lipase activity was assayed by a spectrophotometric method. The absorbance of p-Nitrophenol released was measured at 410 nm. The 16S rRNA gene sequencing confirmed the bacteria with the highest lipase activity to be Brevundimonas diminuta. Maximum enzyme production was obtained when the medium was incubated for 72 h (35.85± 0.5 U/ml) at temperature of 35°C and maintained at pH 7.5. Olive oil (with 30.00 ± 4.09 U/ml) and peptone (with 47.33 ± 1.26 U/ml) were found to be the most suitable substrate for maximum enzyme production. The organism also utilized the effluent (with 4.78 ± 0.16 U/ml) as carbon source. The study concluded that cocoa processing plant effluent contain substrate that makes it a renewable source for the production of microbial lipase.
Antibacterial Effect of Allium sativum (Garlic) and Zingiber officinale (Ginger) Extracts against Antibiotic Resistant Organisms Isolated from Chicken Abattoir
Gradually human race is progressing to the era of using plant derived medication such as phytomedicines to treat, prevent infectious diseases and solve problem of resistant strains. Several plants possess some biomolecules that could be antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, plant extract that performs preventive and therapeutic roles through modulation of biological activities. However, Allium sativum and Zingiber officinale plants can be employed for this purpose. This study was carried out to investigate the in vitro antibacterial activity of aqueous extract of garlic cloves and ginger rhizomes on resistant isolates from chicken abattoir. Isolation of resistant organism from chicken dressing water and slaughter equipment was done using spread plate and streaking methods. The recovered isolates were exposed to a panel of eight antibiotics using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique. The identity of the resistant strains was done using standard biochemical and molecular techniques. Disc and agar well diffusion method were used to test antimicrobial efficacy of aqueous extracts of garlic cloves and ginger rhizomes resistant isolates. E. coli (90%) was the predominant organism isolated while Vibrio spp (50%), Salmonella spp (50%), Shewanella spp (30%), Klebsiella spp (20%), Aeromonas spp (20%), and Providencia spp (10%) with high percentage of multiple antibiotic resistance of 87.5% above. Maximum zone of inhibition at 0.1 concentrations is 8mm-18mm for ginger and 10mm-16mm for garlic on resistant organism tested. In conclusion, ginger and garlic have active metabolites that possess antimicrobials capacity against resistant organisms associated with chicken slaughtering and its dressing water. Therefore, it is advisable to include ginger and garlic to cooking of chicken to serve as both spices to cooking chicken and therapeutic to infections caused by resistant strains associated with chicken.
Authors: Olaitan, J. O., Ozabor, P. T., Akinde, S. B., Oluwajide, O. O., Oyetunji, F. T. and Arogundade, N. O
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Abstract
Gradually human race is progressing to the era of using plant derived medication such as phytomedicines to treat, prevent infectious diseases and solve problem of resistant strains. Several plants possess some biomolecules that could be antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, plant extract that performs preventive and therapeutic roles through modulation of biological activities. However, Allium sativum and Zingiber officinale plants can be employed for this purpose. This study was carried out to investigate the in vitro antibacterial activity of aqueous extract of garlic cloves and ginger rhizomes on resistant isolates from chicken abattoir. Isolation of resistant organism from chicken dressing water and slaughter equipment was done using spread plate and streaking methods. The recovered isolates were exposed to a panel of eight antibiotics using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique. The identity of the resistant strains was done using standard biochemical and molecular techniques. Disc and agar well diffusion method were used to test antimicrobial efficacy of aqueous extracts of garlic cloves and ginger rhizomes resistant isolates. E. coli (90%) was the predominant organism isolated while Vibrio spp (50%), Salmonella spp (50%), Shewanella spp (30%), Klebsiella spp (20%), Aeromonas spp (20%), and Providencia spp (10%) with high percentage of multiple antibiotic resistance of 87.5% above. Maximum zone of inhibition at 0.1 concentrations is 8mm-18mm for ginger and 10mm-16mm for garlic on resistant organism tested. In conclusion, ginger and garlic have active metabolites that possess antimicrobials capacity against resistant organisms associated with chicken slaughtering and its dressing water. Therefore, it is advisable to include ginger and garlic to cooking of chicken to serve as both spices to cooking chicken and therapeutic to infections caused by resistant strains associated with chicken.
Production, Microbiological and Proximate Analysis of Akamu Produced from different Varieties of Maize
Akamu, is produced by spontaneous fermentation of maize grains by mixed microbial activities. It is consumed by adults and children as breakfast meals and also serves as a weaning diet especially for the low income earners. This work aimed at producing akamu from White and Yellow maize grains determining the effect of processing methods (Changed and unchanged steep water) on the nutrient status of the akamu. White and yellow varieties of maize grains purchased from local sellers at Ubani Main Market, Umuahia, Abia State were sorted, washed and steeped in rain water in two sets for spontaneous fermentation for 48 hrs. For one set, the steep water was not changed throughout the period of fermentation while for the other set, the steep water was changed every 24 hrs. 1ml of the steep water from each set-up was serially diluted every 24 hrs and 0.1 ml aliquots of appropriate dilution was inoculated by spread plate method on suitable media. Plates for the isolation of bacteria were incubated at at 35oC for 24 hrs while the plates for isolation of fungi were incubated at 22oC for 5 days. The isolates were characterized and identified using standard procedures. The pH, Titratable acidity and temperature were also determined every 24 hrs. The proximate composition namely moisture, crude protein, crude fat, crude fibre, ash and carbohydrate were determined using standard methods. The bacterial isolates are Lactobacillus species, L. plantarum, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aurues while the fungal isolates include Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Mucor alternaria and Aspergillus flavus. At the end of the fermentation, only the bacteria: Lactobacillus species, L. plantarum, Bacillus subtilis and the yeast: Saccharomyces cerevisiae were isolated from the akamu. The crude protein (9.25 and 9.23), carbohydrate (75.30 and 74.80) and fibre (3.15 and 3.22) of the akamu produced from the unchanged water samples were significantly higher than those from the changed water samples for both yellow and white maize samples respectively. This research shows that akamu produced from unchanged steep water has higher carbohydrate, protein and fibre contents than that made from changed steep water. It’s also higher in acidity than its counterpart. No significant difference in the microbial and proximate composition of akamu was recorded between the two varieties of maize used.
Authors: Obi, C. N. and Okoronkwo, W. O.
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Abstract
Akamu, is produced by spontaneous fermentation of maize grains by mixed microbial activities. It is consumed by adults and children as breakfast meals and also serves as a weaning diet especially for the low income earners. This work aimed at producing akamu from White and Yellow maize grains determining the effect of processing methods (Changed and unchanged steep water) on the nutrient status of the akamu. White and yellow varieties of maize grains purchased from local sellers at Ubani Main Market, Umuahia, Abia State were sorted, washed and steeped in rain water in two sets for spontaneous fermentation for 48 hrs. For one set, the steep water was not changed throughout the period of fermentation while for the other set, the steep water was changed every 24 hrs. 1ml of the steep water from each set-up was serially diluted every 24 hrs and 0.1 ml aliquots of appropriate dilution was inoculated by spread plate method on suitable media. Plates for the isolation of bacteria were incubated at at 35oC for 24 hrs while the plates for isolation of fungi were incubated at 22oC for 5 days. The isolates were characterized and identified using standard procedures. The pH, Titratable acidity and temperature were also determined every 24 hrs. The proximate composition namely moisture, crude protein, crude fat, crude fibre, ash and carbohydrate were determined using standard methods. The bacterial isolates are Lactobacillus species, L. plantarum, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aurues while the fungal isolates include Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Mucor alternaria and Aspergillus flavus. At the end of the fermentation, only the bacteria: Lactobacillus species, L. plantarum, Bacillus subtilis and the yeast: Saccharomyces cerevisiae were isolated from the akamu. The crude protein (9.25 and 9.23), carbohydrate (75.30 and 74.80) and fibre (3.15 and 3.22) of the akamu produced from the unchanged water samples were significantly higher than those from the changed water samples for both yellow and white maize samples respectively. This research shows that akamu produced from unchanged steep water has higher carbohydrate, protein and fibre contents than that made from changed steep water. It’s also higher in acidity than its counterpart. No significant difference in the microbial and proximate composition of akamu was recorded between the two varieties of maize used.
Detection of Virulence Determinants and Antibiogram of Bacteria Isolated from Semibatch Digesters Treating Animal Manure
One of the drawbacks of land application of digestate is the possibility to contaminate the environment with potentially pathogenic, virulent and antibiotic resistant bacteria. The present study examined specifically the occurrence of virulence markers, haemolytic patterns and antibiotic susceptibility profiles of putative bacterial pathogens encountered during anaerobic digestion of manure before possible land application. Digestates collected from lab-scale semi-batch type anaerobic digesters were evaluated for the detection and occurrence of virulent and antibiotic resistant bacterial pathogens using standard microbiological methods. A total of 75 bacterial isolates were identified from poultry and goat manure samples, which belonged to 10 genera consisting of 40 (53.3 %) gram-positive bacteria (GPB) and 35 (46.7 %) gram-negative bacteria (GNB). Out of the 75 bacterial isolates from both samples, Clostridium sp, B. subtilis and E. coli had the highest frequency of occurrence 10 (13.3 %) each, closely followed by Staphylococcus epidermidis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa 8 (10.6 %) each, Staphylococcus aureus 7(9.33 %), Vibrio cholerae and Salmonella sp 6(8.00 %) each, while E. faecium and Shigella sp had the least frequency of occurrences 5(6.66 %) each. The percentage occurrence of virulence attributes among encountered isolates were: 54.7% lecithinase; 56.0% gelatinase; 42.6% caseinase, and 52.0% amylase while haemolysin production were 35.0%, 29.3% and 36% for α-, β- and γ- haemolysis respectively. Among them, Bacillus species and Pseudomonas aeruginosa exhibited more virulence determinants. The susceptibility pattern of GPB and GNB showed 100 % sensitivity to ciprofloxacin, however, GPB displayed varied level of 100 % sensitivity to a single antibiotics ranging from two (2) antibiotics in S. aureus to eight (8) antibiotics each in B. subtilis and Clostridium sp. The survival and persistence of potentially pathogenic and virulent bacteria with antibiotic resistance traits is of public health significance. Hence, the need for continuous monitoring and microbiological evaluation of anaerobic digestate is highly recommended before application on arable land
Authors: Ndubuisi-Nnaji, U. U., Ofon, U. A. Okon, M. U., Ekong, A. N. and Benson, E. E
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Abstract
One of the drawbacks of land application of digestate is the possibility to contaminate the environment with potentially pathogenic, virulent and antibiotic resistant bacteria. The present study examined specifically the occurrence of virulence markers, haemolytic patterns and antibiotic susceptibility profiles of putative bacterial pathogens encountered during anaerobic digestion of manure before possible land application. Digestates collected from lab-scale semi-batch type anaerobic digesters were evaluated for the detection and occurrence of virulent and antibiotic resistant bacterial pathogens using standard microbiological methods. A total of 75 bacterial isolates were identified from poultry and goat manure samples, which belonged to 10 genera consisting of 40 (53.3 %) gram-positive bacteria (GPB) and 35 (46.7 %) gram-negative bacteria (GNB). Out of the 75 bacterial isolates from both samples, Clostridium sp, B. subtilis and E. coli had the highest frequency of occurrence 10 (13.3 %) each, closely followed by Staphylococcus epidermidis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa 8 (10.6 %) each, Staphylococcus aureus 7(9.33 %), Vibrio cholerae and Salmonella sp 6(8.00 %) each, while E. faecium and Shigella sp had the least frequency of occurrences 5(6.66 %) each. The percentage occurrence of virulence attributes among encountered isolates were: 54.7% lecithinase; 56.0% gelatinase; 42.6% caseinase, and 52.0% amylase while haemolysin production were 35.0%, 29.3% and 36% for α-, β- and γ- haemolysis respectively. Among them, Bacillus species and Pseudomonas aeruginosa exhibited more virulence determinants. The susceptibility pattern of GPB and GNB showed 100 % sensitivity to ciprofloxacin, however, GPB displayed varied level of 100 % sensitivity to a single antibiotics ranging from two (2) antibiotics in S. aureus to eight (8) antibiotics each in B. subtilis and Clostridium sp. The survival and persistence of potentially pathogenic and virulent bacteria with antibiotic resistance traits is of public health significance. Hence, the need for continuous monitoring and microbiological evaluation of anaerobic digestate is highly recommended before application on arable land
Phenotypic Characterization of Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamases in Enterobacteriaceae from Disinfected Hospital Floors of a General Hospital in Ogun State, Nigeria
The relevance of environmental surfaces in the conservation and dissemination of Extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing bacteria in hospital setting is fast becoming undisputable. Hence, the need for hygiene checks to affirm their status. This study was aimed at examining antibiotic resistance (AR) and carriage of ESBL and AmpC beta-lactamases in Enterobacteriaceae isolated from selected hospital floors in a General hospital. Swab samples were taken from the phlebotomy, children, male surgical wards, theatre and a staff common room floors post cleaning and disinfection. Isolation and biochemical characterization were done according to conventional microbiological methods. The susceptibility of isolated organisms to antibiotics was determined using disc diffusion technique. Phenotypic screening for ESBL and AmpC was done using the double disc technique. A total of 131 isolates belonging to five genera of clinical importance were isolated. Klebsiella spp. was most recovered genera, and from phlebotomy. Antibiotic resistance ranged between 3.8% to ciprofloxacin and 87.7% to ampicillin. Three isolates (2 Klebsiella and 1 E. coli) from the phlebotomy were resistant to 9 out of 10 test antibiotics. Sixtyseven isolates in this study were multiple drug resistant (MDR) to at least three unrelated antibiotic classes. Extended spectrum-β-lactamase activity was detected in 32 (24.4%) of the total isolates. AmpC β-lactamase was not detected in any of the isolates. Eighty and sixty percent of sampled disinfected floors were found to be reservoir of multiple-drug resistant and ESBL-producing bacteria respectively. Such hygiene failure is a serious concern for public health.
Authors: Banjo, O. A., Adesetan, T.O., Thomas, B.T., Popoola, O.D. and Onifade, F.T
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Abstract
The relevance of environmental surfaces in the conservation and dissemination of Extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing bacteria in hospital setting is fast becoming undisputable. Hence, the need for hygiene checks to affirm their status. This study was aimed at examining antibiotic resistance (AR) and carriage of ESBL and AmpC beta-lactamases in Enterobacteriaceae isolated from selected hospital floors in a General hospital. Swab samples were taken from the phlebotomy, children, male surgical wards, theatre and a staff common room floors post cleaning and disinfection. Isolation and biochemical characterization were done according to conventional microbiological methods. The susceptibility of isolated organisms to antibiotics was determined using disc diffusion technique. Phenotypic screening for ESBL and AmpC was done using the double disc technique. A total of 131 isolates belonging to five genera of clinical importance were isolated. Klebsiella spp. was most recovered genera, and from phlebotomy. Antibiotic resistance ranged between 3.8% to ciprofloxacin and 87.7% to ampicillin. Three isolates (2 Klebsiella and 1 E. coli) from the phlebotomy were resistant to 9 out of 10 test antibiotics. Sixtyseven isolates in this study were multiple drug resistant (MDR) to at least three unrelated antibiotic classes. Extended spectrum-β-lactamase activity was detected in 32 (24.4%) of the total isolates. AmpC β-lactamase was not detected in any of the isolates. Eighty and sixty percent of sampled disinfected floors were found to be reservoir of multiple-drug resistant and ESBL-producing bacteria respectively. Such hygiene failure is a serious concern for public health.
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus: A Review on Basic and Clinical Features
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most well-known pathogens today. Despite recent declines in its prevalence in some areas, MRSA remains a significant clinical concern with a high rate of morbidity and death. As a result of antibiotic use in the clinic, methicillin-resistant S. aureus has arisen (MRSA). Throughout the last few decades, new MRSA clones have been discovered. Unlike traditional MRSA, which is only seen in hospitals, the new clones can spread throughout the community and infect people with no known risk factors. This pattern will continue to emerge as the MRSA reservoir in companion and food animals increases. The aim of this review was to conduct a literature evaluation of basic and clinical MRSA research, with an emphasis on epidemiology, evolution, and S. aureus virulence factors. The study goes on to explain how molecular techniques have been used to classify methicillin resistance determinants as well as their evolutionary history.
Authors: Mamman, G. P., Sadiq, M.U., Angulu, C. N., Angulu, S., Jesse, I. A. and Galadima, M
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Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most well-known pathogens today. Despite recent declines in its prevalence in some areas, MRSA remains a significant clinical concern with a high rate of morbidity and death. As a result of antibiotic use in the clinic, methicillin-resistant S. aureus has arisen (MRSA). Throughout the last few decades, new MRSA clones have been discovered. Unlike traditional MRSA, which is only seen in hospitals, the new clones can spread throughout the community and infect people with no known risk factors. This pattern will continue to emerge as the MRSA reservoir in companion and food animals increases. The aim of this review was to conduct a literature evaluation of basic and clinical MRSA research, with an emphasis on epidemiology, evolution, and S. aureus virulence factors. The study goes on to explain how molecular techniques have been used to classify methicillin resistance determinants as well as their evolutionary history.
Antibiotic Susceptibility Profile of Bacteria Isolated from Wound Sepsis Patients from Immanuel Hospital Eket, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria
Antibiotic Susceptibility Profile of Bacterial Isolated from Wound Sepsis Patients was study. The study aimed at assessing the antibiotic susceptibility of some bacteria isolated from wound sepsis of patients attending Immanuel General Hospital Eket. Random sampling technique was employed in this study. One hundred (100) wound swabs were obtained and cultured on Blood agar and MacConkey agar. Most Bacterial isolates from the wound were susceptible to most of the antibiotics with few of them being resistant. The prevalence of bacteria isolated from wound swabs were Staphylococcus aureus (42.8%), Escherichia coli (14.3%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (14.3%), Streptococcus pyogenes (11.4%), Klebsiella pneumoniae, (8.6%) and Proteus sp. (8.6%). The percentage susceptibility results showed that Staphylococcus aureus was highly susceptible to Rifampicin (96%), Streptomycin (92%) and Levofloxacin (88%). Streptococcus pyogenes, exhibited 100% susceptibility to Ciprofloxacin, Chloramphenicol and Levofloxacin but strongly resisted Amoxicillin (75%). Escherichia coli showed high susceptibility to Septrin (90%), Augmentin (90%), Tarivid (80%) and Nalidixic acid (70%). Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus spp. isolates were resistant to Ciprofloxacin, Gentamycin. Klebsiella pneumoniae showed resistance to Ciprofloxacin (75%), Augmentin (75%) and Streptomycin (62%). The demographic factor; sex, age, occupation, area of domicile of patients was associated with the occurrence of bacteria from the wound sepsis. The frequency of single and multiple drug resistance is highly alarming and is a growing threat to the control of infectious diseases globally.
Authors: Christopher, M. A., Nyoyoko, V. F., Ibanga, I. A., Owowo, E. E. and Peter, P. U.
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Abstract
Antibiotic Susceptibility Profile of Bacterial Isolated from Wound Sepsis Patients was study. The study aimed at assessing the antibiotic susceptibility of some bacteria isolated from wound sepsis of patients attending Immanuel General Hospital Eket. Random sampling technique was employed in this study. One hundred (100) wound swabs were obtained and cultured on Blood agar and MacConkey agar. Most Bacterial isolates from the wound were susceptible to most of the antibiotics with few of them being resistant. The prevalence of bacteria isolated from wound swabs were Staphylococcus aureus (42.8%), Escherichia coli (14.3%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (14.3%), Streptococcus pyogenes (11.4%), Klebsiella pneumoniae, (8.6%) and Proteus sp. (8.6%). The percentage susceptibility results showed that Staphylococcus aureus was highly susceptible to Rifampicin (96%), Streptomycin (92%) and Levofloxacin (88%). Streptococcus pyogenes, exhibited 100% susceptibility to Ciprofloxacin, Chloramphenicol and Levofloxacin but strongly resisted Amoxicillin (75%). Escherichia coli showed high susceptibility to Septrin (90%), Augmentin (90%), Tarivid (80%) and Nalidixic acid (70%). Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus spp. isolates were resistant to Ciprofloxacin, Gentamycin. Klebsiella pneumoniae showed resistance to Ciprofloxacin (75%), Augmentin (75%) and Streptomycin (62%). The demographic factor; sex, age, occupation, area of domicile of patients was associated with the occurrence of bacteria from the wound sepsis. The frequency of single and multiple drug resistance is highly alarming and is a growing threat to the control of infectious diseases globally.
Studies on Optimal Production of Keratinase by Bacillus cereus 35 Isolated from Feather Dump Sites in Enugu Metropolis, Enugu State, Nigeria
Chicken feathers are usually difficult to degrade due to their hard keratinous nature. Their inadequate methods of disposal have brought about environmental problems and loss of possible essential amino acids. Keratinases produced by bacteria including Bacillus spp. could be used to alleviate most of the disposal problems hence, the need to optimize the submerged fermentation process for maximum keratinase production from Bacillus cereus 35 was crucial. The Bacillus cereus 35 was isolated and identified previously using spread plate method and was subjected to various submerged fermentation process parameters assay for maximum keratinase production through one-factor-at-a-time method. The Bacillus cereus 35 keratinase was produced optimally with 1% inoculum concentration at 30ºC for 8 days in a fermentation medium of pH 8.0 containing 1% whole chicken feather and 0.1% casein as carbon and nitrogen sources. A higher keratinase yield (111.2%) was achieved after optimization when compared to the pre-optimization yield. The result indicates that the assessed fermentation parameters positively influenced the keratinase production by Bacillus cereus 35
Authors: Ezeme-Nwafor, A. C. and George-Okafor, U. O.
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Abstract
Chicken feathers are usually difficult to degrade due to their hard keratinous nature. Their inadequate methods of disposal have brought about environmental problems and loss of possible essential amino acids. Keratinases produced by bacteria including Bacillus spp. could be used to alleviate most of the disposal problems hence, the need to optimize the submerged fermentation process for maximum keratinase production from Bacillus cereus 35 was crucial. The Bacillus cereus 35 was isolated and identified previously using spread plate method and was subjected to various submerged fermentation process parameters assay for maximum keratinase production through one-factor-at-a-time method. The Bacillus cereus 35 keratinase was produced optimally with 1% inoculum concentration at 30ºC for 8 days in a fermentation medium of pH 8.0 containing 1% whole chicken feather and 0.1% casein as carbon and nitrogen sources. A higher keratinase yield (111.2%) was achieved after optimization when compared to the pre-optimization yield. The result indicates that the assessed fermentation parameters positively influenced the keratinase production by Bacillus cereus 35
Occurrence and Antibiotic Susceptibility of Aeromonas species from Piggery Farms in Ebonyi State, Nigeria
Aeromonas has been implicated as the most common bacterial disease in farm animals. In Ebonyi State, Nigeria, these infections and their adverse effects on public health have not been well investigated. The study detects the presence of Aeromonas species from Piggery Farms and determines the antibiotic resistance profile of the isolates. A total of 50 fresh Pig feacal samples were randomly collected from 25 different piggery farms in various parts of State. Bacterial detection was conducted using cultural methods and biochemical analysis. Susceptibility of the Aeromonas spp to antimicrobials was investigated using the Kirby−Bauer disk diffusion method. The study revealed that the microbial load ranges from 5.8±2.2x106 CFU/mL to 22.0±9.6x106 CFU/mL across the locations. The isolates showed 100% resistance to amoxicillin and cefuroxime followed by cefotaxine (90%), tobramycin (80%), ceftazidine (70%), meropenem (60%), The isolates are more susceptible to imipenem (90%), followed by cefepime (60%). All the isolates were resistant to at least three classes of antimicrobials, and had a multiple antibiotic resistance index score between 0.5 and 0.9. The study demonstrated that pig farms are potential public health threat as they are found to be contaminated with high bacterial load of Aeromonas spp which exhibited resistance to some of the life-saving antibiotics. The study advocates good management practices and successful control approaches to protect consumers and to minimize the risk of drug resistance.
Authors: Onuoha, S .C, Eronmosele, B. O., Okoh, F.N., Okafor, C. O., Onwere, C.C. and Ovia, K. N.
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Abstract
Aeromonas has been implicated as the most common bacterial disease in farm animals. In Ebonyi State, Nigeria, these infections and their adverse effects on public health have not been well investigated. The study detects the presence of Aeromonas species from Piggery Farms and determines the antibiotic resistance profile of the isolates. A total of 50 fresh Pig feacal samples were randomly collected from 25 different piggery farms in various parts of State. Bacterial detection was conducted using cultural methods and biochemical analysis. Susceptibility of the Aeromonas spp to antimicrobials was investigated using the Kirby−Bauer disk diffusion method. The study revealed that the microbial load ranges from 5.8±2.2x106 CFU/mL to 22.0±9.6x106 CFU/mL across the locations. The isolates showed 100% resistance to amoxicillin and cefuroxime followed by cefotaxine (90%), tobramycin (80%), ceftazidine (70%), meropenem (60%), The isolates are more susceptible to imipenem (90%), followed by cefepime (60%). All the isolates were resistant to at least three classes of antimicrobials, and had a multiple antibiotic resistance index score between 0.5 and 0.9. The study demonstrated that pig farms are potential public health threat as they are found to be contaminated with high bacterial load of Aeromonas spp which exhibited resistance to some of the life-saving antibiotics. The study advocates good management practices and successful control approaches to protect consumers and to minimize the risk of drug resistance.
Assessment of Lipolytic Activities of Bacteria Isolated from Palm Oil Processing Cottage Industries in Ekiti State, Nigeria
Palm oil industry is currently a world leader in the supply of oils and fats which constitutes one of the major sectors of the highest economic importance in Nigeria. This study investigates the lipolytic activity of microorganisms isolated from palm oil processing cottage industries in Ekiti State. Soil samples were taken from a depth of 10 – 15 cm in six different locations within Ekiti State, Nigeria. Microorganisms were isolated from the effluents and identified using standard microbiological techniques and molecular characterization. The microbial isolates were screened for lipase production using modified mineral salt medium in submerged fermentation. Lipase production by the isolates was assessed by halo zone of clearance on nutrient agar plates after incubation at 37oC for 24 hours. The strains of molecularly identified bacteria were Pseudomonas aeruginosa AE016853.1; P. syringae CP019871.1and P. putida JQ782512.1. From this study, the microorganisms (P. aeruginosa, P. syringae and P. putida) isolated from the selected palm oil processing sites display high potential of lipase production. The lipase produced from the Pseudomonas aeruginosa exhibited high lypolytic activities. The POMEs could serve as source of bacteria for the production of lipases of commercial uses
Authors: Ibiyemi, M. F. and Arotupin, D. J
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Abstract
Palm oil industry is currently a world leader in the supply of oils and fats which constitutes one of the major sectors of the highest economic importance in Nigeria. This study investigates the lipolytic activity of microorganisms isolated from palm oil processing cottage industries in Ekiti State. Soil samples were taken from a depth of 10 – 15 cm in six different locations within Ekiti State, Nigeria. Microorganisms were isolated from the effluents and identified using standard microbiological techniques and molecular characterization. The microbial isolates were screened for lipase production using modified mineral salt medium in submerged fermentation. Lipase production by the isolates was assessed by halo zone of clearance on nutrient agar plates after incubation at 37oC for 24 hours. The strains of molecularly identified bacteria were Pseudomonas aeruginosa AE016853.1; P. syringae CP019871.1and P. putida JQ782512.1. From this study, the microorganisms (P. aeruginosa, P. syringae and P. putida) isolated from the selected palm oil processing sites display high potential of lipase production. The lipase produced from the Pseudomonas aeruginosa exhibited high lypolytic activities. The POMEs could serve as source of bacteria for the production of lipases of commercial uses
Effects of Petroleum Pollution and the Remediation Attempts in Ogoniland, Rivers State, Nigeria: A Review
Ogoniland has been suffering from severe environmental devastation occasioned by petroleum pollution since the discovery and exploitation for over five decades. This has brought ill-health and untold hardship to the Ogoni people as the farmlands and water were destroyed. The situation is exacerbated by the uncertainties hanging around hope of complete clean-up and prevention of further spills with consequent public health risks implications. The overall effect has been worsened due to neglect by the stakeholders and relevant authorities. This enormous environmental devastation provoked the Ogoni youths into violent protest and clashes with the security agents which led to the stoppage of activities by Shell Petroleum Development Company (SPDC) in 1992. The situation compelled the relevant authorities to seek a way of attending to the massive environmental devastation in Ogoniland. In Ogoni environments, soil and water are still severely polluted despite several claims of clean-up. Large volume of this pollution occurs as a result of human error with abandoned dilapidated flow stations/oil transport lines, illegal drilling/refining of crude oil and deliberate destruction of oil transport lines. There is deployment of inappropriate remediation strategies and abandoning without the needed monitoring. This review reevaluates the cumulative impacts of crude oil pollution on the Ogoni environments and the people, different clean-up attempts, strategies and the present state of the environment. Generally, work progress at the remediation sites has been judged to be very slow. However, excavation of the affected soil, subsequent transfer to the bio-cell treatment sites and backfilling of treated soil is ongoing at the moment. Therefore, it is hope that the present remediation strategy will completely clean-up Ogoni environments of crude oil pollution, restore life and hope to Ogoni people while appropriate measures are put in place to prevent further oil spills in Ogoniland
Authors: Ezugwu, B.U., Bala, J.D., Abioye, O.P. and Oyewole, O.A
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Abstract
Ogoniland has been suffering from severe environmental devastation occasioned by petroleum pollution since the discovery and exploitation for over five decades. This has brought ill-health and untold hardship to the Ogoni people as the farmlands and water were destroyed. The situation is exacerbated by the uncertainties hanging around hope of complete clean-up and prevention of further spills with consequent public health risks implications. The overall effect has been worsened due to neglect by the stakeholders and relevant authorities. This enormous environmental devastation provoked the Ogoni youths into violent protest and clashes with the security agents which led to the stoppage of activities by Shell Petroleum Development Company (SPDC) in 1992. The situation compelled the relevant authorities to seek a way of attending to the massive environmental devastation in Ogoniland. In Ogoni environments, soil and water are still severely polluted despite several claims of clean-up. Large volume of this pollution occurs as a result of human error with abandoned dilapidated flow stations/oil transport lines, illegal drilling/refining of crude oil and deliberate destruction of oil transport lines. There is deployment of inappropriate remediation strategies and abandoning without the needed monitoring. This review reevaluates the cumulative impacts of crude oil pollution on the Ogoni environments and the people, different clean-up attempts, strategies and the present state of the environment. Generally, work progress at the remediation sites has been judged to be very slow. However, excavation of the affected soil, subsequent transfer to the bio-cell treatment sites and backfilling of treated soil is ongoing at the moment. Therefore, it is hope that the present remediation strategy will completely clean-up Ogoni environments of crude oil pollution, restore life and hope to Ogoni people while appropriate measures are put in place to prevent further oil spills in Ogoniland
Biosorption of Crystal Violet Dye Solution by Aspergillus striatus, Bacillus megaterium, Chlorella vulgaris and Fusarium equiseti
Crystal violet is a synthetic triphenylmethane dye that serves as a biological stain which can also be used in dyeing textile materials. It is toxic and remains in the environment for longer periods, as such needs to be treated before discharge. This study was carried out to assess the biosorption potentials of Aspergillus striatus, Bacillus megaterium, Chlorella vulgaris and Fusarium equiseti on crystal violet dye. This was achieved through inoculation of pure cultures of the organisms into the dye solution. The highest percentage biosorption for all the test organisms was obtained at 24 hours after inoculation, with Fusarium equiseti recording 94.7%, Aspergillus striatus, 89.5%, Chlorella vulgaris, 77.1% and Bacillus megaterium, 68.8%. The results indicated no significant difference in dye removal among the four species with Fusarium equiseti having the highest biosorption potential and Bacillus megaterium the least. A multilayer biosorption pattern was predicted as the biosorption process fitted with the Freundlich's isotherm. To avoid further environmental contamination more eco-friendly strategies for generating dye-degrading organisms that can detoxify dyes should be introduced
Authors: Sani, Z.M., Garba, I., Maigari, A.K., Umar, S.A., Kabir, A. and Bala, I.
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Abstract
Crystal violet is a synthetic triphenylmethane dye that serves as a biological stain which can also be used in dyeing textile materials. It is toxic and remains in the environment for longer periods, as such needs to be treated before discharge. This study was carried out to assess the biosorption potentials of Aspergillus striatus, Bacillus megaterium, Chlorella vulgaris and Fusarium equiseti on crystal violet dye. This was achieved through inoculation of pure cultures of the organisms into the dye solution. The highest percentage biosorption for all the test organisms was obtained at 24 hours after inoculation, with Fusarium equiseti recording 94.7%, Aspergillus striatus, 89.5%, Chlorella vulgaris, 77.1% and Bacillus megaterium, 68.8%. The results indicated no significant difference in dye removal among the four species with Fusarium equiseti having the highest biosorption potential and Bacillus megaterium the least. A multilayer biosorption pattern was predicted as the biosorption process fitted with the Freundlich's isotherm. To avoid further environmental contamination more eco-friendly strategies for generating dye-degrading organisms that can detoxify dyes should be introduced
Mycoremediation of Spent Lubricating Oil Contaminated Soil Using Pleurotus ostreatus
This study was conducted to evaluate the remediation capability of Pleurotus ostreatus on spent lubricating oil polluted soil. Twenty percent (v/w) lubricating oil was spiked into 100 g of garden soil, inoculated with P. ostreatus pre-grown with sawdust as a substrate. The changes in pH, moisture content, total petroleum hydrocarbon, percentage total organic carbon, nitrate and phosphate concentrations were monitored biweekly for 84 days. Results obtained showed an increase of pH from 6.21 to 6.79. Total petroleum hydrocarbon concentration reduced by 72.5% from 2892.10mg/kg at day 1 to 796.66mg/kg at day 84. The percentage TOC increased by 73.3% from 3.16% to 5.467% while there was decrease in moisture content from 24.81% to 10.80% (56.5% reduction). There was 62% decrease in the concentration of phosphate from 18.80mg/kg to 7.14mg/kg while 5.4% decrease in nitrate concentration from 89.48mg/kg to 84.68mg/kg was observed. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed an overall significant difference between the concentration changes over time at 95% confidence interval. The results of this study proved the capability of P. ostreatus as an effective remediation tool for the recovery of hydrocarbon impacted soil.
Authors: Maduwuba, M. C
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Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the remediation capability of Pleurotus ostreatus on spent lubricating oil polluted soil. Twenty percent (v/w) lubricating oil was spiked into 100 g of garden soil, inoculated with P. ostreatus pre-grown with sawdust as a substrate. The changes in pH, moisture content, total petroleum hydrocarbon, percentage total organic carbon, nitrate and phosphate concentrations were monitored biweekly for 84 days. Results obtained showed an increase of pH from 6.21 to 6.79. Total petroleum hydrocarbon concentration reduced by 72.5% from 2892.10mg/kg at day 1 to 796.66mg/kg at day 84. The percentage TOC increased by 73.3% from 3.16% to 5.467% while there was decrease in moisture content from 24.81% to 10.80% (56.5% reduction). There was 62% decrease in the concentration of phosphate from 18.80mg/kg to 7.14mg/kg while 5.4% decrease in nitrate concentration from 89.48mg/kg to 84.68mg/kg was observed. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed an overall significant difference between the concentration changes over time at 95% confidence interval. The results of this study proved the capability of P. ostreatus as an effective remediation tool for the recovery of hydrocarbon impacted soil.
Phytochemical Profile and Antibacterial Activity of Clove (Syzgium aromaticum) Methanol Extract Against some Food-borne Pathogens
The Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) is an ideal substitute of chemical food preservatives in addition to its pharmacological advantages. The study was aimed to investigate the phytochemical constituents and antibacterial activity of Clove (S. aromaticum) methanol extracts against some food-borne pathogens. Methanol extracts from S. aromaticum buds were prepared, screened for phytochemical constituents and tested for antibacterial activity against four bacterial foodborne pathogens namely Enterobacter spp, Salmonella spp, Escherichia coli, and S. aureus. Phytochemical screening of the methanol extract of S. aromatic revealed the presence of Alkaloids, saponins, tannins, Carbohydrates, glycosides, flavonoids, Anthraquinones and terpenoids. The Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometer (LCMS) analysis revealed the presence of important metabolites (Neoglucobiase, Chlorogenic acid, Nomilin, Ergosterol and Quassin). Based on the susceptibility of the organisms to the extracts, there was significant difference on the susceptibility of the organisms against the extracts at p < 0.05. Enterobacter spp was found to be the most susceptible organism with an average zone of 22.50±0.41mm, followed by staphylococcus aureus (17.00±0.82 mm), E. coli (8.50±0.41mm), while salmonella spp (6.00±0.00mm) was resistant. The MIC and MBC values of the extracts ranges from 62.5 to 250 µg/ml. These identified metabolites could be responsible for the antibacterial potential observed. Therefore in addition to its role as food additives, Clove (S. aromaticum) can be very useful in drug management against many food-borne pathogens
Authors: Usman, R. A. and Bashir, M.
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Abstract
The Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) is an ideal substitute of chemical food preservatives in addition to its pharmacological advantages. The study was aimed to investigate the phytochemical constituents and antibacterial activity of Clove (S. aromaticum) methanol extracts against some food-borne pathogens. Methanol extracts from S. aromaticum buds were prepared, screened for phytochemical constituents and tested for antibacterial activity against four bacterial foodborne pathogens namely Enterobacter spp, Salmonella spp, Escherichia coli, and S. aureus. Phytochemical screening of the methanol extract of S. aromatic revealed the presence of Alkaloids, saponins, tannins, Carbohydrates, glycosides, flavonoids, Anthraquinones and terpenoids. The Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometer (LCMS) analysis revealed the presence of important metabolites (Neoglucobiase, Chlorogenic acid, Nomilin, Ergosterol and Quassin). Based on the susceptibility of the organisms to the extracts, there was significant difference on the susceptibility of the organisms against the extracts at p < 0.05. Enterobacter spp was found to be the most susceptible organism with an average zone of 22.50±0.41mm, followed by staphylococcus aureus (17.00±0.82 mm), E. coli (8.50±0.41mm), while salmonella spp (6.00±0.00mm) was resistant. The MIC and MBC values of the extracts ranges from 62.5 to 250 µg/ml. These identified metabolites could be responsible for the antibacterial potential observed. Therefore in addition to its role as food additives, Clove (S. aromaticum) can be very useful in drug management against many food-borne pathogens
Antibacterial Activity of Black Soap (Sabulun Salo) against Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Coagulase Negative Staphylococi (CoNS) Isolated from Skin and Soft Tissue Infections
Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Coagulase negative Staphylococci (CoNS) especially Staphylococcus epidermidis cause skin and soft tissue infections that are often challenging to treat. This study determines the antibacterial activity of locally made black soap on MRSA and CoNS isolated from skin and soft tissue infections. Two hundred (200) swab samples were collected from patients with skin/wound infections. Staphylococcus aureus and CoNS were isolated and identified using standard microbiological tests. MRSA was detected phenotypically using 30µg Cefoxitin discs. Also MecA and blaZ genes were detected from some of the samples using Polymarase Chain Reaction (PCR). Susceptibility of the isolated organisms to locally made black soap was determined using agar well diffusion method. The results revealed that 16% of the samples were identified as MSSA, 6% were MRSA and 10% were S. epidermidis. The highest prevalence of S. epidermidis of 24.3% and 17.6% was recorded from surgical and diabetic wounds. The result revealed that patients aged 50-59 and 20-29 years had the highest prevalence of MRSA with 50% each (P=0.134). Whereas the highest prevalence of S. epidermidis of 60% was recorded among patients aged 50-59 years. There was a slightly higher prevalence of MRSA in female patients (28.6%) compared to male patients (27.2%) (P=0.100) and a higher prevalence of S. epidermidis among males (37.8%) than among females (22.2%). The study revealed that black soap had antibacterial activity both on MRSA and S. epidermidis at all concentrations tested, with higher activity of 18mm and 17.55mm zone of inhibitions against MRSA and S. epidermidis at 50% concentration respectively. The study recommends further studies on the safety of using Black soap against wound infections
Authors: Yakubu, H., Aminu, B.M. and Aminu, A.I.
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Abstract
Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Coagulase negative Staphylococci (CoNS) especially Staphylococcus epidermidis cause skin and soft tissue infections that are often challenging to treat. This study determines the antibacterial activity of locally made black soap on MRSA and CoNS isolated from skin and soft tissue infections. Two hundred (200) swab samples were collected from patients with skin/wound infections. Staphylococcus aureus and CoNS were isolated and identified using standard microbiological tests. MRSA was detected phenotypically using 30µg Cefoxitin discs. Also MecA and blaZ genes were detected from some of the samples using Polymarase Chain Reaction (PCR). Susceptibility of the isolated organisms to locally made black soap was determined using agar well diffusion method. The results revealed that 16% of the samples were identified as MSSA, 6% were MRSA and 10% were S. epidermidis. The highest prevalence of S. epidermidis of 24.3% and 17.6% was recorded from surgical and diabetic wounds. The result revealed that patients aged 50-59 and 20-29 years had the highest prevalence of MRSA with 50% each (P=0.134). Whereas the highest prevalence of S. epidermidis of 60% was recorded among patients aged 50-59 years. There was a slightly higher prevalence of MRSA in female patients (28.6%) compared to male patients (27.2%) (P=0.100) and a higher prevalence of S. epidermidis among males (37.8%) than among females (22.2%). The study revealed that black soap had antibacterial activity both on MRSA and S. epidermidis at all concentrations tested, with higher activity of 18mm and 17.55mm zone of inhibitions against MRSA and S. epidermidis at 50% concentration respectively. The study recommends further studies on the safety of using Black soap against wound infections
Antagonistic Activity of Partially Purified Bacteriocins Produced by Lactobacillus species Isolated from Nono (Fermented Milk)
Lactobacilli, a genera belonging to Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are widely applied in fields related to food, feed, pharmaceuticals and biotechnology. The present study was aimed at isolating bacteriocin producing Lactobacillus species from ‘Nono’. The samples were screened for the presence of Lactobacillus spp based on routine cultural characteristics, general morphological, biochemical tests and phenotypically using the API 50CHL technique. The LAB were screened by inoculating into MRS broth for 48 hours for bacteriocin production. The crude bacteriocins were evaluated for in vitro antagonistic activity by agar well diffusion method against foodborne pathogens. The extracted crude bacteriocins were partially purified using 80% cold- acetone saturation. Bacteriocins’ activity (arbitrary unit per ml/AU/mL) as well as stability towards varying temperatures, pH and effect of proteolytic enzymes on the partially purified bacteriocins were determined using standard procedures. The results revealed that Lactobacillus plantarum 1, Lactobacillus fermentum 1 and Lactobacillus pentosus were isolated from nono. The extracted bacteriocins exhibited a broad spectrum of activity against S.aureus (18.3+0.6mm) and E.coli (20+0.8mm). The partially purified bacteriocins were heat stable at temperature range of (40oC- 100oC) (6400-200 AU/ml). They were also stable at pH range of 2-6 (12800-200 AU/mL). The bacteriocins were sensitive to proteolytic enzymes such as chymotrypsin and proteinase K, but not sensitive to catalase and α-amylase which served as the control enzymes. This further confirms the proteinaceous nature of bacteriocins. Bacteriocin of Lactobacillus pentosus exhibited the highest activity against the tested isolates. The result of this research indicates that bacteriocins could be used in controlling contamination causing microorganisms as well as an alternative to the use of chemical preservatives as food additives.
Authors: Usman, R. A., Taura, D.W. and Bukar, A.
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Abstract
Lactobacilli, a genera belonging to Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are widely applied in fields related to food, feed, pharmaceuticals and biotechnology. The present study was aimed at isolating bacteriocin producing Lactobacillus species from ‘Nono’. The samples were screened for the presence of Lactobacillus spp based on routine cultural characteristics, general morphological, biochemical tests and phenotypically using the API 50CHL technique. The LAB were screened by inoculating into MRS broth for 48 hours for bacteriocin production. The crude bacteriocins were evaluated for in vitro antagonistic activity by agar well diffusion method against foodborne pathogens. The extracted crude bacteriocins were partially purified using 80% cold- acetone saturation. Bacteriocins’ activity (arbitrary unit per ml/AU/mL) as well as stability towards varying temperatures, pH and effect of proteolytic enzymes on the partially purified bacteriocins were determined using standard procedures. The results revealed that Lactobacillus plantarum 1, Lactobacillus fermentum 1 and Lactobacillus pentosus were isolated from nono. The extracted bacteriocins exhibited a broad spectrum of activity against S.aureus (18.3+0.6mm) and E.coli (20+0.8mm). The partially purified bacteriocins were heat stable at temperature range of (40oC- 100oC) (6400-200 AU/ml). They were also stable at pH range of 2-6 (12800-200 AU/mL). The bacteriocins were sensitive to proteolytic enzymes such as chymotrypsin and proteinase K, but not sensitive to catalase and α-amylase which served as the control enzymes. This further confirms the proteinaceous nature of bacteriocins. Bacteriocin of Lactobacillus pentosus exhibited the highest activity against the tested isolates. The result of this research indicates that bacteriocins could be used in controlling contamination causing microorganisms as well as an alternative to the use of chemical preservatives as food additives.
Health Benefits of Dairy Products; Steps towards Improvement of Dairy Safety and Industrialization in Developing Countries: A Review
A Dairy product is a type of food obtained from milk of mammals (cow, sheep, goat and camel). Common dairy products include cheese, yogurt, and butter. Nutritional content of dairy include protein, vitamins, omega-3 fatty acid, calcium, potassium, phosphorus and magnesium. Dairy products are a quintessential constituent of proposed good nutrition in poor economies, and are an intrinsic aspect of milk production, preparation, and consumption. The different dairy products common to developing countries are Kariesh (Egypt), Ayib (Ethiopia), Gibna (Sudan), Nono (Nigeria), Wara (Nigeria) and Ghee (India). Microorganisms involved in fermentation of milk include Lactic acid bacteria (Enterococcus, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Oenococcus, Streptococcus, Vagococcus, and Weissella). Natural antimicrobial systems in milk, use of antimicrobial additives (using plant extracts or plant parts such as Olea europea (root) Lippia javanica (stem), or Olkingiri (stem) and heating, conventional production techniques such as fermentation (transform lactose (milk sugar) to lactic acid), and other variables all result in the processing and safeness of dairy products in underdeveloped regions. Pathogens of public health concern in the dairy products include Bacillus subtilis, Brucella abortus, Coxiella burnettii, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Mycobacterium bovis, and Staphylococcus aureus still persist in these developing countries. Weight management, improved gut health, digestion, healthy bone, muscle mass are health benefits of dairy consumption. Dairy farmers would require updated knowledge and basic training to prevent contamination of dairy such as hazard analysis and critical control points (HACCP) design, implementation of good hygienic practices (GHPs) and good agricultural practices (GAP)
Authors: Ibekie, A.S., Bala, J.D., Adabara, N.U., Friday, N.N., Abdullahi, D., Job, O.S. and Tsebam, C.J.
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Abstract
A Dairy product is a type of food obtained from milk of mammals (cow, sheep, goat and camel). Common dairy products include cheese, yogurt, and butter. Nutritional content of dairy include protein, vitamins, omega-3 fatty acid, calcium, potassium, phosphorus and magnesium. Dairy products are a quintessential constituent of proposed good nutrition in poor economies, and are an intrinsic aspect of milk production, preparation, and consumption. The different dairy products common to developing countries are Kariesh (Egypt), Ayib (Ethiopia), Gibna (Sudan), Nono (Nigeria), Wara (Nigeria) and Ghee (India). Microorganisms involved in fermentation of milk include Lactic acid bacteria (Enterococcus, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Oenococcus, Streptococcus, Vagococcus, and Weissella). Natural antimicrobial systems in milk, use of antimicrobial additives (using plant extracts or plant parts such as Olea europea (root) Lippia javanica (stem), or Olkingiri (stem) and heating, conventional production techniques such as fermentation (transform lactose (milk sugar) to lactic acid), and other variables all result in the processing and safeness of dairy products in underdeveloped regions. Pathogens of public health concern in the dairy products include Bacillus subtilis, Brucella abortus, Coxiella burnettii, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Mycobacterium bovis, and Staphylococcus aureus still persist in these developing countries. Weight management, improved gut health, digestion, healthy bone, muscle mass are health benefits of dairy consumption. Dairy farmers would require updated knowledge and basic training to prevent contamination of dairy such as hazard analysis and critical control points (HACCP) design, implementation of good hygienic practices (GHPs) and good agricultural practices (GAP)
Incidence and Antifungal Susceptibility Profile of Dermatophytes Associated with Superficial Lesions in Dogs and Cats in Abia State, Nigeria
Fungal infection occurs in dogs and cats which are companion to man. This study aimed at identifying the dermatophytes commonly associated with dogs and cats and their in vitro-antifungal susceptibility profile. Samples were collected from two pet animals (dogs and cats) in three local government areas of Abia State. A total of one hundred and fifty skin scrapings from suspected infected dogs (100) and cats (50) were screened. Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) was used for the culture and Needle Mount Technique was employed. Lactophenol Cotton Blue (LCB) was used for staining. Each of the fungal isolate was identified based on its colony characteristics, hyphal and conidial cells produced. The Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute Technique was used for sensitivity testing of the isolates. The most commonly isolated dermatophytes were Microsporum species (36%) and Trichophyton species (8.6%) which was significantly different among the cats and the dogs (P=0.05). Microsporum species were found to be 100% sensitive to terbinafine, fluconazole and aqusulfur, while Trichophyton species are more sensitive to terbinafine, fluconazole and tinidazole. Terbinafine, fluconazole and tinidazole are the most active drugs against Microsporum and Trichosporum spp and therefore recommended for use
Authors: Nwiyi, P.O., Ottah, B. and Ewere, S.
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Abstract
Fungal infection occurs in dogs and cats which are companion to man. This study aimed at identifying the dermatophytes commonly associated with dogs and cats and their in vitro-antifungal susceptibility profile. Samples were collected from two pet animals (dogs and cats) in three local government areas of Abia State. A total of one hundred and fifty skin scrapings from suspected infected dogs (100) and cats (50) were screened. Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) was used for the culture and Needle Mount Technique was employed. Lactophenol Cotton Blue (LCB) was used for staining. Each of the fungal isolate was identified based on its colony characteristics, hyphal and conidial cells produced. The Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute Technique was used for sensitivity testing of the isolates. The most commonly isolated dermatophytes were Microsporum species (36%) and Trichophyton species (8.6%) which was significantly different among the cats and the dogs (P=0.05). Microsporum species were found to be 100% sensitive to terbinafine, fluconazole and aqusulfur, while Trichophyton species are more sensitive to terbinafine, fluconazole and tinidazole. Terbinafine, fluconazole and tinidazole are the most active drugs against Microsporum and Trichosporum spp and therefore recommended for use
Antibacterial Activity and Characterization of Bioactive Compounds of Endophytic Fungi Isolated from Nipa Palm Leaves
Microbial bioactive compounds are biologically active microbial compounds that are synthesized from microorganisms which exhibit antimicrobial, antitumor, antiviral activities and so on. This study aimed at determining the antibacterial activity, quantification and characterisation of bioactive compounds in the methanolic extract of endophytic fungi isolated from Nipa palm (Nypa fructicans Wurmb.) leaves. Healthy leaves of Nipa palm were collected randomly from Gbalajam Mangrove Swamp in Port Harcourt, Rivers state, Nigeria. The leaves were washed, cut, surface sterilized and plated on acidified Potato dextrose agar for 5 days at 30oC. Fungal colonies were identified based on their morphological and microscopic characteristics. Bioactive compounds production was carried out by submerged fermentation of fungi at 30oC for 21days and extracted with methanol. Extracts were screened against some pathogenic bacteria using agar well diffusion assay at different concentrations. Molecular identification of isolate with maximum zone of inhibition was done using PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) and 18S rRNA sequencing. The bioactive compounds in its extract were characterised and quantified using GC-MS (Gas chromatography – Mass spectrometry) analysis. Seven endophytic fungi were isolated namely; Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp., Fusarium sp., Pestalotiopsis sp., Phomopsis sp., Nigrospora sp. andRhizopus sp. Methanolic extract of Aspergillus sp. that was identified as Aspergillus fumigatus KU350620.1 exhibited maximum zones of inhibition. Eight bioactive compounds were characterised and quantified from the extract. Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (C17H34O) at 30.823% peak area was identified as the most active compound in the extract. The results of this study showed that Nipa palm leaves – endophytic fungal extract have antibacterial potential against pathogenic bacteria and the bioactive compounds from the extract can be used for drug development, industrial, agricultural and other biotechnological purposes
Authors: Akinduyite,*A.E and Ariole, C.N
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Abstract
Microbial bioactive compounds are biologically active microbial compounds that are synthesized from microorganisms which exhibit antimicrobial, antitumor, antiviral activities and so on. This study aimed at determining the antibacterial activity, quantification and characterisation of bioactive compounds in the methanolic extract of endophytic fungi isolated from Nipa palm (Nypa fructicans Wurmb.) leaves. Healthy leaves of Nipa palm were collected randomly from Gbalajam Mangrove Swamp in Port Harcourt, Rivers state, Nigeria. The leaves were washed, cut, surface sterilized and plated on acidified Potato dextrose agar for 5 days at 30oC. Fungal colonies were identified based on their morphological and microscopic characteristics. Bioactive compounds production was carried out by submerged fermentation of fungi at 30oC for 21days and extracted with methanol. Extracts were screened against some pathogenic bacteria using agar well diffusion assay at different concentrations. Molecular identification of isolate with maximum zone of inhibition was done using PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) and 18S rRNA sequencing. The bioactive compounds in its extract were characterised and quantified using GC-MS (Gas chromatography – Mass spectrometry) analysis. Seven endophytic fungi were isolated namely; Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp., Fusarium sp., Pestalotiopsis sp., Phomopsis sp., Nigrospora sp. andRhizopus sp. Methanolic extract of Aspergillus sp. that was identified as Aspergillus fumigatus KU350620.1 exhibited maximum zones of inhibition. Eight bioactive compounds were characterised and quantified from the extract. Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (C17H34O) at 30.823% peak area was identified as the most active compound in the extract. The results of this study showed that Nipa palm leaves – endophytic fungal extract have antibacterial potential against pathogenic bacteria and the bioactive compounds from the extract can be used for drug development, industrial, agricultural and other biotechnological purposes
Assessment of the Bacterial and Fungal Load in Compost Manure made from Tannery Waste - Sawdust mix
The study aimed at enumerating bacteria and fungi in tannery waste, sawdust, soil as well as finished compost by using standard method. The bacterial isolates were species of Bacillus, Eschericia coli, Micrococcus, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Streptococcus, Staphylococcus and Aspergillus, Mucor, Tricophyton, Rhizopus, Penicillium, Fusarium, Paecilomyces, Candida and Saccharomyces. The frequencies of bacterial occurrence from the tannery waste (TW), sawdust (SD) and soil (SL) were 1.75 – 10.53%, 1.75 – 8.78% and 1.75 – 10.53% ranges respectively. Bacillus subtilis were most frequently encountered (26.32%) followed by P. aeruginosa (19.29%) and Streptococcus faecalis (17.54%). S. aureus and Enterococcus faecalis had the least of occurrence of (3.51%). Among the fungal isolates A. niger had the highest frequency of occurrence (22.22%) followed by A. flavus and P. chrysogenum with 19.05% each Tricophyton rubrum, Candida albicans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and S. cerevisiae occurred in TW, SD and SL, while C. albicans occurred in TW and SD only. At the mesophilic temperature of < 40 oC species of S. aureus, S. faecalis, P. aeruginosa, B. subtilis, M. luteus, P. mirabilis. A. niger, A. flavus, P. chrysogenum, S. cerevisiae and C. albicans predominated within 7 days of composting for both bacteria and fungi. The results obtained suggest that the bacteria and fungi associated with the production of compost from tannery waste and sawdust were mostly primary degraders of organic compounds, commonly found in the environment
Authors: Ahmadu, U.,* Kure, J. T., Mohammed, A., Jagaba, A. and IJah, U. J. J.
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Abstract
The study aimed at enumerating bacteria and fungi in tannery waste, sawdust, soil as well as finished compost by using standard method. The bacterial isolates were species of Bacillus, Eschericia coli, Micrococcus, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Streptococcus, Staphylococcus and Aspergillus, Mucor, Tricophyton, Rhizopus, Penicillium, Fusarium, Paecilomyces, Candida and Saccharomyces. The frequencies of bacterial occurrence from the tannery waste (TW), sawdust (SD) and soil (SL) were 1.75 – 10.53%, 1.75 – 8.78% and 1.75 – 10.53% ranges respectively. Bacillus subtilis were most frequently encountered (26.32%) followed by P. aeruginosa (19.29%) and Streptococcus faecalis (17.54%). S. aureus and Enterococcus faecalis had the least of occurrence of (3.51%). Among the fungal isolates A. niger had the highest frequency of occurrence (22.22%) followed by A. flavus and P. chrysogenum with 19.05% each Tricophyton rubrum, Candida albicans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and S. cerevisiae occurred in TW, SD and SL, while C. albicans occurred in TW and SD only. At the mesophilic temperature of < 40 oC species of S. aureus, S. faecalis, P. aeruginosa, B. subtilis, M. luteus, P. mirabilis. A. niger, A. flavus, P. chrysogenum, S. cerevisiae and C. albicans predominated within 7 days of composting for both bacteria and fungi. The results obtained suggest that the bacteria and fungi associated with the production of compost from tannery waste and sawdust were mostly primary degraders of organic compounds, commonly found in the environment
Seroprevalence of Herpes Simplex Virus Type-1 and 2 among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Care at Mile Four Hospital, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria
Herpes simplex virus type (HSV-1 and 2) infections are one of the major sexually transmitted infections among pregnant women worldwide. The aim of this study was to assess seroprevalence of herpes simplex virus type-1 and 2 among pregnant women attending antenatal care at mile four Hospital Abakaliki Nigeria. Blood samples were aseptically collected from 88 pregnant women who gave informed consent and completed a self-administered questionnaire. Blood samples were screened for HSV-1 and 2 specific IgG antibodies using an Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) test kit. The haematological indices were determined using Mythic 22 machine method. The Chi-square test was used to determine associations between seropositivity and socio-demographic variables. The overall prevalence of HVS types was 55(62.50%), thus 36(40.91%) were positive for HSV-1, 19(21.59%) for HSV-2 and 17(19.32%) for HSV 1 and 2 co-infected. The prevalence of HSV type 1 and 2 were observed to be higher among pregnant women within the age of 24-29, (18.18%);(11.36%), within their third trimester, (23.86%);(12.50%), and zero parity, (15.91%);(10.23%) respectively. There were no significant changes in the haematological parameters tested in all age groups except for the pack cell volume which was lower than the normal range as a result of the pregnancy. Statistical analysis showed that prevalence of HSV-1 and 2 were significantly associated with age, occupation, trimester, gravidity and parity (P≤ 0.05). This study observed the potential public health impact of HSV-1 and 2 and co-infection among pregnant women in Abakaliki Nigeria and especially considering the possible risk of congenital transmission, thus there is need for frequent educating the pregnant women about the danger of HSV.
Authors: Ugadu, I. O., Nwuzo, A. C., Ugbo, E. N., Njoku, O. M., Njoku, C. J. and Ayomoh, E. E.
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Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type (HSV-1 and 2) infections are one of the major sexually transmitted infections among pregnant women worldwide. The aim of this study was to assess seroprevalence of herpes simplex virus type-1 and 2 among pregnant women attending antenatal care at mile four Hospital Abakaliki Nigeria. Blood samples were aseptically collected from 88 pregnant women who gave informed consent and completed a self-administered questionnaire. Blood samples were screened for HSV-1 and 2 specific IgG antibodies using an Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) test kit. The haematological indices were determined using Mythic 22 machine method. The Chi-square test was used to determine associations between seropositivity and socio-demographic variables. The overall prevalence of HVS types was 55(62.50%), thus 36(40.91%) were positive for HSV-1, 19(21.59%) for HSV-2 and 17(19.32%) for HSV 1 and 2 co-infected. The prevalence of HSV type 1 and 2 were observed to be higher among pregnant women within the age of 24-29, (18.18%);(11.36%), within their third trimester, (23.86%);(12.50%), and zero parity, (15.91%);(10.23%) respectively. There were no significant changes in the haematological parameters tested in all age groups except for the pack cell volume which was lower than the normal range as a result of the pregnancy. Statistical analysis showed that prevalence of HSV-1 and 2 were significantly associated with age, occupation, trimester, gravidity and parity (P≤ 0.05). This study observed the potential public health impact of HSV-1 and 2 and co-infection among pregnant women in Abakaliki Nigeria and especially considering the possible risk of congenital transmission, thus there is need for frequent educating the pregnant women about the danger of HSV.
Genotypic Identification of Mycobacterium species in Suspected TB Patients at Damaturu Specialist Hospital, Yobe State, Nigeria
Pathogenic Mycobacterium species continue to be public health threat especially in developing countries like Nigeria. This study aimed to identify pathogenic Mycobacterium species in suspected human TB patients at Damaturu Specialist Hospital in Yobe State, Nigeria. A total of 391 sputum samples were examined and tested using standard methods and positive isolates were further subjected to SD-bioline Ag MPT64 test and molecular genotype MTBC for Mycobacterium species identification. The result revealed that 186 samples were positive and 133 (71.51%) were identified as M. tuberculosis, 51(27.42%) were identified as M. africanum and 2(1.17%) were identified as M. bovis. The study revealed that there was no significant difference (p>0.05) in the occurrence of Mycobacterium species among the studied subjects in relation to their gender. However, it is worth noting that 74M. tuberculosis, 30 M. africanum and 2M. bovis isolates were isolated from males while the remaining 59M. tuberculosis, 21M. africanum isolates were from females. The study highlighted the significance of tuberculosis in suspected TB patients and its public health implications and calls for prompt action towards controlling the disease in Damaturu Specialist Hospital, Yobe State and Nigeria in general
Authors: Abubakar, U. B., Usman, A. A., Surajo, M., Adamu, L., Lawson, L. and Abdulkadir, I. A.
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Abstract
Pathogenic Mycobacterium species continue to be public health threat especially in developing countries like Nigeria. This study aimed to identify pathogenic Mycobacterium species in suspected human TB patients at Damaturu Specialist Hospital in Yobe State, Nigeria. A total of 391 sputum samples were examined and tested using standard methods and positive isolates were further subjected to SD-bioline Ag MPT64 test and molecular genotype MTBC for Mycobacterium species identification. The result revealed that 186 samples were positive and 133 (71.51%) were identified as M. tuberculosis, 51(27.42%) were identified as M. africanum and 2(1.17%) were identified as M. bovis. The study revealed that there was no significant difference (p>0.05) in the occurrence of Mycobacterium species among the studied subjects in relation to their gender. However, it is worth noting that 74M. tuberculosis, 30 M. africanum and 2M. bovis isolates were isolated from males while the remaining 59M. tuberculosis, 21M. africanum isolates were from females. The study highlighted the significance of tuberculosis in suspected TB patients and its public health implications and calls for prompt action towards controlling the disease in Damaturu Specialist Hospital, Yobe State and Nigeria in general
Microbiology Education in Light of COVID-19 Pandemic: Challenges and Opportunities in Nigeria: A Review
Nigeria has a population of over 200 million people of which 1% of the population are enrolled in universities. Microbiology is a course with a high enrolment rate among undergraduates. The field is a vital discipline focusing on the study of microorganisms and their role in health, industry, environment, agriculture, climate change and other relevant sector and it has a potential of revolutionising medicine and the fate of a disease outbreak if the right research is conducted. However, microbiology education in Nigeria is faced with a lot of challenges which slow down the progress of the discipline and has negative impacts on the training of future microbiology leaders. The COVID-19 pandemic brought about closure of schools which put extra load on the already deficient education system and microbiology education is not left behind. The aim of this paper is to examine the challenges faced by microbiology education in Nigeria and explore the opportunities for improvement
Authors: Oladunjoye, I. O., Tajudeen, Y. A., Akinsuyi, O. S., Alaka, H. O. and Atta, H. I.
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Abstract
Nigeria has a population of over 200 million people of which 1% of the population are enrolled in universities. Microbiology is a course with a high enrolment rate among undergraduates. The field is a vital discipline focusing on the study of microorganisms and their role in health, industry, environment, agriculture, climate change and other relevant sector and it has a potential of revolutionising medicine and the fate of a disease outbreak if the right research is conducted. However, microbiology education in Nigeria is faced with a lot of challenges which slow down the progress of the discipline and has negative impacts on the training of future microbiology leaders. The COVID-19 pandemic brought about closure of schools which put extra load on the already deficient education system and microbiology education is not left behind. The aim of this paper is to examine the challenges faced by microbiology education in Nigeria and explore the opportunities for improvement
Microbiological and Nutritional Compositions of Garri Produced using Traditional Fermentation and Instant Mechanical Methods with and without added Palm Oil
Garri is a granular pre-gelatinized cassava starch with slightly fermented flavour and slightly sour taste made from grated, fermented fresh cassava tubers. It serves as staple food in many parts of Nigeria. This work studied the effect of fermentation and palm oil on the nutritional compositions of garri produced by traditional fermentation Method (TFM) and Instant Mechanical Method (IMM). Cassava tubers of TME 419 variety were used to produce garri using the two methods and with addition of palm oil to the bag before dewatering and the pot during toasting. For garri processed by TFM, the cassava tubers were peeled with knife, washed with tap water and grated. The cassava mash produced was allowed to stay for 24 hours in a bag before it was dewatered using heavy woods. It was allowed to ferment in the bag for 96 hrs and then toasted. For the garri produced by IMM, the cassava tubers were peeled with knife, washed with tap water and grated. The cassava mash produced was not allowed to ferment but was dewatered using heavy woods after grating and then toasted. The microbial load of the garri mash from both the TFM and IMM was determined by inoculating 0.1 ml aliquots of serially diluted cassava mash in triplicate to appropriate media. For the isolation of bacteria, 0.1 ml aliquots was inoculated by spread plate method on sterile Nutrient, MacConkey, Salmonella-Shigella, Mannitol Salt and and De Mann Rogosa Sharpe Agar plates and incubated for 48 hrs at 35oC. For isolation of fungi, 0.1 ml aliquots were inoculated on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) and incubated for 5 days at 22oC. The colonies formed from both groups of isolates were sub-cultured on the same media and characterized through biochemical and sugar fermentation tests. The nutritional composition of the garri sample was determined using standard procedures. Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella typhimuriun, Shigella dysentriae, Lactobacillus fermentum and Leuconostoc mesenteriodes were the bacteria isolated from the grated cassava mash during fermentation while the fungal isolates are Aspergillus niger, Fusarium solani, Penicillium notatum and Saccharomyce cerevisiae. The highest bacterial load from the IMM (3.50 x 105 cfu/g) was from cassava mash without palm oil while the least (1.87 x 105 105 cfu/g) was from the mash mixed with palm oil before toasting. The highest bacterial load (2.60 x 105 CFU/g) from mashes produced using TFM was from the mash produced without palm oil while the lowest value (1.80 x 105 CFU/g) was from the mash to which palm oil was added during toasting. After fermentation, only Bacillus, Lactobacillus and Leuconostoc species were isolated while S. cerevisiae was the only fungus isolated. The garri produced from cassava that was fermented had a significantly higher carbohydrate and fats contents (87.29 and 3.07 respectively) than that produced by IMM. Addition of palm oil and the time of addition had no significant effect (P<0.05) on the protein, fibre and ash contents of the garri produced through fermentation. There was a significant reduction in hydrogen cyanide content of the garri samples produced through fermentation compared with the garri produced by IMM. In conclusion, the garri produced through fermentation has no pathogen/food spoilage organism in it. The hydrogen cyanide content was found to be reduced to tolerable limit and it has higher carbohydrate content.
Authors: Obi, C. N., Eze, P. C. and Ukoha, P. C
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Abstract
Garri is a granular pre-gelatinized cassava starch with slightly fermented flavour and slightly sour taste made from grated, fermented fresh cassava tubers. It serves as staple food in many parts of Nigeria. This work studied the effect of fermentation and palm oil on the nutritional compositions of garri produced by traditional fermentation Method (TFM) and Instant Mechanical Method (IMM). Cassava tubers of TME 419 variety were used to produce garri using the two methods and with addition of palm oil to the bag before dewatering and the pot during toasting. For garri processed by TFM, the cassava tubers were peeled with knife, washed with tap water and grated. The cassava mash produced was allowed to stay for 24 hours in a bag before it was dewatered using heavy woods. It was allowed to ferment in the bag for 96 hrs and then toasted. For the garri produced by IMM, the cassava tubers were peeled with knife, washed with tap water and grated. The cassava mash produced was not allowed to ferment but was dewatered using heavy woods after grating and then toasted. The microbial load of the garri mash from both the TFM and IMM was determined by inoculating 0.1 ml aliquots of serially diluted cassava mash in triplicate to appropriate media. For the isolation of bacteria, 0.1 ml aliquots was inoculated by spread plate method on sterile Nutrient, MacConkey, Salmonella-Shigella, Mannitol Salt and and De Mann Rogosa Sharpe Agar plates and incubated for 48 hrs at 35oC. For isolation of fungi, 0.1 ml aliquots were inoculated on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) and incubated for 5 days at 22oC. The colonies formed from both groups of isolates were sub-cultured on the same media and characterized through biochemical and sugar fermentation tests. The nutritional composition of the garri sample was determined using standard procedures. Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella typhimuriun, Shigella dysentriae, Lactobacillus fermentum and Leuconostoc mesenteriodes were the bacteria isolated from the grated cassava mash during fermentation while the fungal isolates are Aspergillus niger, Fusarium solani, Penicillium notatum and Saccharomyce cerevisiae. The highest bacterial load from the IMM (3.50 x 105 cfu/g) was from cassava mash without palm oil while the least (1.87 x 105 105 cfu/g) was from the mash mixed with palm oil before toasting. The highest bacterial load (2.60 x 105 CFU/g) from mashes produced using TFM was from the mash produced without palm oil while the lowest value (1.80 x 105 CFU/g) was from the mash to which palm oil was added during toasting. After fermentation, only Bacillus, Lactobacillus and Leuconostoc species were isolated while S. cerevisiae was the only fungus isolated. The garri produced from cassava that was fermented had a significantly higher carbohydrate and fats contents (87.29 and 3.07 respectively) than that produced by IMM. Addition of palm oil and the time of addition had no significant effect (P<0.05) on the protein, fibre and ash contents of the garri produced through fermentation. There was a significant reduction in hydrogen cyanide content of the garri samples produced through fermentation compared with the garri produced by IMM. In conclusion, the garri produced through fermentation has no pathogen/food spoilage organism in it. The hydrogen cyanide content was found to be reduced to tolerable limit and it has higher carbohydrate content.
Antimicrobial Drug Resistance in Strains of Salmonella Isolated from Pig Effluents in Abakaliki, Nigeria
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a current health menace that strikes at the core of infectious disease control, and has potential to affect every aspect of healthcare systems, as well as impact the food chain in terms of the evolution and transmission of antibiotic-resistant bacteria of public health risk. This study investigated antimicrobial drug resistance in strains of Salmonella spp. isolated from pig effluents in Abakaliki, Nigeria. Standard microbiology techniques including microscopy, biochemical testing and culture on Salmonella-Shigella agar (SSA) was used for the isolation of forty strains of Salmonella species from the pig-effluent-samples. Antibiogram studies were conducted by modified disk diffusion technique; and multiple antibiotic resistance index (MARI) was determined. Our results shows that resistance of Salmonella spp. to beta-lactam agents was most common, including amoxicillin (97.5%), oxacillin (100%), vancomycin (100%) and penicillin (95%). The Salmonella spp. was highly resistant to chloramphenicol (90%); and the strains exhibited multiple resistances to at least 3 antibiotic classes. This preliminary study has shown that Salmonella spp. of pig origin is highly resistant to some first- and second-line antibiotics used in clinical medicine. Our next step is to use genomics to characterize the genes responsible for multiple antibiotic resistances in the Salmonella spp. Since AMR increasingly threaten human health, it is important to detect and report drug resistance to guide therapy. We recommend alternative approaches that eliminate antibiotic use in livestock
Authors: Ejikeugwu, C., Onele, S., Okonkwo, E., Onu, E., Afiukwa, N., Nwakaeze, E., Udu Ibiam, O., Iroha, C., Edeh, C. and Iroha, I.
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Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a current health menace that strikes at the core of infectious disease control, and has potential to affect every aspect of healthcare systems, as well as impact the food chain in terms of the evolution and transmission of antibiotic-resistant bacteria of public health risk. This study investigated antimicrobial drug resistance in strains of Salmonella spp. isolated from pig effluents in Abakaliki, Nigeria. Standard microbiology techniques including microscopy, biochemical testing and culture on Salmonella-Shigella agar (SSA) was used for the isolation of forty strains of Salmonella species from the pig-effluent-samples. Antibiogram studies were conducted by modified disk diffusion technique; and multiple antibiotic resistance index (MARI) was determined. Our results shows that resistance of Salmonella spp. to beta-lactam agents was most common, including amoxicillin (97.5%), oxacillin (100%), vancomycin (100%) and penicillin (95%). The Salmonella spp. was highly resistant to chloramphenicol (90%); and the strains exhibited multiple resistances to at least 3 antibiotic classes. This preliminary study has shown that Salmonella spp. of pig origin is highly resistant to some first- and second-line antibiotics used in clinical medicine. Our next step is to use genomics to characterize the genes responsible for multiple antibiotic resistances in the Salmonella spp. Since AMR increasingly threaten human health, it is important to detect and report drug resistance to guide therapy. We recommend alternative approaches that eliminate antibiotic use in livestock
Proximate and Sensory Properties of Yoghurts Produced with Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from Diary and Non-Diary Sources
Yoghurt is one of the famous fermented milk preparations. It is the most widely available fermented milk in Western World where its popularity derives more from its flavor versatility. Lactic Acid Bacteria isolated from fermented cow and human Breast milk using MRS agar medium were used to produce yoghurt samples. LAB from commercially prepared yoghurt purchased from the market were used to produce yoghurt which was used as a control for comparison with yoghurts produced using LAB sourced from cow and human breast milk samples. Cow and breast-milk samples were serially diluted and plated out on the MRS Agar using pour plate method. The isolates and the commercially acquired Lactic Acid Bacteria were used to produce yoghurt samples from powdered milk in an 8 hours fermentation process. The fermented product was compared against the commercial product in terms of both nutritional and sensory attributes. The LAB were Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus plantarum, and Bifidobacteium. The isolates were used singly as starter cultures. The optimum pH for the Yoghurt production was 5.5 while the optimum temperature is 40oC. The Yoghurt sample C had the highest pH (6.60 ± 0.00; P≤0.05) and highest moisture content (88.10 ± 0.04; P≤0.05), the highest protein content was from sample A and D (control). Sample A had the highest crude fat (0.85 ± 0.00; P≤0.05) ash content was highest in sample D (control) (3.29 ± 0.05; P≤0.05) and the fibre content of the Yoghurt was: 0.14 ± 0.02; P≤0.05. We conclude that the protein content of the yoghurt produced with L. acidophilus has the same protein content with the commercially sourced yoghurt but with lower fats, ash and carbohydrate contents. So, the yoghurt produced with L. acidophilus will be a good source of protein to the consumers. The laboratory and commercially produced yoghurts had equal level of acceptability to the panelists.
Authors: Obi, C. N., Oshiama, U. E. and Onwuegbuchlam, C.
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Abstract
Yoghurt is one of the famous fermented milk preparations. It is the most widely available fermented milk in Western World where its popularity derives more from its flavor versatility. Lactic Acid Bacteria isolated from fermented cow and human Breast milk using MRS agar medium were used to produce yoghurt samples. LAB from commercially prepared yoghurt purchased from the market were used to produce yoghurt which was used as a control for comparison with yoghurts produced using LAB sourced from cow and human breast milk samples. Cow and breast-milk samples were serially diluted and plated out on the MRS Agar using pour plate method. The isolates and the commercially acquired Lactic Acid Bacteria were used to produce yoghurt samples from powdered milk in an 8 hours fermentation process. The fermented product was compared against the commercial product in terms of both nutritional and sensory attributes. The LAB were Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus plantarum, and Bifidobacteium. The isolates were used singly as starter cultures. The optimum pH for the Yoghurt production was 5.5 while the optimum temperature is 40oC. The Yoghurt sample C had the highest pH (6.60 ± 0.00; P≤0.05) and highest moisture content (88.10 ± 0.04; P≤0.05), the highest protein content was from sample A and D (control). Sample A had the highest crude fat (0.85 ± 0.00; P≤0.05) ash content was highest in sample D (control) (3.29 ± 0.05; P≤0.05) and the fibre content of the Yoghurt was: 0.14 ± 0.02; P≤0.05. We conclude that the protein content of the yoghurt produced with L. acidophilus has the same protein content with the commercially sourced yoghurt but with lower fats, ash and carbohydrate contents. So, the yoghurt produced with L. acidophilus will be a good source of protein to the consumers. The laboratory and commercially produced yoghurts had equal level of acceptability to the panelists.
SHORT COMMUNICATION Mycological Quality of Packaged Ginger Spiced Peanut Cake (Kuli kuli) Sold in Umuahia Metropolis, Abia State, Nigeria
Kulikuli (peanut cake) is a known street snacks prone to fungal infestation due to poor production, handling and storage measures. The study aimed at evaluating the fungal quality of packaged and ginger spiced kulikuli consumed in Umuahia, metropolis, Abia State. Twenty four samples of kulikuli were sourced randomly from markets and supermarkets in Umuahia. Standard methods were adopted to assay the incidence of fungi, fungal load and moisture content of the kulikuli samples. Fungal isolates were identified based on their microscopic and cultural morphology. The moisture content ranged from 4.4 ± 0.03 - 6.3 ± 0.2%, and the total fungal load ranged from 1.7 ± 0.5 - 5.2 ± 0.7 x 105 CFU/g. Forty eight morphologically distinct fungi that belong to 5 genera (Mucor, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Rhizopus and Fusarium) were isolated. Aspergillus had the highest percentage of occurrence (35.4%) and the least occurring genus was Fusarium (8.3%). The least numbers of fungi 4 (8.3%) was recovered from packaged ginger spiced samples. This study suggest that kulikuli should be properly handled, packaged and spiced with appropriate quantity of herbs so as to reduce mould contamination of the snacks.
Authors: Osaro-Matthew, R. C. and Itaman, V. O.
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Abstract
Kulikuli (peanut cake) is a known street snacks prone to fungal infestation due to poor production, handling and storage measures. The study aimed at evaluating the fungal quality of packaged and ginger spiced kulikuli consumed in Umuahia, metropolis, Abia State. Twenty four samples of kulikuli were sourced randomly from markets and supermarkets in Umuahia. Standard methods were adopted to assay the incidence of fungi, fungal load and moisture content of the kulikuli samples. Fungal isolates were identified based on their microscopic and cultural morphology. The moisture content ranged from 4.4 ± 0.03 - 6.3 ± 0.2%, and the total fungal load ranged from 1.7 ± 0.5 - 5.2 ± 0.7 x 105 CFU/g. Forty eight morphologically distinct fungi that belong to 5 genera (Mucor, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Rhizopus and Fusarium) were isolated. Aspergillus had the highest percentage of occurrence (35.4%) and the least occurring genus was Fusarium (8.3%). The least numbers of fungi 4 (8.3%) was recovered from packaged ginger spiced samples. This study suggest that kulikuli should be properly handled, packaged and spiced with appropriate quantity of herbs so as to reduce mould contamination of the snacks.
Sensory Assessment of Fermented Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) with Selected Spices
The sensory and organoleptic quality of fermented catfish (Clarias gariepinus) was studied after a fermentation period of three (3) days. Four whole fresh catfishes were fermented using roasted ground rice, sugar and salt, and distributed into four separate jars with spice treatments: FG (15 g ginger), FT (15g turmeric), FP (15 g pepper) and control (FC) (0 g). They were then covered airtight and left to ferment in a cool and dry environment for three days. After the fermentation, they were fried till golden brown. They were then presented to a panel and assessed for sensory and organoleptic quality using parameters of color, taste and aroma on a nine-point scale. FP (15 g pepper) had the highest values of overall acceptability (8.2/9), then FG (15 g ginger) had a score of 7.9/9, closely followed by FT (15 g turmeric) which had a score of 7.8/9. The least score for sensory rating was observed in the control (FC) (0g) at 6.5/9. Statistical analysis of results revealed significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) in all parameters assessed. The use of spices, especially ginger, turmeric and pepper in fermenting catfish is recommended in order to enhance organoleptic properties. It was concluded that fermented fish has favorable organoleptic properties and is appropriate for introduction into Nigerian cuisin
Authors: Abdullah, F. O., Akharaiyi, F. C. and Ehis-Eriakha, C. B.
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Abstract
The sensory and organoleptic quality of fermented catfish (Clarias gariepinus) was studied after a fermentation period of three (3) days. Four whole fresh catfishes were fermented using roasted ground rice, sugar and salt, and distributed into four separate jars with spice treatments: FG (15 g ginger), FT (15g turmeric), FP (15 g pepper) and control (FC) (0 g). They were then covered airtight and left to ferment in a cool and dry environment for three days. After the fermentation, they were fried till golden brown. They were then presented to a panel and assessed for sensory and organoleptic quality using parameters of color, taste and aroma on a nine-point scale. FP (15 g pepper) had the highest values of overall acceptability (8.2/9), then FG (15 g ginger) had a score of 7.9/9, closely followed by FT (15 g turmeric) which had a score of 7.8/9. The least score for sensory rating was observed in the control (FC) (0g) at 6.5/9. Statistical analysis of results revealed significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) in all parameters assessed. The use of spices, especially ginger, turmeric and pepper in fermenting catfish is recommended in order to enhance organoleptic properties. It was concluded that fermented fish has favorable organoleptic properties and is appropriate for introduction into Nigerian cuisin
Quality of Meat and Sausage from Broiler Chickens Fed Dietary White and Cayenne Pepper Powders Subjected to Refrigeration Storage
Oxidative and microbial spoilage affect the nutritional quality of poultry products. White pepper (WP) and cayenne pepper (CP) powders possess antioxidative and antimicrobial properties, therefore, prompting an investigation into the activity of dietary peppers on proximate, oxidative and microbial profile of broiler chicken meat and sausage subjected to refrigeration storage. At the expiration of feeding 336 randomly allotted chickens seven diets (Control (C) and six other diets), fifty-six (56) birds (two per replicate) were selected and feed-fasted for 12 hours before slaughter. Post-slaughter, meat and sausage proximate were immediately analysed, but aseptically collected meat samples and raw sausage stored in sterile plastic bags were transferred to the Microbiology Laboratory of the Department of Veterinary Medicine and analysed for malondialdehyde (MDA) and microbial [Escherichia sp, Salmonella sp, Enterococcus sp, Lactobacillus sp, Staphylococcus sp, Pseudomonas sp and Saccharomyces sp] assessments following standard laboratory procedure. Proximate composition of Meat and sausage were not influenced (p>0.05) by additives, but MDA and microbial counts were affected (p<0.05). C+250WP diet lowered meat MDA. Groups fed with WP diets were as effective as the Control against Escherichia coli and E. faecalis. Salmonella typhimurium was repressed by all groups excluding C+250WP and C+100WP+100CP. On day (D) 0, all pepper-fed groups had lower Staphylococcus aureus than the Control, while C+200CP had lower total bacterial count than the Control. C+200CP and C+250CP groups had no Saccharomyces cerevisiae like the Control, while Sausage from Control and C+250WP groups exhibited identical impact against Saccharomyces cerevisiae on D 28. Chicken sausage from the Control, C+200WP, C+200CP and C+250CP groups inhibited fungi growth
Authors: Adegoke, A. V., Sanwo, K. A., Ekunseitan, D. A., Adeyemo, A. A., Ayoola, A. A and Odutayo, O. J.
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Abstract
Oxidative and microbial spoilage affect the nutritional quality of poultry products. White pepper (WP) and cayenne pepper (CP) powders possess antioxidative and antimicrobial properties, therefore, prompting an investigation into the activity of dietary peppers on proximate, oxidative and microbial profile of broiler chicken meat and sausage subjected to refrigeration storage. At the expiration of feeding 336 randomly allotted chickens seven diets (Control (C) and six other diets), fifty-six (56) birds (two per replicate) were selected and feed-fasted for 12 hours before slaughter. Post-slaughter, meat and sausage proximate were immediately analysed, but aseptically collected meat samples and raw sausage stored in sterile plastic bags were transferred to the Microbiology Laboratory of the Department of Veterinary Medicine and analysed for malondialdehyde (MDA) and microbial [Escherichia sp, Salmonella sp, Enterococcus sp, Lactobacillus sp, Staphylococcus sp, Pseudomonas sp and Saccharomyces sp] assessments following standard laboratory procedure. Proximate composition of Meat and sausage were not influenced (p>0.05) by additives, but MDA and microbial counts were affected (p<0.05). C+250WP diet lowered meat MDA. Groups fed with WP diets were as effective as the Control against Escherichia coli and E. faecalis. Salmonella typhimurium was repressed by all groups excluding C+250WP and C+100WP+100CP. On day (D) 0, all pepper-fed groups had lower Staphylococcus aureus than the Control, while C+200CP had lower total bacterial count than the Control. C+200CP and C+250CP groups had no Saccharomyces cerevisiae like the Control, while Sausage from Control and C+250WP groups exhibited identical impact against Saccharomyces cerevisiae on D 28. Chicken sausage from the Control, C+200WP, C+200CP and C+250CP groups inhibited fungi growth
Determination of Phytochemical and Antibacterial Properties of the Leaf and Seed Extracts of Senna occidentalis (L.)
Senna occidentalis is widely used by herbalists in northern Nigeria for the treatment of microbial diseases. This study determined the phytochemical constituents and antibacterial activities of aqueous extracts of the leaf and seed of S. occidentalis against some selected clinical pathogens. The Leaf and seed were reduced to powder and extracted by maceration using sterile distilled water. Extracts were concentrated using rotary evaporator and freeze drier. Phytochemical screening was conducted using standard methods while antibacterial activities were determined using the agar well diffusion method. The diameter of the zones of inhibition of bacterial growth was assessed as an index for antibacterial properties of the extracts against the selected bacteria. The phytochemical screening of the leaf and seed revealed the presence of flavonoids (33 % and 22 %), alkaloids (3.6% and 6%), saponins (1.2 % and 2.1 %), phenols (0.036 mg/mL and 0.042 mg/mL) and glycosides (2.68 mg/mL and 2.02 mg/mL) respectively, while steroids and tannins were absent in both. Both leaf and seed extracts exhibited significant (p<0.05) antibacterial activities at all the concentrations used (200mg/mL, 150mg/mL, 100mg/mL, and 50mg/mL) against the selected Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative bacteria (Salmonella Typhi, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) as compared to the standard antibiotic (Amoxicillin 10mg/mL) used as positive control. The antibacterial activities of the extracts increased significantly with increase in concentration for all organisms and the seed extracts were most active with mean inhibitory activity between 19-32mm compared to the leaf extracts with mean inhibitory activity between 12-31mm except E. coli where the leaf extracts were more potent (20, 25, 28, 31 mm) than the seed’s (19, 22, 25, 32 mm) at concentrations ≤150 mg/mL. Hence, aqueous extracts of both plant parts possess the potential to be used as antibiotics to treat selected microbial diseases.
Authors: Ishaya, S. G.,1* Umaru, F. F., Samuel, K. B., Mafe, A. N., Angyu, A. E., Babylon, P., Khan, N. and Hammanjoda, H.
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Abstract
Senna occidentalis is widely used by herbalists in northern Nigeria for the treatment of microbial diseases. This study determined the phytochemical constituents and antibacterial activities of aqueous extracts of the leaf and seed of S. occidentalis against some selected clinical pathogens. The Leaf and seed were reduced to powder and extracted by maceration using sterile distilled water. Extracts were concentrated using rotary evaporator and freeze drier. Phytochemical screening was conducted using standard methods while antibacterial activities were determined using the agar well diffusion method. The diameter of the zones of inhibition of bacterial growth was assessed as an index for antibacterial properties of the extracts against the selected bacteria. The phytochemical screening of the leaf and seed revealed the presence of flavonoids (33 % and 22 %), alkaloids (3.6% and 6%), saponins (1.2 % and 2.1 %), phenols (0.036 mg/mL and 0.042 mg/mL) and glycosides (2.68 mg/mL and 2.02 mg/mL) respectively, while steroids and tannins were absent in both. Both leaf and seed extracts exhibited significant (p<0.05) antibacterial activities at all the concentrations used (200mg/mL, 150mg/mL, 100mg/mL, and 50mg/mL) against the selected Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative bacteria (Salmonella Typhi, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) as compared to the standard antibiotic (Amoxicillin 10mg/mL) used as positive control. The antibacterial activities of the extracts increased significantly with increase in concentration for all organisms and the seed extracts were most active with mean inhibitory activity between 19-32mm compared to the leaf extracts with mean inhibitory activity between 12-31mm except E. coli where the leaf extracts were more potent (20, 25, 28, 31 mm) than the seed’s (19, 22, 25, 32 mm) at concentrations ≤150 mg/mL. Hence, aqueous extracts of both plant parts possess the potential to be used as antibiotics to treat selected microbial diseases.
Survey for Fungal Agents Associated with Clinical Mastitis in Red Sokoto Does at the Sokoto Livestock Market, Nigeria and their Antifungal Susceptibility Pattern
The study was conducted to determine the occurrence of fungal agents associated with clinical mastitis (CM) in Red Sokoto does (RSD) at the Sokoto livestock market and their antifungal susceptibility pattern. A total of 71 RSD was identified and examined for mastitis. Milk samples were collected for fungal isolation, identification and antifungal susceptibility testing. Thirty-one (43.66%) of the RSD were clinically mastitic. There was more bilateral mastitis 24(77.4%) than unilateral 6(19.4%) and trilateral 1(3.2%) mastitis. RSD ≥ 4 years were the major age group with CM, followed by ≥ 3 - <4 years with 5 mastitic RSD. Only 2(6.5%) RSD had teat injury, while information on parity, onset of condition and type of management system were not available. Seven (22.6%) RSD had fungal agents, although 17 fungal isolates comprising 5(29.4%) each of Aspergillus niger and Fusarium chlamydosporum were isolated. In addition, 4 (23.5%) isolates of Histoplasma capsulatum and 1(5.9%) each of Aspergillus fumigatus, Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans were isolated from the clinically mastitic does. The antifungal susceptibility showed that amphotericin was effective against A. niger, Fusarium chlamydosporium, H. capsulatum and A. fumigatus, but C. albicanss and C. neoformans were resistant. A. niger, F. chlamydosporium and H. capsulatum were susceptible to fluconazole, while A. fumigatus, C. albicanss and C. neoformans were resistant. Only A. niger, H. capsulatum and A. fumigatus were susceptible to nystatin, while all the fungi isolated were resistant to terbinafine and Voriconazole. The study demonstrates high frequency of fungal agents in RSD with clinical mastitis.
Authors: Adelowo, M. T., Adeyeye, A. A., Aliyu, R. M. and Sanusi, M.
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Abstract
The study was conducted to determine the occurrence of fungal agents associated with clinical mastitis (CM) in Red Sokoto does (RSD) at the Sokoto livestock market and their antifungal susceptibility pattern. A total of 71 RSD was identified and examined for mastitis. Milk samples were collected for fungal isolation, identification and antifungal susceptibility testing. Thirty-one (43.66%) of the RSD were clinically mastitic. There was more bilateral mastitis 24(77.4%) than unilateral 6(19.4%) and trilateral 1(3.2%) mastitis. RSD ≥ 4 years were the major age group with CM, followed by ≥ 3 - <4 years with 5 mastitic RSD. Only 2(6.5%) RSD had teat injury, while information on parity, onset of condition and type of management system were not available. Seven (22.6%) RSD had fungal agents, although 17 fungal isolates comprising 5(29.4%) each of Aspergillus niger and Fusarium chlamydosporum were isolated. In addition, 4 (23.5%) isolates of Histoplasma capsulatum and 1(5.9%) each of Aspergillus fumigatus, Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans were isolated from the clinically mastitic does. The antifungal susceptibility showed that amphotericin was effective against A. niger, Fusarium chlamydosporium, H. capsulatum and A. fumigatus, but C. albicanss and C. neoformans were resistant. A. niger, F. chlamydosporium and H. capsulatum were susceptible to fluconazole, while A. fumigatus, C. albicanss and C. neoformans were resistant. Only A. niger, H. capsulatum and A. fumigatus were susceptible to nystatin, while all the fungi isolated were resistant to terbinafine and Voriconazole. The study demonstrates high frequency of fungal agents in RSD with clinical mastitis.
In vitro Assessment of the Antimicrobial Activity of Honey and Some Standard Antibiotics on Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus mirabilis Isolated from Wounds
This study assessed and compared the antimicrobial activity of honey to that of some commonly used antibiotics in Ebonyi State, against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus mirabilis isolated from wounds. Fifty two (52) wound samples, were collected from patients at General Hospital Uburu, Ebonyi State. Wound samples were collected using sterile swab sticks. The bacteria species were isolated and identified by standard microbiological methods. Antibiotics Susceptibility test was performed by Kirby-Bauer-CLSI modified Disc Agar Diffusion method, while agar well diffusion technique was used to assess the in vitro activity of the honey against the test bacteria. Results, showed that the three (3) bacteria species were prevalent in the wound samples as follows; Pseudomonas aeruginosa 16(30.8%), Staphylococcus aureus 11(21.2%) and Proteus mirabilis 2(3.9%). Result of the antibiotics susceptibility tests, showed that all (100%) of the bacteria species were susceptibility to imipenem. Some Staphylococcus aureus isolates were susceptible to the other antibiotics while being totally (100%) resistant to ceftriaxone. Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed degrees of susceptibility to the other antibiotics. Proteus mirabilis was found to show 50% susceptibility to meropenem and ofloxacine, while being totally (100%) resistant to the other antibiotics. On the other hand, the honey sample inhibited the growth of all the test organisms producing inhibitory zone diameters in the range of > 10mm to 29mm. This suggests that the honey sample used was active against the test bacteria, and can be used as an alternative way of treating wounds infected, with the tested organisms in the locality
Authors: Okonkwo, E. C., Nwosu, E. E., Onwa, N. C.* Onuoha, S. C., Idioha, J. C., Agah,V. and Ogbu, K. I.
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Abstract
This study assessed and compared the antimicrobial activity of honey to that of some commonly used antibiotics in Ebonyi State, against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus mirabilis isolated from wounds. Fifty two (52) wound samples, were collected from patients at General Hospital Uburu, Ebonyi State. Wound samples were collected using sterile swab sticks. The bacteria species were isolated and identified by standard microbiological methods. Antibiotics Susceptibility test was performed by Kirby-Bauer-CLSI modified Disc Agar Diffusion method, while agar well diffusion technique was used to assess the in vitro activity of the honey against the test bacteria. Results, showed that the three (3) bacteria species were prevalent in the wound samples as follows; Pseudomonas aeruginosa 16(30.8%), Staphylococcus aureus 11(21.2%) and Proteus mirabilis 2(3.9%). Result of the antibiotics susceptibility tests, showed that all (100%) of the bacteria species were susceptibility to imipenem. Some Staphylococcus aureus isolates were susceptible to the other antibiotics while being totally (100%) resistant to ceftriaxone. Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed degrees of susceptibility to the other antibiotics. Proteus mirabilis was found to show 50% susceptibility to meropenem and ofloxacine, while being totally (100%) resistant to the other antibiotics. On the other hand, the honey sample inhibited the growth of all the test organisms producing inhibitory zone diameters in the range of > 10mm to 29mm. This suggests that the honey sample used was active against the test bacteria, and can be used as an alternative way of treating wounds infected, with the tested organisms in the locality
Multiple Antibiotic Resistance Indices of Shigella flexneri and Salmonella enterica Associated with Diarrhoea in Children (0-5 Years) From Selected Hospitals in Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria
Diarrhoea diseases remain the second leading cause of death among children under five years globally. Nearly one in every five child deaths are due to diarrhoea, further compounded by antimicrobial resistance. As a result, better understanding of childhood diarrhoea occurrence can perhaps help reduce associated morbidity and mortality rates. This study was conducted to determine the multiple antibiotic resistance indices of Shigella flexineri and Salmonella enterica from diarrhoeic children less than five years from selected hospitals in Kaduna. A total of 264 stool samples were collected from children attending selected hospitals in the Kaduna metropolis. Standard methods involving microbiological, biochemical and molecular analysis using PCR and 16S rRNA molecular characterizations were employed in identifying bacteria associated with diarrhoea in children (0-5) years. Out of the 264 stools examined, a total of 162 (61.4%) were from males, while 102 (38.6%) were from females. The highest incidence was observed in children of 1-24 months of age and the least in children of 4-5 years of age. A total of 97 stool samples (36.7%) were positive for Shigella and Salmonella species, out of which 97, 60(22.7%) were Shigella and 37(14%) Salmonella. The multiple antimicrobial resistance index of these isolates revealed that 100% of the isolates had a MAR index of 0.5 and above, and showed significant resistance against Augmentin, Amoxacillin, Ampicillin-Cloxacillin (Ampiclox) Erythromycin and Gentamycin. The least resistance was observed against imipenem (45%). The high Multiple Antibiotic Resistance index of the isolates indicates previous exposure to antibiotics and the development of resistance to commonly prescribed antibiotics.
Authors: Alhaji, A.I., Mulade, G. L., Ajibade, G. A., Haroun, A. A. and Benjamin, O.I.
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Abstract
Diarrhoea diseases remain the second leading cause of death among children under five years globally. Nearly one in every five child deaths are due to diarrhoea, further compounded by antimicrobial resistance. As a result, better understanding of childhood diarrhoea occurrence can perhaps help reduce associated morbidity and mortality rates. This study was conducted to determine the multiple antibiotic resistance indices of Shigella flexineri and Salmonella enterica from diarrhoeic children less than five years from selected hospitals in Kaduna. A total of 264 stool samples were collected from children attending selected hospitals in the Kaduna metropolis. Standard methods involving microbiological, biochemical and molecular analysis using PCR and 16S rRNA molecular characterizations were employed in identifying bacteria associated with diarrhoea in children (0-5) years. Out of the 264 stools examined, a total of 162 (61.4%) were from males, while 102 (38.6%) were from females. The highest incidence was observed in children of 1-24 months of age and the least in children of 4-5 years of age. A total of 97 stool samples (36.7%) were positive for Shigella and Salmonella species, out of which 97, 60(22.7%) were Shigella and 37(14%) Salmonella. The multiple antimicrobial resistance index of these isolates revealed that 100% of the isolates had a MAR index of 0.5 and above, and showed significant resistance against Augmentin, Amoxacillin, Ampicillin-Cloxacillin (Ampiclox) Erythromycin and Gentamycin. The least resistance was observed against imipenem (45%). The high Multiple Antibiotic Resistance index of the isolates indicates previous exposure to antibiotics and the development of resistance to commonly prescribed antibiotics.
Phytochemical Profile and Cytotoxicity of Adansonia digitata and Borerria verticillata Root Extracts
Adansonia digitata and Borerria verticillata are medicinal plants used to treat different types of diseases. The aim of this study was to extract and screen the roots of both plants for phytochemical constituents, to access their cytotoxicity using Brine Shrimp Lethality Assay and to determine the functional groups present in them by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) technique. The method of cold maceration was used for the extraction. The extracts were subjected to phytochemical screening to determine the classes of secondary metabolites present in the plant materials. The Brine Shrimp Lethality Assay (BSLA) was carried out to observe the cytotoxic effect of the extracts and were analyzed for characteristic functional groups using Fourier Transmission Infra-red (FTIR) spectrophotometry. Both root extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, phenols, glycosides, saponins, steroids and reducing sugars while there was absence of flavonoids in both and terpenoids in B. verticillata root extract. The result of BSLA revealed LC50 values of 94.984µg/ml and 0.246µg/ml for ADR and BVR respectively. FTIR spectroscopic investigation showed the presence of 13 and 15 characteristic peak values with different useful mixtures of 12 functional groups. An intense peak of 2002cm-1 and 2005 cm-1 for BVR and ADR respectively were observed in the FTIR spectra which corresponds to carboxylic acid groups. The results indicated the presence of potent cytotoxic, bioactive and probably anti-tumor components of these plants. Thus, the results of the study highlight the ethnotherapeutic importance of Adansonia digitata and Borerria verticillata roots
Authors: Rufa’i, M.S., Usman, A.D. and Shamsuddeen, U
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Abstract
Adansonia digitata and Borerria verticillata are medicinal plants used to treat different types of diseases. The aim of this study was to extract and screen the roots of both plants for phytochemical constituents, to access their cytotoxicity using Brine Shrimp Lethality Assay and to determine the functional groups present in them by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) technique. The method of cold maceration was used for the extraction. The extracts were subjected to phytochemical screening to determine the classes of secondary metabolites present in the plant materials. The Brine Shrimp Lethality Assay (BSLA) was carried out to observe the cytotoxic effect of the extracts and were analyzed for characteristic functional groups using Fourier Transmission Infra-red (FTIR) spectrophotometry. Both root extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, phenols, glycosides, saponins, steroids and reducing sugars while there was absence of flavonoids in both and terpenoids in B. verticillata root extract. The result of BSLA revealed LC50 values of 94.984µg/ml and 0.246µg/ml for ADR and BVR respectively. FTIR spectroscopic investigation showed the presence of 13 and 15 characteristic peak values with different useful mixtures of 12 functional groups. An intense peak of 2002cm-1 and 2005 cm-1 for BVR and ADR respectively were observed in the FTIR spectra which corresponds to carboxylic acid groups. The results indicated the presence of potent cytotoxic, bioactive and probably anti-tumor components of these plants. Thus, the results of the study highlight the ethnotherapeutic importance of Adansonia digitata and Borerria verticillata roots
Prevalence of Geohelminths among Primary School Pupils in Unwana and Akpoha Communities of Afikpo, Ebonyi State, Nigeria
The study assessed the prevalence and risk factors affecting the transmission of soil transmitted helminthiasis among school age children in Unwana and Akpoha commuties of Afikpo North Local Government Area of Ebonyi State. The study involved stool examination for infective stages of soil transmitted helminth using zinc sulphate flotation technique. Ascaris lumbricoide, Trichura trichuris and Ancylostoma duodenale were observed. The overall prevalence rate was 71.6%. The sex related distribution of these helminthes showed the males were more infected 502 (50.2%) than the females 498 (49.8%). However, there was no statistical significant difference with respect to sex (p > 0.05%). The study further showed that 12 years old had the highest prevalence of 195 (39.0%) while ages 8 and 13 had the least occurrence 139 (17.8%). This difference is a gain not statistically significantly at p=0.05 Geohelminths distribution in relation to class showed that primary four (4) had the highest prevalence of 352 (70.4%) whereas primary five (5) recorded the least prevalence 297 (59.4%). The study concluded that risk factors obtained from the questionnaire such as unhealthy personal and poor environmental sanitation were the major factors that enhanced helminthiasis and its mode of transmission. It is therefore imperative that education to parents and mass anti-helminthic drugs administration programs be enlisted to these areas to help reduce the rate of infection among primary school children
Authors: Nworie, O., Okeke A. Frank, Ilang, D.C., Chukwu K.S., Ozor, A.U., and IgbokweEkwerike, C.
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Abstract
The study assessed the prevalence and risk factors affecting the transmission of soil transmitted helminthiasis among school age children in Unwana and Akpoha commuties of Afikpo North Local Government Area of Ebonyi State. The study involved stool examination for infective stages of soil transmitted helminth using zinc sulphate flotation technique. Ascaris lumbricoide, Trichura trichuris and Ancylostoma duodenale were observed. The overall prevalence rate was 71.6%. The sex related distribution of these helminthes showed the males were more infected 502 (50.2%) than the females 498 (49.8%). However, there was no statistical significant difference with respect to sex (p > 0.05%). The study further showed that 12 years old had the highest prevalence of 195 (39.0%) while ages 8 and 13 had the least occurrence 139 (17.8%). This difference is a gain not statistically significantly at p=0.05 Geohelminths distribution in relation to class showed that primary four (4) had the highest prevalence of 352 (70.4%) whereas primary five (5) recorded the least prevalence 297 (59.4%). The study concluded that risk factors obtained from the questionnaire such as unhealthy personal and poor environmental sanitation were the major factors that enhanced helminthiasis and its mode of transmission. It is therefore imperative that education to parents and mass anti-helminthic drugs administration programs be enlisted to these areas to help reduce the rate of infection among primary school children
Antibiogram and Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) Profile of E. coli Species Isolated from Houseflies in Abakaliki Metropolis, Nigeria
This study determined the antibiogram and extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production potentials of E. coli species isolated from houseflies from hospital, restaurant and fruit market environments in Abakaliki metropolis. A total of 150 samples (50 from each sample site) were analyzed using Standard Microbiological Methods. Antibiotic susceptibility profile of the isolates was determined using disc diffusion method. ESBL production was screened using Double Disc Synergy Test (DDST). A total of 12 isolates of E. coli were obtained. Of the 12 isolates, 6(50 %) were obtained from hospital while 3(25 %) each were respectively isolated from fruit market and restaurant environments. The antibiotic susceptibility and resistance patterns of E. coli isolated from the three environments (hospital, fruit market and restaurant) to different antibiotics showed that meropenem (100 %) had the highest activity while 100% resistance to ceftriaxone, ampicillin-sulbactam and cefoxitin were recorded. Resistance of the isolates from hospital to gentamicin up to 83.33 % was also recorded. Their susceptibility to other antibiotics used including nalixidic acid, ciprofloxacin, cefoxitin, ceftaxidime, gentamicin, ceftriaxone, sulfamethoxazoletrimetoprim, cefotaxime and ampicillin-sulbactam ranged from 16.67 % to 66.67 %. The extended spectrum beta-lactamase screening showed that none of the isolates tested positive. In conclusion, the study revealed that houseflies from hospital, fruit market and restaurant environments harbor multidrug resistant E. coli and that the multidrug resistance were not ESBL mediated
Authors: Afiukwa, F.N., Akpati, O.J., Ejikeugwu, C.P., Elom, E.E., Iroha, I.R., Afiukwa,C.A., Nwuzo, A.C., Ogah, O., Agah, V. M. and Nweze N.P
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Abstract
This study determined the antibiogram and extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production potentials of E. coli species isolated from houseflies from hospital, restaurant and fruit market environments in Abakaliki metropolis. A total of 150 samples (50 from each sample site) were analyzed using Standard Microbiological Methods. Antibiotic susceptibility profile of the isolates was determined using disc diffusion method. ESBL production was screened using Double Disc Synergy Test (DDST). A total of 12 isolates of E. coli were obtained. Of the 12 isolates, 6(50 %) were obtained from hospital while 3(25 %) each were respectively isolated from fruit market and restaurant environments. The antibiotic susceptibility and resistance patterns of E. coli isolated from the three environments (hospital, fruit market and restaurant) to different antibiotics showed that meropenem (100 %) had the highest activity while 100% resistance to ceftriaxone, ampicillin-sulbactam and cefoxitin were recorded. Resistance of the isolates from hospital to gentamicin up to 83.33 % was also recorded. Their susceptibility to other antibiotics used including nalixidic acid, ciprofloxacin, cefoxitin, ceftaxidime, gentamicin, ceftriaxone, sulfamethoxazoletrimetoprim, cefotaxime and ampicillin-sulbactam ranged from 16.67 % to 66.67 %. The extended spectrum beta-lactamase screening showed that none of the isolates tested positive. In conclusion, the study revealed that houseflies from hospital, fruit market and restaurant environments harbor multidrug resistant E. coli and that the multidrug resistance were not ESBL mediated
Seroprevalence of Hepatitis B among Pregnant Mothers Attending Bichi General Hospital Kano State, Nigeria
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) continues to be is a potentially life-threatening infectious disease transmitted from mother to child. The study aimed to evaluate the seroprevalence of Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), among pregnant mothers attending antenatal clinics (ANC) at a General Hospital in Bichi LGA, Kano State, Nigeria. A total of 125 pregnant women were screened for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) kit. Of the 125 pregnant mothers screened in the study, 11 (8.8%) were found to be seropositive for HBsAg. Subjects aged 36 – 45 years had the highest seroprevalence (2/7) (28.6%). The study only shows a statistically significant relationship between the incidence of HBV infection and sharing of sharp objects among all the observed possible risk factors (P=0.0120). This findings emphasizes the need for increased public awareness measures to prevent the transmission from mother to her newborn baby.
Authors: Usman, J. N., Mohammed, Y., Akande, A. O., Babayo, A., Idris, A. M., Hassan, M.S., Safiyanu, M. B., Rogo, L. D. and Umar, A. A.
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Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) continues to be is a potentially life-threatening infectious disease transmitted from mother to child. The study aimed to evaluate the seroprevalence of Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), among pregnant mothers attending antenatal clinics (ANC) at a General Hospital in Bichi LGA, Kano State, Nigeria. A total of 125 pregnant women were screened for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) kit. Of the 125 pregnant mothers screened in the study, 11 (8.8%) were found to be seropositive for HBsAg. Subjects aged 36 – 45 years had the highest seroprevalence (2/7) (28.6%). The study only shows a statistically significant relationship between the incidence of HBV infection and sharing of sharp objects among all the observed possible risk factors (P=0.0120). This findings emphasizes the need for increased public awareness measures to prevent the transmission from mother to her newborn baby.
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2): A Review on the Origin, Evolution and Emerging Variants
In 2019 the outbreak of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) was first reported in Wuhan, China, and afterwards spread worldwide. The disease was confirmed to be a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In most cases the human coronaviruses have their origin from animal which are called their natural hosts. The natural hosts of the following Coronaviruses, HCoV-229E, SARS CoV, HCoV-NL63, and MERS-CoV is from bat, while these, HCoV-OC43 and HKU1 may have originated from rodents. The α and β – coronaviruses have their origin and major natural reservoir from Bats. However, several scientific reports validated the hypothesis that the Malayan pangolin might carry a novel Coronavirus that has unique similarity to SARS-CoV-2. SARS-CoV-2 has been observed to continuously change through mutation. Several variants of SARS-CoV-2 with diverse sets of mutations have been detected globally. Several mutations are being monitored while others have been de-escalated because they are extinct or no longer in circulation. Authorized vaccines have been developed against the COVID-19 such as Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna and these vaccines are mRNA vaccines that penetrates the muscle cells and gives instructions to the cell machinery to produce non-toxic part of S-Protein.
Authors: Omosalewa, O. A
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Abstract
In 2019 the outbreak of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) was first reported in Wuhan, China, and afterwards spread worldwide. The disease was confirmed to be a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In most cases the human coronaviruses have their origin from animal which are called their natural hosts. The natural hosts of the following Coronaviruses, HCoV-229E, SARS CoV, HCoV-NL63, and MERS-CoV is from bat, while these, HCoV-OC43 and HKU1 may have originated from rodents. The α and β – coronaviruses have their origin and major natural reservoir from Bats. However, several scientific reports validated the hypothesis that the Malayan pangolin might carry a novel Coronavirus that has unique similarity to SARS-CoV-2. SARS-CoV-2 has been observed to continuously change through mutation. Several variants of SARS-CoV-2 with diverse sets of mutations have been detected globally. Several mutations are being monitored while others have been de-escalated because they are extinct or no longer in circulation. Authorized vaccines have been developed against the COVID-19 such as Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna and these vaccines are mRNA vaccines that penetrates the muscle cells and gives instructions to the cell machinery to produce non-toxic part of S-Protein.
Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Producing Bacteria from Hospital Laboratory Equipment in Madonna Catholic Hospital, Abia State, Nigeria
Extended-spectrum Beta-lactamases (ESBLs) producing bacteria have been identified as a major cause of hospital-acquired infections that can have serious clinical consequences, including multiple drug resistance. This study aimed to screen hospital laboratory equipment for extended-spectrum betalactamase-producing bacteria. A total of sixty (60) samples were collected by swabbing various surfaces of hospital equipment using sterile swab sticks. The bacterial species were isolated and identified using standard microbiological procedures. The bacterial isolates were then subjected to an antibiotic susceptibility test on Mueller Hinton agar using the Kirby Bauer disc diffusion technique. Subsequent screening for extended-spectrum beta-lactamase production was done using the double disc synergy test. This study revealed that a total of twenty-five (25) bacterial strains were isolated from the hospital laboratory equipment, among which Escherichia coli 10 (40%) were the most predominant bacteria specie isolated. This was followed by Staphylococcus aureus 7 (28.0%) and Salmonella spp. 4 (16.0%), the least isolated bacteria were Bacillus spp. 1 (4.0%). The distribution of these isolates among the equipment showed that the incubator had the highest number and percentage of bacteria isolates (64.0%), while the least was recorded for centrifuge 3 (12.0%). The multidrug resistance profile showed that Escherichia coli was highly resistant to the antibiotics tested at an index rate of 0.6. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase production was observed in Salmonella spp 3 (75.0%), Escherichia coli 2 (20.0%), and Klebsiella spp. 1 (33.3%) The study identified that multidrug-resistant and ESBL-producing bacteria species were present in hospital laboratory equipment and their occurrence on these equipments poses important healthcareassociated problems as they serve as a major cause of nosocomial infections. This therefore, requires strict infection control measures and careful selection of therapy in the study area to prevent the spread of these pathogens.
Authors: Nwankwo, I.U., Edward, K.C., Udensi, C.G., Favour, U. and Ihediwa, F.U
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Abstract
Extended-spectrum Beta-lactamases (ESBLs) producing bacteria have been identified as a major cause of hospital-acquired infections that can have serious clinical consequences, including multiple drug resistance. This study aimed to screen hospital laboratory equipment for extended-spectrum betalactamase-producing bacteria. A total of sixty (60) samples were collected by swabbing various surfaces of hospital equipment using sterile swab sticks. The bacterial species were isolated and identified using standard microbiological procedures. The bacterial isolates were then subjected to an antibiotic susceptibility test on Mueller Hinton agar using the Kirby Bauer disc diffusion technique. Subsequent screening for extended-spectrum beta-lactamase production was done using the double disc synergy test. This study revealed that a total of twenty-five (25) bacterial strains were isolated from the hospital laboratory equipment, among which Escherichia coli 10 (40%) were the most predominant bacteria specie isolated. This was followed by Staphylococcus aureus 7 (28.0%) and Salmonella spp. 4 (16.0%), the least isolated bacteria were Bacillus spp. 1 (4.0%). The distribution of these isolates among the equipment showed that the incubator had the highest number and percentage of bacteria isolates (64.0%), while the least was recorded for centrifuge 3 (12.0%). The multidrug resistance profile showed that Escherichia coli was highly resistant to the antibiotics tested at an index rate of 0.6. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase production was observed in Salmonella spp 3 (75.0%), Escherichia coli 2 (20.0%), and Klebsiella spp. 1 (33.3%) The study identified that multidrug-resistant and ESBL-producing bacteria species were present in hospital laboratory equipment and their occurrence on these equipments poses important healthcareassociated problems as they serve as a major cause of nosocomial infections. This therefore, requires strict infection control measures and careful selection of therapy in the study area to prevent the spread of these pathogens.
Public Health Risk Assessment of Bio-aerosols Associated with Soot Pollution in Port Harcourt, Nigeria
An assessment of outdoor bio-aerosols and particulate exposure was carried out to study and determine the association of the particulates and the organic matter. This was carried out at Trans Amadi industrial area of Port Harcourt where most outdoor sources of atmospheric particles are emitted, due to industrial activities. Seven locations were established for sampling which consist of Azuabie Market, Abuloma Jetty, Jenny & Jessy Street, Mother Cat, Rivoc Road, Royal Palm Estate, and Slaughter/Coca Cola Axis. The condition of temperature, humidity, cloud cover, wind speed and other air pollutants such as carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen monoxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulphur dioxide (SO2), ozone (O3), ammonia (NH3), and particulate matter (PM 2.5) and (PM 10) were considered. Bio-aerosols were determined by open plate sedimentation technique where a prepared culture media plate was opened for 20 minutes for microbes to settle. The study showed abundance and diversity of microorganisms in the atmosphere of the industrial polluted area. PM 10 was significantly higher than other pollutants with 610.97 at Jenny & Jessy Street and Rivoc Road while PM 2.5 was 498.96 at Jenny & Jessy Street and Rivoc Road, followed by Royal Palm Estate with 386.6. The minimum and maximum temperature values in all sampling sites was between 25-35oC during the sampling time, while the relative humidity was within 37-72%. Wind speed in all sampled sites was 0.78-1.9 m/s. Cloud cover was 47-76% while ozone (O3) was higher at 131.1 μg/m3 at Jenny & Jessy Street and Rivoc Road followed by Azuabie Market which was 114.4 μg/m3. The result revealed isolation of four fungal isolates and nine bacterial isolates including Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Penicillum sp, and Micrococcus sp, Klebsiella sp, Streptococcus sp, Pseudomonas sp, Staphylococcus sp, Bacillus sp, Shigella sp, Enterobacter sp, Escherichia coli, were observed.This study has presented evidence of biological aerosols in soot deteriorated outdoor ambient air.
Authors: Asime, O., Idris, U. H., Barka, J., Jamilu, G., Kwata, V. J. and Hayford, F.
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Abstract
An assessment of outdoor bio-aerosols and particulate exposure was carried out to study and determine the association of the particulates and the organic matter. This was carried out at Trans Amadi industrial area of Port Harcourt where most outdoor sources of atmospheric particles are emitted, due to industrial activities. Seven locations were established for sampling which consist of Azuabie Market, Abuloma Jetty, Jenny & Jessy Street, Mother Cat, Rivoc Road, Royal Palm Estate, and Slaughter/Coca Cola Axis. The condition of temperature, humidity, cloud cover, wind speed and other air pollutants such as carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen monoxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulphur dioxide (SO2), ozone (O3), ammonia (NH3), and particulate matter (PM 2.5) and (PM 10) were considered. Bio-aerosols were determined by open plate sedimentation technique where a prepared culture media plate was opened for 20 minutes for microbes to settle. The study showed abundance and diversity of microorganisms in the atmosphere of the industrial polluted area. PM 10 was significantly higher than other pollutants with 610.97 at Jenny & Jessy Street and Rivoc Road while PM 2.5 was 498.96 at Jenny & Jessy Street and Rivoc Road, followed by Royal Palm Estate with 386.6. The minimum and maximum temperature values in all sampling sites was between 25-35oC during the sampling time, while the relative humidity was within 37-72%. Wind speed in all sampled sites was 0.78-1.9 m/s. Cloud cover was 47-76% while ozone (O3) was higher at 131.1 μg/m3 at Jenny & Jessy Street and Rivoc Road followed by Azuabie Market which was 114.4 μg/m3. The result revealed isolation of four fungal isolates and nine bacterial isolates including Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Penicillum sp, and Micrococcus sp, Klebsiella sp, Streptococcus sp, Pseudomonas sp, Staphylococcus sp, Bacillus sp, Shigella sp, Enterobacter sp, Escherichia coli, were observed.This study has presented evidence of biological aerosols in soot deteriorated outdoor ambient air.
Nutritional Properties of Yoghurt Prepared Using Exopolysaccharide Producing Lactobacillus spp. Isolated from Nono
Yoghurt is a widely accepted and consumed fermented dairy product, rich in protein, vitamins and essential minerals. There could be variation in nutritional properties of yoghurt, which could be due to variation in milk properties, or type of starter culture used. Three (3) high yielding EPS Lactobacillus spp. from a previous study were used for yoghurt production. The produced yoghurt samples were subjected to physicochemical, proximate, and elemental analysis using standard methods. The produced yoghurt had pH values in the range, 4.05- 4.92, Titratable acidity (0.90 – 1.45%), viscosity (1441 - 8121 cps) and syneresis (8.36 -17.40%) which significantly differed at 95% confidence level. Proximate content analysis indicated all the yoghurt to be of low fat (1-3%), with good protein content in the range 3.34 and 4.20%, mean ash contents and total solids content of yoghurt were, 0.49% and 20.63% respectively. The yoghurt samples had varying values of trace elements, Phosphorus, Zinc, Calcium and Potassium in the range of; 44.38 - 45.05ppm, 0.21 -0.38ppm, 65.53 - 79.87ppm, 107.6 -183.85ppm for each respectively. These isolates were able to produce yoghurt with desirable properties (Physicochemical, proximate, and trace elements), comparable to the control yoghurt produced with standard starter culture; and were within acceptable limits of FDA. These strains could be considered as adjunct or potential starter culture candidates for yoghurt production
Authors: Kabir, A.
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Abstract
Yoghurt is a widely accepted and consumed fermented dairy product, rich in protein, vitamins and essential minerals. There could be variation in nutritional properties of yoghurt, which could be due to variation in milk properties, or type of starter culture used. Three (3) high yielding EPS Lactobacillus spp. from a previous study were used for yoghurt production. The produced yoghurt samples were subjected to physicochemical, proximate, and elemental analysis using standard methods. The produced yoghurt had pH values in the range, 4.05- 4.92, Titratable acidity (0.90 – 1.45%), viscosity (1441 - 8121 cps) and syneresis (8.36 -17.40%) which significantly differed at 95% confidence level. Proximate content analysis indicated all the yoghurt to be of low fat (1-3%), with good protein content in the range 3.34 and 4.20%, mean ash contents and total solids content of yoghurt were, 0.49% and 20.63% respectively. The yoghurt samples had varying values of trace elements, Phosphorus, Zinc, Calcium and Potassium in the range of; 44.38 - 45.05ppm, 0.21 -0.38ppm, 65.53 - 79.87ppm, 107.6 -183.85ppm for each respectively. These isolates were able to produce yoghurt with desirable properties (Physicochemical, proximate, and trace elements), comparable to the control yoghurt produced with standard starter culture; and were within acceptable limits of FDA. These strains could be considered as adjunct or potential starter culture candidates for yoghurt production
Occurrence and Emergence of New-Delhi Metallo Beta-lactamase-1 Positive Pseudomonas aeruginosa from Urine samples in Ebonyi State, Nigeria
This study was intended to find the extent of occurrence and prevalence of carbapenem resistance Pseudomonas aeruginosa from urine samples from both clinical and non-clinical settings in Ebonyi state. A cross sectional study was carried out from April-December 2021 in Alex-Ekwueme Federal University Microbiology Laboratory Ebonyi State amongst individuals using a pre-tested, selfadministered questionnaire. A total of 185 urine samples were isolated from three (3) health institutions and four communities all in Ebonyi state and isolation of microorganisms and proper identification were done using standard microbial techniques. The sensitivity of the isolated organisms to commonly used antibiotics (Oxoid, UK) was determined by Kirby-Bauer diffusion method. Results for ESBL production shows that of the 185 isolates under study, ESBL production was seen in 35.7% (66/185) Pseudomonas aeruginosa by MDDST, only Cefepime and no other third generational Cephalosporins showed synergism with amoxicillin-clavulanate to five isolates of P. aeruginosa. Out of 185 Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates, 32(17.3%) were carbapenem resistant, while 12(6.5%) of the isolates were confirmed as carbapenemases producers. DNA extraction of New-Delhi Metallo beta-lactamase genes (NDM-1) using Agarose gel electrophoresis shows that New-Delhi Metallo beta-lactamase genes were present at Lane 6 of NDM-1 gene band (950bp) and Lane A represents the 100bp molecular ladder of 1500bp. This increase in resistance and the presence of NDM-1 genes can be attributed to abuse of antibiotics in humans and animal settings. Hence formulation of good policy, usage of antibiotics by government agency is advocated and it’s monitoring and enforcement encouraged
Authors: Okeke, A. F., Chikwendu, C.I., Nworie, O., Isirue A.M. C. and Amadi, E.S.
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Abstract
This study was intended to find the extent of occurrence and prevalence of carbapenem resistance Pseudomonas aeruginosa from urine samples from both clinical and non-clinical settings in Ebonyi state. A cross sectional study was carried out from April-December 2021 in Alex-Ekwueme Federal University Microbiology Laboratory Ebonyi State amongst individuals using a pre-tested, selfadministered questionnaire. A total of 185 urine samples were isolated from three (3) health institutions and four communities all in Ebonyi state and isolation of microorganisms and proper identification were done using standard microbial techniques. The sensitivity of the isolated organisms to commonly used antibiotics (Oxoid, UK) was determined by Kirby-Bauer diffusion method. Results for ESBL production shows that of the 185 isolates under study, ESBL production was seen in 35.7% (66/185) Pseudomonas aeruginosa by MDDST, only Cefepime and no other third generational Cephalosporins showed synergism with amoxicillin-clavulanate to five isolates of P. aeruginosa. Out of 185 Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates, 32(17.3%) were carbapenem resistant, while 12(6.5%) of the isolates were confirmed as carbapenemases producers. DNA extraction of New-Delhi Metallo beta-lactamase genes (NDM-1) using Agarose gel electrophoresis shows that New-Delhi Metallo beta-lactamase genes were present at Lane 6 of NDM-1 gene band (950bp) and Lane A represents the 100bp molecular ladder of 1500bp. This increase in resistance and the presence of NDM-1 genes can be attributed to abuse of antibiotics in humans and animal settings. Hence formulation of good policy, usage of antibiotics by government agency is advocated and it’s monitoring and enforcement encouraged
Isolation and Molecular Characterization of Important Fish Pathogens from River Niger and Two Other Major Rivers in Anambra State, Nigeria
This study was designed to isolate and characterize pathogenic bacteria from fish samples from Niger, Otuocha and Amansea rivers using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing approaches. Thirty-two fishes (16 tilapia and 16 catfish) were sampled from the three rivers. The intestines (one gram each) of all the fish samples were screened for the presence of pathogenic microbes of green colonies using Aeromonas agar base (Sigma) enriched with Ampicillin for selectivity. The extraction and sequencing of 16s rRNA of the pure isolates was done in GeneWiz laboratory USA. Polymerase chain reaction was used to assay for haemolysin gene and microscope for their morphological characteristics respectively. Basic local ailment tool (BLAST) compared the 16s rRNA sequences with the ones in the National Centre for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Database. Results showed that 99% of the catfish samples grew with green colouration and were resistant to ampicillin, while none of the tilapia samples showed any form of growth on the selective media. BLAST analysis of the 16s rRNA sequences showed pathogenic Enterobacteriaceae spp. (Citrobacter freundi, Enterobacter cloacae and Serratia rubidaea) and Ochrobactrum anthropi bacteria in the catfish samples which were 99% identical with 16s rRNA sequences. They were haemolysin negative and microscopic result showed the isolates to be rod shaped and motile. The study showed that 99% of the catfish samples contained more than one pathogenic microorganism. These findings serve for awareness creation to fish consumers, handlers and processor in order to guide against such infectious microbes.
Authors: Oko, A. O., Agwu, S. C., Sethi, S. K., Ali, F. U., Ebenyi, L. N. and Ominyi, M. C.
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Abstract
This study was designed to isolate and characterize pathogenic bacteria from fish samples from Niger, Otuocha and Amansea rivers using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing approaches. Thirty-two fishes (16 tilapia and 16 catfish) were sampled from the three rivers. The intestines (one gram each) of all the fish samples were screened for the presence of pathogenic microbes of green colonies using Aeromonas agar base (Sigma) enriched with Ampicillin for selectivity. The extraction and sequencing of 16s rRNA of the pure isolates was done in GeneWiz laboratory USA. Polymerase chain reaction was used to assay for haemolysin gene and microscope for their morphological characteristics respectively. Basic local ailment tool (BLAST) compared the 16s rRNA sequences with the ones in the National Centre for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Database. Results showed that 99% of the catfish samples grew with green colouration and were resistant to ampicillin, while none of the tilapia samples showed any form of growth on the selective media. BLAST analysis of the 16s rRNA sequences showed pathogenic Enterobacteriaceae spp. (Citrobacter freundi, Enterobacter cloacae and Serratia rubidaea) and Ochrobactrum anthropi bacteria in the catfish samples which were 99% identical with 16s rRNA sequences. They were haemolysin negative and microscopic result showed the isolates to be rod shaped and motile. The study showed that 99% of the catfish samples contained more than one pathogenic microorganism. These findings serve for awareness creation to fish consumers, handlers and processor in order to guide against such infectious microbes.
Extended Spectrum Beta- Lactamase (ESBL) Resistant Genes in Escherichia coli from women with Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)
Complications in UTIs have increased among women due to the increased ability of E coli to produce ESBL, which makes treatment difficult due to multidrug resistance. This research was undertaken to detect ESBL genes in E .coli from women with UTI. Bacteria were isolated from urine samples using Eosin Methylene Blue Agar (EMB) and identified using biochemical tests. Antimicrobial resistance was determined using the disk diffusion method with different classes of antibiotics. Isolates were screened for ESBL production using the CLSI protocol and suspected ESBL producers were confirmed using the double disc synergy method. Detection and characterization of ESBL genes were done by single Polymerase chain reaction method. Results showed that 95 (34.17%) women tested positive for UTI, with 51( 53.68) being E .coli positive and 44 ( 46. 31% ) being other bacteria. Women with fistula had the highest prevalence of E. coli [ 30 (58.8% ) ] while women with diabetes had the least[2 (3.9%)]. Infection with E. coli was statistically significant among women with Fistula, pregnancy, HIV and diabetes (P = 0.0001, 0.002, 0.003 and 0.001 respectively). All the strains of E. coli showed high resistance to Beta lactams and other commonly used classes of antibiotics including the Carbapenems. Prevalence of ESBLs was 23.52%, while ESBL genes detected include TEM 8 (66.66%), TEM & CTX 2 ( 16 .66% ). The SHV gene was not detected while 2 of the isolates could not be recovered for the test
Authors: Ali, M.A.*, Adiekwuo, R. C. Anthony, A.U., Agabi, Y. A., Robinson, J.W., and Zakari, H.
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Abstract
Complications in UTIs have increased among women due to the increased ability of E coli to produce ESBL, which makes treatment difficult due to multidrug resistance. This research was undertaken to detect ESBL genes in E .coli from women with UTI. Bacteria were isolated from urine samples using Eosin Methylene Blue Agar (EMB) and identified using biochemical tests. Antimicrobial resistance was determined using the disk diffusion method with different classes of antibiotics. Isolates were screened for ESBL production using the CLSI protocol and suspected ESBL producers were confirmed using the double disc synergy method. Detection and characterization of ESBL genes were done by single Polymerase chain reaction method. Results showed that 95 (34.17%) women tested positive for UTI, with 51( 53.68) being E .coli positive and 44 ( 46. 31% ) being other bacteria. Women with fistula had the highest prevalence of E. coli [ 30 (58.8% ) ] while women with diabetes had the least[2 (3.9%)]. Infection with E. coli was statistically significant among women with Fistula, pregnancy, HIV and diabetes (P = 0.0001, 0.002, 0.003 and 0.001 respectively). All the strains of E. coli showed high resistance to Beta lactams and other commonly used classes of antibiotics including the Carbapenems. Prevalence of ESBLs was 23.52%, while ESBL genes detected include TEM 8 (66.66%), TEM & CTX 2 ( 16 .66% ). The SHV gene was not detected while 2 of the isolates could not be recovered for the test
Effect of Pleurotus ostreatus on the Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon and Heavy Metal Concentrations of Lubricating Oil-Amended Soil
Background: The need to develop an ecologically friendly and efficient approach of removing contaminants from polluted soil has been a major area of interest to save the environment. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of Pleurotus ostreatus on the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) and heavy metal concentrations of lubricating oil-amended soil. The white-rot fungus pre-grown on saw dust was investigated for its potential to remediate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and accumulate heavy metals in 20 % (v/v) unused and used lubricating oil-amended soil after 30, 60 and 90 days of incubation at 280C. Results obtained revealed an overall reduction of 69.52 % and 85.59 % PAH in treatment 1 and treatment 2 accordingly. There was also an overall reduction in heavy metal concentrations of the different heavy metals analyzed. Lead(Pb) reduced by 91.92 % and 63.45 %, zinc(Zn) reduced by 67.11 % and 70.08 %, copper(Cu) reduced by 49.58 % and 62.01 % while iron(Fe) also reduced by 62.42 % and 64.07 % after 90 days of incubation with P. ostreatus for treatment 1 and treatment 2 respectively. The significant reduction in the concentration of PAH and heavy metals over the time of incubation with Pleurotus ostreatus indicates that effective mycoremediation could be achieved using Pleurotus ostreatus to restore an impacted soil.
Authors: Maduwuba, M. C. and Ibiene, A. A.
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Abstract
Background: The need to develop an ecologically friendly and efficient approach of removing contaminants from polluted soil has been a major area of interest to save the environment. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of Pleurotus ostreatus on the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) and heavy metal concentrations of lubricating oil-amended soil. The white-rot fungus pre-grown on saw dust was investigated for its potential to remediate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and accumulate heavy metals in 20 % (v/v) unused and used lubricating oil-amended soil after 30, 60 and 90 days of incubation at 280C. Results obtained revealed an overall reduction of 69.52 % and 85.59 % PAH in treatment 1 and treatment 2 accordingly. There was also an overall reduction in heavy metal concentrations of the different heavy metals analyzed. Lead(Pb) reduced by 91.92 % and 63.45 %, zinc(Zn) reduced by 67.11 % and 70.08 %, copper(Cu) reduced by 49.58 % and 62.01 % while iron(Fe) also reduced by 62.42 % and 64.07 % after 90 days of incubation with P. ostreatus for treatment 1 and treatment 2 respectively. The significant reduction in the concentration of PAH and heavy metals over the time of incubation with Pleurotus ostreatus indicates that effective mycoremediation could be achieved using Pleurotus ostreatus to restore an impacted soil.
Seroprevalence of Toxoplasmosis and Immunological Status of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infected Pregnant Women in Kano, Northwestern Nigeria
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infected pregnant women are susceptible to a variety of infections including toxoplasmosis with high potential of the parasite to cause severe complications. This study was aimed at determining the seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis among HIV infected pregnant women in Kano-Nigeria. The study was conducted at Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital (AKTH). A cross sectional study was used to recruit 273 HIV seropositive pregnant women for the study. Standard procedures were used to screen these patients for T. gondii antibodies (IgG/IgM) including determination of the CD4 cell counts. The seroprevalence was found to be 30.8% for IgG and 3.3% for IgM while the overall prevalence was 34.1%. The prevalence of anti-toxoplasma IgG according to the age of the subjects showed highest prevalence (40%) among the age group 11-20. Those from the rural areas had the highest prevalence of 33.3% and 5.3% both for IgG and IgM compared to the urban dwellers. There is a significant statistical association between the latent infection of T. gondii (IgG) and contact with cats (P=0.00). Strong relationship between IgG and poorly cooked meats was further established (P=0.00). Seroprevalence of toxoplasma gondii infection is higher (72.4%) in those with CD4 cell count of <200 cells/mls. The results of this study indicated that HIV infected pregnant women could be at higher risks of Sero-conversion from chronic form (IgG) of T. gondii infection to the acute form (IgM) and that the detection of IgM antibodies is of great concern because IgM is associated with serious consequences on the fetus
Authors: Yusuf, M. A. and Yahaya, S.
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Abstract
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infected pregnant women are susceptible to a variety of infections including toxoplasmosis with high potential of the parasite to cause severe complications. This study was aimed at determining the seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis among HIV infected pregnant women in Kano-Nigeria. The study was conducted at Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital (AKTH). A cross sectional study was used to recruit 273 HIV seropositive pregnant women for the study. Standard procedures were used to screen these patients for T. gondii antibodies (IgG/IgM) including determination of the CD4 cell counts. The seroprevalence was found to be 30.8% for IgG and 3.3% for IgM while the overall prevalence was 34.1%. The prevalence of anti-toxoplasma IgG according to the age of the subjects showed highest prevalence (40%) among the age group 11-20. Those from the rural areas had the highest prevalence of 33.3% and 5.3% both for IgG and IgM compared to the urban dwellers. There is a significant statistical association between the latent infection of T. gondii (IgG) and contact with cats (P=0.00). Strong relationship between IgG and poorly cooked meats was further established (P=0.00). Seroprevalence of toxoplasma gondii infection is higher (72.4%) in those with CD4 cell count of <200 cells/mls. The results of this study indicated that HIV infected pregnant women could be at higher risks of Sero-conversion from chronic form (IgG) of T. gondii infection to the acute form (IgM) and that the detection of IgM antibodies is of great concern because IgM is associated with serious consequences on the fetus
Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Hepatitis B Virus Co-infection Studies among Patients attending Selected Hospitals in Gusau, Zamfara State, Nigeria
Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Hepatitis B virus are among the leading causes of fatal infections worldwide. This study was conducted between August-December 2018 to determine the sero-prevalence of HIV/HBV co-infection among patients attending two selected Hospitals in Gusau, Nigeria. One hundred and sixty eight (168) study subjects were recruited for this study. Blood samples were collected by venepuncture and screened for the presence of HIV antibodies and Hepatitis B surface antigen (HbsAg) using determine and Hepatitis B first response rapid detection kits respectively. The HIV positive blood samples were retested using uni-gold and analyzed for CD4+ count. HbsAg positive blood samples were confirmed by ELISA and retested for various markers of HBV. Antibodies against HIV were detected in 8.3% (14/168) while HbsAg in 7.7% (13/168) and a coinfection of 2.9% (5/168). The mean CD4+ count in HIV positive subject was 354.4cells/µl of blood. Test for markers of HBV indicate Anti HBc as the most predominant (46.1%) while Anti-HBs was the least predominant. Both HIV and HBV were significantly associated with family type and history of sexually STDs. The findings of this study suggest that thorough investigations be employed especially for blood donors so that adequate clinical management can be planned for the infected persons as soon as they are diagnosed
Authors: *1Habibu, A., 1Muhammad, U.K.,1Baki, S.A. and 2Gambo, S.
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Abstract
Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Hepatitis B virus are among the leading causes of fatal infections worldwide. This study was conducted between August-December 2018 to determine the sero-prevalence of HIV/HBV co-infection among patients attending two selected Hospitals in Gusau, Nigeria. One hundred and sixty eight (168) study subjects were recruited for this study. Blood samples were collected by venepuncture and screened for the presence of HIV antibodies and Hepatitis B surface antigen (HbsAg) using determine and Hepatitis B first response rapid detection kits respectively. The HIV positive blood samples were retested using uni-gold and analyzed for CD4+ count. HbsAg positive blood samples were confirmed by ELISA and retested for various markers of HBV. Antibodies against HIV were detected in 8.3% (14/168) while HbsAg in 7.7% (13/168) and a coinfection of 2.9% (5/168). The mean CD4+ count in HIV positive subject was 354.4cells/µl of blood. Test for markers of HBV indicate Anti HBc as the most predominant (46.1%) while Anti-HBs was the least predominant. Both HIV and HBV were significantly associated with family type and history of sexually STDs. The findings of this study suggest that thorough investigations be employed especially for blood donors so that adequate clinical management can be planned for the infected persons as soon as they are diagnosed
Prevalence and Factors Associated with Rifampicin Resistant Pulmonary Tuberculosis among Presumptive Patients in Kano State, Nigeria
Rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis (TB) is an emerging problem of great importance to public health worldwide and together with multidrug-resistant TB causes higher mortality rates than drug sensitive tuberculosis. Data regarding drug-resistance and risk factors associated with rifampicin resistant from Kano are lacking. The study therefore, determined the prevalence and risk factors associated with rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis (RR-TB) in Kano State, Nigeria. A one-year retrospective study was conducted among tuberculosis patients attending Direct Observed Treatment Short-course centers equipped with GeneXpert facilities in Kano State, Nigeria from January 2019 to December, 2019. Pulmonary and extra-pulmonary samples were analyzed using Xpert MTB/RIF assay (Cepheid, GeneXpert, USA). The data was collected from the Xpert MTB/RIF assay registers and patient’s folder. Data generated were analyzed using Chi-square and results were presented in tables. Out of 55,021 samples analyzed, 111 (0.2%) had rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis. There was significance relationship between socio-demographic characteristics (gender, age groups and marital status), prevalence and transmission dynamic of rifampicin resistant among the studied subject in the study area (Odds Ratio [OR] = 0.37, 2.54, 1.51; p≤0.5). The study confirmed the presence of rifampicin resistant tuberculosis in the study area. It also identifies the need to strengthen the laboratory capacity for early diagnosis of RR-TB as well as improvement on availability and accessibility of the services to patients by the relevant authorities to reduce the disease burden.
Authors: Mohammad, A.B1*., Ibrahim, A1., Maifada, A.I2., Balogun, M,S3., Mohammed, Y.,4 Fagge, H.S5., Iliya, S6., Aminu, A.I.7 and Mukhtar, M.D.7
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Abstract
Rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis (TB) is an emerging problem of great importance to public health worldwide and together with multidrug-resistant TB causes higher mortality rates than drug sensitive tuberculosis. Data regarding drug-resistance and risk factors associated with rifampicin resistant from Kano are lacking. The study therefore, determined the prevalence and risk factors associated with rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis (RR-TB) in Kano State, Nigeria. A one-year retrospective study was conducted among tuberculosis patients attending Direct Observed Treatment Short-course centers equipped with GeneXpert facilities in Kano State, Nigeria from January 2019 to December, 2019. Pulmonary and extra-pulmonary samples were analyzed using Xpert MTB/RIF assay (Cepheid, GeneXpert, USA). The data was collected from the Xpert MTB/RIF assay registers and patient’s folder. Data generated were analyzed using Chi-square and results were presented in tables. Out of 55,021 samples analyzed, 111 (0.2%) had rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis. There was significance relationship between socio-demographic characteristics (gender, age groups and marital status), prevalence and transmission dynamic of rifampicin resistant among the studied subject in the study area (Odds Ratio [OR] = 0.37, 2.54, 1.51; p≤0.5). The study confirmed the presence of rifampicin resistant tuberculosis in the study area. It also identifies the need to strengthen the laboratory capacity for early diagnosis of RR-TB as well as improvement on availability and accessibility of the services to patients by the relevant authorities to reduce the disease burden.
Antagonistic Activities of Lactic Acid Bacteria from Raw Cow Milk against Selected Food- Borne Pathogens
The aim of this study was to assess the antagonistic activities of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from raw cow milk on selected food-borne pathogens. The antagonistic activities of five different strains of LAB isolates; Lactobacillus plantarum, Leuconostoc mesenteriodes, Lactococcus lactis, Lactobacillus acidiophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus from raw cow milk on six selected food borne pathogens; Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp., Shigella sp., Enterobacter sp. and Serratia sp. were examined using agar well diffusion method. The production and quantification of lactic acid, hydrogen peroxide and diacetyl by these LAB were determined using standard method of analytical chemistry and the LAB were further assayed for antibacterial effect and activity of their crude bacteriocin. The antagonistic effect against food borne pathogens ranged between 3.2 to 11.3 mm, lactic acid (1.2 to 3.0 ml), diacetyl (0.4 to 1.5 ml) and hydrogen peroxide (0.6 to 2.1 ml), and the bacterocins produced had strong inhibition zones of 2 to 6 mm. The bacterocins activity ranged between 1200 to 5800 AU/mL. The highest bacterocins activity (5800 AU/mL) was with Lactobacillus acidophilus at pH 4.1 while the least (1200 AU/mL) was with Lactobacillus mesenteriodes at pH 1.21. The results of this study showed that metabolites produced by lactic acid bacteria had strong inhibition against food borne pathogens, and could be used as biological preservative in food industry as an alternative to chemical preservatives.
Authors: 1,2Adediran, A.B., 2Sanni, A.I., 2Banwo, K. and 2Adediran, A.T.
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Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the antagonistic activities of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from raw cow milk on selected food-borne pathogens. The antagonistic activities of five different strains of LAB isolates; Lactobacillus plantarum, Leuconostoc mesenteriodes, Lactococcus lactis, Lactobacillus acidiophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus from raw cow milk on six selected food borne pathogens; Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp., Shigella sp., Enterobacter sp. and Serratia sp. were examined using agar well diffusion method. The production and quantification of lactic acid, hydrogen peroxide and diacetyl by these LAB were determined using standard method of analytical chemistry and the LAB were further assayed for antibacterial effect and activity of their crude bacteriocin. The antagonistic effect against food borne pathogens ranged between 3.2 to 11.3 mm, lactic acid (1.2 to 3.0 ml), diacetyl (0.4 to 1.5 ml) and hydrogen peroxide (0.6 to 2.1 ml), and the bacterocins produced had strong inhibition zones of 2 to 6 mm. The bacterocins activity ranged between 1200 to 5800 AU/mL. The highest bacterocins activity (5800 AU/mL) was with Lactobacillus acidophilus at pH 4.1 while the least (1200 AU/mL) was with Lactobacillus mesenteriodes at pH 1.21. The results of this study showed that metabolites produced by lactic acid bacteria had strong inhibition against food borne pathogens, and could be used as biological preservative in food industry as an alternative to chemical preservatives.
Antibiotic Resistance Trend of Uropathogenic Klebsiella pneumoniae in a Hospital in Abuja, North Central Nigeria, 2014-2015
Antibiotic resistance surveillance is essential in the effective response to the global emergence and spread of multidrug resistant bacteria. This study was carried to determine the trend of antibiotic resistance of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from urine between January, 2014 and December, 2015 in a hospital in Abuja, North Central Nigeria. Urine samples were collected from patients with suspected cases of UTI who were referred to the Microbiology laboratory. The samples were inoculated onto MacConkey agar and incubated for 24 hours at 37 oC. Isolates with characteristic colonial morphology of Klebsiella pneumoniae were further characterized microscopically and biochemically. Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the isolates was determined using modified Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method. A total of 44 Klebsiella pneumoniae consisting of 22 isolates each from 2014 and 2015 were isolated in this study. The isolates were highly resistant to Ampicillin, Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole and Tetracycline. However, none of the isolates (0.00%) was resistant to Ceftriaxone, Netilmicin and Levofloxacin in 2014 and 2015. An increase in resistance rates of the isolates to Ampicillin, Tetracycline, Ofloxacin and Trimethoprim Sulfamethoxazole was observed between 2014 and 2015 from: 77.27% to 81.18%, 54.55% to 59.09%, 0.00% to 04.55% and 63.64% to 68.18% respectively. Based on the result of this study, Fluroquinolones, Ceftriaxone, Netilmicin and Levofloxacinmay be considered as therapeutic options for empirical treatment of UTIs caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae
Authors: *1Suleiman, A.B.,1Hussaini, I.M., 1Anchau, Z.G. and 1Sulaiman, M.A.
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Abstract
Antibiotic resistance surveillance is essential in the effective response to the global emergence and spread of multidrug resistant bacteria. This study was carried to determine the trend of antibiotic resistance of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from urine between January, 2014 and December, 2015 in a hospital in Abuja, North Central Nigeria. Urine samples were collected from patients with suspected cases of UTI who were referred to the Microbiology laboratory. The samples were inoculated onto MacConkey agar and incubated for 24 hours at 37 oC. Isolates with characteristic colonial morphology of Klebsiella pneumoniae were further characterized microscopically and biochemically. Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the isolates was determined using modified Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method. A total of 44 Klebsiella pneumoniae consisting of 22 isolates each from 2014 and 2015 were isolated in this study. The isolates were highly resistant to Ampicillin, Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole and Tetracycline. However, none of the isolates (0.00%) was resistant to Ceftriaxone, Netilmicin and Levofloxacin in 2014 and 2015. An increase in resistance rates of the isolates to Ampicillin, Tetracycline, Ofloxacin and Trimethoprim Sulfamethoxazole was observed between 2014 and 2015 from: 77.27% to 81.18%, 54.55% to 59.09%, 0.00% to 04.55% and 63.64% to 68.18% respectively. Based on the result of this study, Fluroquinolones, Ceftriaxone, Netilmicin and Levofloxacinmay be considered as therapeutic options for empirical treatment of UTIs caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae
Knowledge, Attitude and Control Practices of Malaria at Bunkure Local Government Area of Kano State
This study was aimed at evaluating the knowledge, attitude as well as control practices of malaria among residents of Bunkure Local Government Area of Kano State, Nigeria. Questionnaire and interview were employed for this study. All data collected were analyzed using SPSS version 20. Out of 400 participants interviewed, 95.75 %, 96% and 79.5% of them had knowledge about the transmission, symptoms, and prevention of the disease, respectively. Majority (91%) of the respondents considered malaria a serious disease and 83% had positive attitude toward the use of hospital for malaria treatment. Forty percent and 88.5% of the respondents had good practices towards malaria prevention and treatment respectively. Despite high levels of knowledge and attitudes in the study area, gaps persist in appropriate preventive practices. This study demonstrated the need to focus on awareness programs to use existing knowledge in practice to control malaria in this locality.
Authors: Bukhari,1 A., Yayo,1 A. M., Dabo,2 N. T. and Yusuf,1M. S.
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Abstract
This study was aimed at evaluating the knowledge, attitude as well as control practices of malaria among residents of Bunkure Local Government Area of Kano State, Nigeria. Questionnaire and interview were employed for this study. All data collected were analyzed using SPSS version 20. Out of 400 participants interviewed, 95.75 %, 96% and 79.5% of them had knowledge about the transmission, symptoms, and prevention of the disease, respectively. Majority (91%) of the respondents considered malaria a serious disease and 83% had positive attitude toward the use of hospital for malaria treatment. Forty percent and 88.5% of the respondents had good practices towards malaria prevention and treatment respectively. Despite high levels of knowledge and attitudes in the study area, gaps persist in appropriate preventive practices. This study demonstrated the need to focus on awareness programs to use existing knowledge in practice to control malaria in this locality.
Comparative Bacteriology of the Vagina and Uterus of Camels (Camelus dromedaries) in Sokoto, Nigeria
: Infectious infertility is a major hindrance to reproductive performance in livestock. This study was carried out to compare the bacterial profile in the vagina and uterus of camel. Swabs of the vagina and uterus were collected from 45 camel cows with unknown reproductive history at slaughter, and analysed for bacteria. Proteus spp. was the most common bacteria isolated from the genitalia and was more prevalent in the vagina 21 (46.7 %) than the uterus 16 (35.6 %). The relative risk (RR) of uterine infection with Proteus spp. was significant (RR – 4.21; p - 0.0002). There were also more isolates of Staphylococcus epidermidis in the vagina 7 (15.6 %) than the uterus 5 (11.1 %), and the risk of uterine infection with this bacterium was significant (RR - 6.8; p - 0.047). The isolation rate of Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Salmonellas spp. in the uterus were higher than in the vagina, while the rate of isolation of Enterobacter aerogenes was the same in the vagina and uterus. However, there was no risk of infection. Escherichia coli, Edwardsiella tarda, Hafnia alve, and Shigella sonnei were found in the uterus alone. Overall, there were more bacteria isolated from the uterus 43 (95.6%) than the vagina 39 (86.7%). The study showed that Proteus spp. and S epidermidis were the most common bacteria in the genitalia of camels capable of causing uterine infection
Authors: 1 1 *Adeyeye, A. A., 1aAbdullahi, M. M. and 2Makun, B.
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Abstract
: Infectious infertility is a major hindrance to reproductive performance in livestock. This study was carried out to compare the bacterial profile in the vagina and uterus of camel. Swabs of the vagina and uterus were collected from 45 camel cows with unknown reproductive history at slaughter, and analysed for bacteria. Proteus spp. was the most common bacteria isolated from the genitalia and was more prevalent in the vagina 21 (46.7 %) than the uterus 16 (35.6 %). The relative risk (RR) of uterine infection with Proteus spp. was significant (RR – 4.21; p - 0.0002). There were also more isolates of Staphylococcus epidermidis in the vagina 7 (15.6 %) than the uterus 5 (11.1 %), and the risk of uterine infection with this bacterium was significant (RR - 6.8; p - 0.047). The isolation rate of Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Salmonellas spp. in the uterus were higher than in the vagina, while the rate of isolation of Enterobacter aerogenes was the same in the vagina and uterus. However, there was no risk of infection. Escherichia coli, Edwardsiella tarda, Hafnia alve, and Shigella sonnei were found in the uterus alone. Overall, there were more bacteria isolated from the uterus 43 (95.6%) than the vagina 39 (86.7%). The study showed that Proteus spp. and S epidermidis were the most common bacteria in the genitalia of camels capable of causing uterine infection
Screening for Biosurfactant Producing Bacteria from Petroleum Contaminated Soil of Automobile Workshops in Ago-Iwoye, Ogun State, Nigeria
Biosurfactants from microorganisms are promising agents in the bioremediation of crude oil pollution due to their low toxicity and biodegradability. The study was aimed at screening bacteria isolated from petroleum contaminated soil for biosurfactant production. Soil samples were collected from 12 automobile workshops in Ago-Iwoye, Ogun State. Bacteria were isolated and characterized using pour plate technique and standard biochemical tests. Bacterial strains identified were screened for biosurfactant production using blood haemolysis test, drop collapse test, oil spreading test and foaming activity .accordingly. Of the forty five bacteria isolated and characterized. 60% were Gram-negative (27 strains) while (40%) were Gram-positive (18strains). Bacillus spp (24%) was the most dominant isolate followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (22%), Staphylococcus aureus (16%), Serratia marcescens (11%), Escheriachia coli (11%), Enterobacter aerogenes (9%) and Proteus mirabilis (7%) was the least. Results for biosurfactant screening showed that 69% of the isolates displayed haemolytic activity, 67% were positive for the drop collapse test, 75% were positive for the oil spread test and 36 % showed high foaming activities Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus spp showed high positive values in all the tests conducted. These organisms can be employed for future environmental friendly uses in bioremediation of oil contaminated environment.
Authors: *Ilusanya, O.A.F., Orjinta, A.J., Onajobi, I.B., Oyeyipo, F.M., Ogunsola, E.A. and Fatunmbi, T.C
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Abstract
Biosurfactants from microorganisms are promising agents in the bioremediation of crude oil pollution due to their low toxicity and biodegradability. The study was aimed at screening bacteria isolated from petroleum contaminated soil for biosurfactant production. Soil samples were collected from 12 automobile workshops in Ago-Iwoye, Ogun State. Bacteria were isolated and characterized using pour plate technique and standard biochemical tests. Bacterial strains identified were screened for biosurfactant production using blood haemolysis test, drop collapse test, oil spreading test and foaming activity .accordingly. Of the forty five bacteria isolated and characterized. 60% were Gram-negative (27 strains) while (40%) were Gram-positive (18strains). Bacillus spp (24%) was the most dominant isolate followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (22%), Staphylococcus aureus (16%), Serratia marcescens (11%), Escheriachia coli (11%), Enterobacter aerogenes (9%) and Proteus mirabilis (7%) was the least. Results for biosurfactant screening showed that 69% of the isolates displayed haemolytic activity, 67% were positive for the drop collapse test, 75% were positive for the oil spread test and 36 % showed high foaming activities Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus spp showed high positive values in all the tests conducted. These organisms can be employed for future environmental friendly uses in bioremediation of oil contaminated environment.
Screening, Antimicrobial Susceptibility and Gastrointestinal Tolerance of Phytase Producing Bacteria Strain for Potential Use as Probiotic Feed Supplement
In order to utilize phosphorus and other nutrients efficiently, monogastric animals require an exogenous supply of phytase to hydrolyze phytate present in feed. However, the stability and efficacy of phytase may be grossly compromised in the event of non compliance by veterinary marts and farmers to storage directives from manufacturers. To overcome this challenge, it is envisaged that live phytase producing microorganisms may be used as feed supplement. The aim of this study was to screen some phytase-producing bacteria strains for pathogenicity, and thereafter evaluate the antimicrobial sensitivity and gastrointestinal tract (GIT) tolerance of selected strain in vitro. Four phytase-producing bacteria strains previously isolated from top soils from Lagos dumpsites, and identified as Enterobacter cloacae ODS 29, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens ODS 33, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FDS 10 and Bacillus subtilis FDS 16 (MH879829, MH879830, MH879831 and MH879832 respectively) were screened for pathogenic ability by microbiological methods. Pathogen-negative strain was evaluated for susceptibility against ten standard antimicrobials over 24 h and thereafter evaluated for tolerance to GIT conditions (pH 1-4 over 2 h, bile concentrations 0.1 to 2% (w/v) over 5 h, gastric juice over 6 h and simulated GIT condition over 4 h respectively). Results of pathogen test revealed only Enterobacter cloacae ODS 29 as non pathogenic strain of bacteria. Evaluation of its sensitivity to various antimicrobials revealed susceptibility to all ten antimicrobials. Result of GIT tolerance showed E. cloacae ODS 29 to survive pH < 2, bile concentration 2% (w/v), gastric juice and simulated GIT conditions. As such, E. cloacae ODS 29 is considered safe and having potential for probiotic use as feed supplement.
Authors: Onawola, O. O.,*1, 2 Akande, I. S., 1 Okunowo, W. O.1 and Osuntoki, A. A.1
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Abstract
In order to utilize phosphorus and other nutrients efficiently, monogastric animals require an exogenous supply of phytase to hydrolyze phytate present in feed. However, the stability and efficacy of phytase may be grossly compromised in the event of non compliance by veterinary marts and farmers to storage directives from manufacturers. To overcome this challenge, it is envisaged that live phytase producing microorganisms may be used as feed supplement. The aim of this study was to screen some phytase-producing bacteria strains for pathogenicity, and thereafter evaluate the antimicrobial sensitivity and gastrointestinal tract (GIT) tolerance of selected strain in vitro. Four phytase-producing bacteria strains previously isolated from top soils from Lagos dumpsites, and identified as Enterobacter cloacae ODS 29, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens ODS 33, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FDS 10 and Bacillus subtilis FDS 16 (MH879829, MH879830, MH879831 and MH879832 respectively) were screened for pathogenic ability by microbiological methods. Pathogen-negative strain was evaluated for susceptibility against ten standard antimicrobials over 24 h and thereafter evaluated for tolerance to GIT conditions (pH 1-4 over 2 h, bile concentrations 0.1 to 2% (w/v) over 5 h, gastric juice over 6 h and simulated GIT condition over 4 h respectively). Results of pathogen test revealed only Enterobacter cloacae ODS 29 as non pathogenic strain of bacteria. Evaluation of its sensitivity to various antimicrobials revealed susceptibility to all ten antimicrobials. Result of GIT tolerance showed E. cloacae ODS 29 to survive pH < 2, bile concentration 2% (w/v), gastric juice and simulated GIT conditions. As such, E. cloacae ODS 29 is considered safe and having potential for probiotic use as feed supplement.
Prevalence of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi among Patients attending Selected Health Care Centres in Lafia, Nasarawa State, Nigeria
A study was carried out to investigate the prevalence of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi among 300 patients attending selected health care centres in Lafia, Nasarawa State Nigeria. Demographic data of patients were collected via semi-structured questionnaire. Bacterial isolates from stool samples collected from patients were identified using standard biochemical and serotyping methods. Stool samples of 17 (5.70%) patients tested positive for Salmonella Typhi, and strains having the somatic O antigen were more prevalent (88.24%) than those with the flagellar H antigen (11.76%). Higher prevalence of Salmonella Typhi was observed in females (7.05%) compared to males (4.17%), and in adults (5.74%) compared to children (5.50%). Prevalence was also higher in singles (7.39%) compared to married (4.00%) and in non-literate patients (11.91%) compared to literates (4.65%). Higher prevalence values were observed among retirees (50%) compared to civil servants (5.81%), private sector workers (5.17%) and unemployed (5.20%). Higher prevalence values were observed among semi-urban dwellers (8.80%) compared to urban dwellers (3.19%) and rural dwellers (5.56%). The major source of drinking water of patients was bore hole (85.67%). There was no significant association between all demographic categories of patients under investigation and infection by Salmonella Typhi (P>0.05). Improved personal hygiene, supply of potable drinking water, targeted vaccination, and regular screening and licensing of public food and water vendors, are recommended for the control of typhoid fever caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, in the studied area.
Authors: Terna, F.C1., Chuku, A1. and Obiekezie, S.O2.
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Abstract
A study was carried out to investigate the prevalence of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi among 300 patients attending selected health care centres in Lafia, Nasarawa State Nigeria. Demographic data of patients were collected via semi-structured questionnaire. Bacterial isolates from stool samples collected from patients were identified using standard biochemical and serotyping methods. Stool samples of 17 (5.70%) patients tested positive for Salmonella Typhi, and strains having the somatic O antigen were more prevalent (88.24%) than those with the flagellar H antigen (11.76%). Higher prevalence of Salmonella Typhi was observed in females (7.05%) compared to males (4.17%), and in adults (5.74%) compared to children (5.50%). Prevalence was also higher in singles (7.39%) compared to married (4.00%) and in non-literate patients (11.91%) compared to literates (4.65%). Higher prevalence values were observed among retirees (50%) compared to civil servants (5.81%), private sector workers (5.17%) and unemployed (5.20%). Higher prevalence values were observed among semi-urban dwellers (8.80%) compared to urban dwellers (3.19%) and rural dwellers (5.56%). The major source of drinking water of patients was bore hole (85.67%). There was no significant association between all demographic categories of patients under investigation and infection by Salmonella Typhi (P>0.05). Improved personal hygiene, supply of potable drinking water, targeted vaccination, and regular screening and licensing of public food and water vendors, are recommended for the control of typhoid fever caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, in the studied area.
Plasmid Profiling and Prevalence of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus from Patients in Abakaliki, Nigeria
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is a serious global threat. Thus, this research focused on plasmid profile and prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from patients in Abakaliki, Nigeria. A total of 454 clinical specimens were obtained and screened for presence of beta-lactamase and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus using nitrocefin sticks; oxacillin and cefoxitin antibiotic disc. Antibiotic susceptibility of the isolates were determined using disc diffusion method according to Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute. Plasmid profiles were analyzed using agarose gel electrophoresis. A total of 41 beta-lactamase producing and 36 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus were detected from the specimens with percentage prevalence’s of 23.0 and 20.2 respectively. The isolates were highly resistant to cefoxitin (60.9% to 73.0%), cloxacillin (67.6% to 78.0%), cefotaxime (36.4% to 73.9%) and ceftazidime (32.4% to 52.2%). The isolates had very high percentage susceptibility range to ciprofloxacin (77.1 to 91.3), ofloxacin (79.7 to 87.0) and gentamicin (64.4 to 65.2). All strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus were susceptible to vancomycin. Different antibiotic resistance patterns were recorded among the S. aureus to other antibiotics. The presence of multiple plasmid DNA was in 32 (18.0 %) clinical isolates. This study reported significant prevalence of MRSA, multiple plasmids and beta-lactamase producing S. aureus in clinical specimens. Thus, a serious global problem and public health threat that calls for a strict measure in the choice of drugs used in the treatment of illnesses.
Authors: Ugbo, E. N.,1* Moses, I. B.,1 Ugadu, I. O.2 and Ugbo, A. I.1
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Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is a serious global threat. Thus, this research focused on plasmid profile and prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from patients in Abakaliki, Nigeria. A total of 454 clinical specimens were obtained and screened for presence of beta-lactamase and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus using nitrocefin sticks; oxacillin and cefoxitin antibiotic disc. Antibiotic susceptibility of the isolates were determined using disc diffusion method according to Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute. Plasmid profiles were analyzed using agarose gel electrophoresis. A total of 41 beta-lactamase producing and 36 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus were detected from the specimens with percentage prevalence’s of 23.0 and 20.2 respectively. The isolates were highly resistant to cefoxitin (60.9% to 73.0%), cloxacillin (67.6% to 78.0%), cefotaxime (36.4% to 73.9%) and ceftazidime (32.4% to 52.2%). The isolates had very high percentage susceptibility range to ciprofloxacin (77.1 to 91.3), ofloxacin (79.7 to 87.0) and gentamicin (64.4 to 65.2). All strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus were susceptible to vancomycin. Different antibiotic resistance patterns were recorded among the S. aureus to other antibiotics. The presence of multiple plasmid DNA was in 32 (18.0 %) clinical isolates. This study reported significant prevalence of MRSA, multiple plasmids and beta-lactamase producing S. aureus in clinical specimens. Thus, a serious global problem and public health threat that calls for a strict measure in the choice of drugs used in the treatment of illnesses.
Microbiological Assessment and Detection of Adenovirus in Sachet Water Sold In Abeokuta, Nigeria
Microbiological safety of sachet water remains a public health problem in Nigeria. This study was aimed at investigating some packaged sachet water sold in Abeokuta, South-West Nigeria for the microbiological safety including some of the enteric viruses on contaminant candidate list. Sachet water samples from five different producers were obtained over three month’s period. Bacterial and fungal analyses were conducted with standard culture method. Targeted protozoans were investigated by microscopic examination of sediments obtained after centrifugation. Nested and semi-nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques targeting specific genes in adenovirus, norovirus and rotavirus were used for viral analyses. Results were presented in presence-absence score. Contingency table was used to establish relationship between viruses, Escherichia coli and protozoans. Out of a total twenty pooled samples analysed, adenovirus had a prevalence rate of 10% across the study period, whereas rotavirus and norovirus were absent. Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts were also absent. Escherichia coli was present in 40% of the brands. Other bacteria identified were Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, Shigella dysentariae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Aspergillus sp, Mucor and Rhizopus sp. were present in some samples collected. Adenovirus was detected by PCR in a pooled sample of sachet water that tested negative for Escherichia coli, Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts. There is need for microbiological screening of sachet water periodically in order to enhance public health safety.
Authors: Olufunke B. S., Oluwakayode T. A., Frederick O. O., Temitope O.C. F., Moses O. A. and Johnson A. A.
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Abstract
Microbiological safety of sachet water remains a public health problem in Nigeria. This study was aimed at investigating some packaged sachet water sold in Abeokuta, South-West Nigeria for the microbiological safety including some of the enteric viruses on contaminant candidate list. Sachet water samples from five different producers were obtained over three month’s period. Bacterial and fungal analyses were conducted with standard culture method. Targeted protozoans were investigated by microscopic examination of sediments obtained after centrifugation. Nested and semi-nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques targeting specific genes in adenovirus, norovirus and rotavirus were used for viral analyses. Results were presented in presence-absence score. Contingency table was used to establish relationship between viruses, Escherichia coli and protozoans. Out of a total twenty pooled samples analysed, adenovirus had a prevalence rate of 10% across the study period, whereas rotavirus and norovirus were absent. Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts were also absent. Escherichia coli was present in 40% of the brands. Other bacteria identified were Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, Shigella dysentariae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Aspergillus sp, Mucor and Rhizopus sp. were present in some samples collected. Adenovirus was detected by PCR in a pooled sample of sachet water that tested negative for Escherichia coli, Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts. There is need for microbiological screening of sachet water periodically in order to enhance public health safety.
Screening of Moulds from Soil for Pectinase Production
Enzymes are increasingly being used in different industrial processes globally as a result of their extreme efficiency and highly specific bio-catalytic activities. Pectinases are among the most important industrial enzymes and their demand is increasing by the day hence the need to search for cheap and readily available sources of the enzyme. Therefore, this study was undertaken with the aim of isolating and screening mould species from soil for pectinase production. Isolation of pectinolytic moulds was carried out using the spread plate method. Screening of the isolates for their pectinolytic activity was done by culturing on Pectinase Screening Agar Medium (PSAM) and flooding with iodine-potassium iodide solution. Six (6) fungal species; Aspergillus niger, Monilia sitophila, Sclerotium rolfsii, Penicillium spp, Cladiosporium spp and Curvularia spp were isolated. Sclerotium rolfsii, had the highest pectin hydrolysis zone (35 mm) upon screening. It was concluded that Sclerotium rolfsii isolated from botanical garden in Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Nigeria has potential for pectinase production
Authors: Ikani, Eleojo*, Ado, S. A. and Abdullahi, I. O.
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Abstract
Enzymes are increasingly being used in different industrial processes globally as a result of their extreme efficiency and highly specific bio-catalytic activities. Pectinases are among the most important industrial enzymes and their demand is increasing by the day hence the need to search for cheap and readily available sources of the enzyme. Therefore, this study was undertaken with the aim of isolating and screening mould species from soil for pectinase production. Isolation of pectinolytic moulds was carried out using the spread plate method. Screening of the isolates for their pectinolytic activity was done by culturing on Pectinase Screening Agar Medium (PSAM) and flooding with iodine-potassium iodide solution. Six (6) fungal species; Aspergillus niger, Monilia sitophila, Sclerotium rolfsii, Penicillium spp, Cladiosporium spp and Curvularia spp were isolated. Sclerotium rolfsii, had the highest pectin hydrolysis zone (35 mm) upon screening. It was concluded that Sclerotium rolfsii isolated from botanical garden in Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Nigeria has potential for pectinase production
Antimicrobial Activity of Persea americana Seed Extract against Bacteria and Yeast isolated from Patients with Urinary Tract Infection in Delta State University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria
The study was aimed at investigating the antimicrobial activity of Persea americana (Avocado pear) seed extracts on some clinical isolates from urine. Urine samples (500) were collected from patients with urinary tract infection (UTI) from Delta State University Teaching Hospital, Oghara, Nigeria. Bacteria and fungi were isolated and identified based on standard techniques. Serratiasp., Escherichia coli, Klebsiella sp., Proteus sp., Salmonella sp., Candida sp. and Saccharomyces cerevisiae were isolated with E.coli and Candida sp observed to have the highest prevalence of 75.0% and71.4% respectively. Aqueous and ethanolic extracts of P. americana seeds were screened for phytochemicals. Concentrations of these phytochemicals (g/kg) were observed to be higher in the ethanolic than aqueous extracts. Saponin was identified with the highest concentrations of 5.08 ±0.20 and 0.6±0.12 while tannin the lowest of 0.40±0.1 and 0.15±0.20 in ethanolic and aqueous extracts respectively. Antimicrobial assays revealed that all the isolates except Proteus sp. and Serratia sp. were susceptible to the ethanolic extracts of P. americana while all the organisms were resistant to the various concentrations of the aqueous extract. This finding recommends further study on the use of P. Americana seeds as a potential antimicrobial agent in formulation of drugs for the treatment of UTIs
Authors: 1Akpomie, O. O., 1Ehwarieme, D. A.,*2Enivweru, O., 2Ajise, J. E., 3Kovo, G. A. and 4Soumya, G.
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Abstract
The study was aimed at investigating the antimicrobial activity of Persea americana (Avocado pear) seed extracts on some clinical isolates from urine. Urine samples (500) were collected from patients with urinary tract infection (UTI) from Delta State University Teaching Hospital, Oghara, Nigeria. Bacteria and fungi were isolated and identified based on standard techniques. Serratiasp., Escherichia coli, Klebsiella sp., Proteus sp., Salmonella sp., Candida sp. and Saccharomyces cerevisiae were isolated with E.coli and Candida sp observed to have the highest prevalence of 75.0% and71.4% respectively. Aqueous and ethanolic extracts of P. americana seeds were screened for phytochemicals. Concentrations of these phytochemicals (g/kg) were observed to be higher in the ethanolic than aqueous extracts. Saponin was identified with the highest concentrations of 5.08 ±0.20 and 0.6±0.12 while tannin the lowest of 0.40±0.1 and 0.15±0.20 in ethanolic and aqueous extracts respectively. Antimicrobial assays revealed that all the isolates except Proteus sp. and Serratia sp. were susceptible to the ethanolic extracts of P. americana while all the organisms were resistant to the various concentrations of the aqueous extract. This finding recommends further study on the use of P. Americana seeds as a potential antimicrobial agent in formulation of drugs for the treatment of UTIs
Assessment of Malaria Prevalence and Haemoglobin Genotypes among Patients Attending Selected Hospitals in the Three Senatorial Districts of Kaduna State, Nigeria
Malaria is a significant public health problem, especially in developing countries including Nigeria. It has caused the morbidity and death of millions of people; especially pregnant women and children under the age of five years in sub-Saharan Africa. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of malaria and haemoglobin genotypes among patients attending selected hospitals in the three senatorial districts of Kaduna State, Nigeria. Blood samples were collected from 300 consenting participants and screened for malaria parasites using microscopy. Relevant information was obtained by administration of structured questionnaire. Associations were determined using Chi-square, and P≤0.05 was considered significant. The prevalence of malaria was higher in General Hospital Kafanchan (30%) which is located in Kaduna South Senatorial District, compared to the Hospitals in Kaduna North and Kaduna Central Senatorial Districts (P=0.062). The age group ≤10 (31.3%) had the highest malaria prevalence, the least prevalence was found in the age group ≥41 (9.1%). The difference was statistically significant (P=0.029). The educational status and occupation of participants were not significantly associated with malaria (P<0.05). The high prevalence of malaria in the age group ≤10 may be associated with lower immunity to malaria. Malaria interventions should therefore pay special attention to this group. The percentage of Plasmodium falciparum malaria was higher among persons with HbAA than those with HbAS, HbAC and HbS.
Authors: *Benjamin, G. Y., 1Inabo, H. I,. 1Doko, M.H.I. and 2Busayo, O. O.
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Abstract
Malaria is a significant public health problem, especially in developing countries including Nigeria. It has caused the morbidity and death of millions of people; especially pregnant women and children under the age of five years in sub-Saharan Africa. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of malaria and haemoglobin genotypes among patients attending selected hospitals in the three senatorial districts of Kaduna State, Nigeria. Blood samples were collected from 300 consenting participants and screened for malaria parasites using microscopy. Relevant information was obtained by administration of structured questionnaire. Associations were determined using Chi-square, and P≤0.05 was considered significant. The prevalence of malaria was higher in General Hospital Kafanchan (30%) which is located in Kaduna South Senatorial District, compared to the Hospitals in Kaduna North and Kaduna Central Senatorial Districts (P=0.062). The age group ≤10 (31.3%) had the highest malaria prevalence, the least prevalence was found in the age group ≥41 (9.1%). The difference was statistically significant (P=0.029). The educational status and occupation of participants were not significantly associated with malaria (P<0.05). The high prevalence of malaria in the age group ≤10 may be associated with lower immunity to malaria. Malaria interventions should therefore pay special attention to this group. The percentage of Plasmodium falciparum malaria was higher among persons with HbAA than those with HbAS, HbAC and HbS.
Characterization and Serotyping of Pasteurella multocida isolated from Deep Litter and Free-range Chickens in Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria
Fowl cholera caused by Pasteurella multocida is a signifant threat to the poultry industry that hampers profit margin for poultry production. This study was conducted to investigate the prevalence and serotypes of P. multocida among deep litter and free-range chickens in Vom, Nigeria. A total of 200 cloacal swabs, comprising of 100 each from healthy deep litter and free-range chickens were aseptically collected for the isolation of P. multocida by standard isolating procedures. Biotyping, capsular and somatic serotyping of the isolates was carried out by sugar fermentation test, hyaluronic acid test and agar gel diffusion precipitin test respectively. The prevalence of P. multocida in deep litter and free-range chickens was 7% and 4% respectively. All the isolates from deep litter and free-range were P. multocida as confirmed by the detection of KMT1 sequence using PM-PCR and were subsp. multocida and subsp. septica by sugar fermentation test. Capsular type A and somatic type 4 were detected among 6 out of 7 from deep litter isolates, while one remained untypeable using both the capsular and the somatic typing methods. All the isolates (n=4) from free range chickens remained untypeable by both methods used in this study. This study elucidates the importance of periodic epidemiological survey for P. multocida in different chicken management system in other to understand the nature of the causative organism in terms of capsular and somatic types so that it may be incorporated in the fowl cholera vaccine production
Authors: *1Suleiman, A.B., 1Hussaini, I.M., 2Odumosu, B.T. and Abubakar, W.O. 3
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Abstract
Fowl cholera caused by Pasteurella multocida is a signifant threat to the poultry industry that hampers profit margin for poultry production. This study was conducted to investigate the prevalence and serotypes of P. multocida among deep litter and free-range chickens in Vom, Nigeria. A total of 200 cloacal swabs, comprising of 100 each from healthy deep litter and free-range chickens were aseptically collected for the isolation of P. multocida by standard isolating procedures. Biotyping, capsular and somatic serotyping of the isolates was carried out by sugar fermentation test, hyaluronic acid test and agar gel diffusion precipitin test respectively. The prevalence of P. multocida in deep litter and free-range chickens was 7% and 4% respectively. All the isolates from deep litter and free-range were P. multocida as confirmed by the detection of KMT1 sequence using PM-PCR and were subsp. multocida and subsp. septica by sugar fermentation test. Capsular type A and somatic type 4 were detected among 6 out of 7 from deep litter isolates, while one remained untypeable using both the capsular and the somatic typing methods. All the isolates (n=4) from free range chickens remained untypeable by both methods used in this study. This study elucidates the importance of periodic epidemiological survey for P. multocida in different chicken management system in other to understand the nature of the causative organism in terms of capsular and somatic types so that it may be incorporated in the fowl cholera vaccine production
Detection of DNA Gyrase Mutation among Clinical and Environmental Isolates of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi from Some Parts of Adamawa State, Nigeria
The emergence of quinolone resistance among Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi is a growing concern in the treatment and management of typhoid fever especially in developing countries. The quinolone resistance is attributed to point mutation in GyrA gene of the organism. This study was aimed at identifying the occurrence of point mutation in the GyrA gene of Salmonella Typhi from some parts of Adamawa state. Results from the study showed that only 30% of the isolates from the study area were susceptibly to ciprofloxacin while 45% demonstrated reduced susceptibility to it. Two isolates S. Typhi MUB34 and S. Typhi GMB 1 bored plasmids coding for resistance to nalidixic acid. BLAST sequence analysis of the GyrA gene with reference S. Typhi isolate from the NCBI website revealed that 14 (56%) of the isolates had point mutations at position 83-serine while 6 (24%) had mutation at position 87. Further observation of the mutation pattern indicated that 12 (48%) of isolates had single point mutation at position ser 83 while 4(16%) had double mutation at points 83 and 87 of QRDR of gyrA gene. The remaining isolates had no point mutations in the gyrA gene at either position 83 or 87. The mutation observed in the QRDR of GyrA gene of Salmonella enterica Typhi will mean that the selection of fluoroquinolones for treatment of S. Typhi in the study area must be done with caution to avoid treatment failure. This is because the presence of single mutation in the Gyr A gene is associated with reduced susceptibility to quinolone antibiotic while double mutation confers resistance to quinolones.
Authors: * 1 Sale, M. P., 1 Ja’afaru, M. I. and 2 Pukuma, S. M.
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Abstract
The emergence of quinolone resistance among Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi is a growing concern in the treatment and management of typhoid fever especially in developing countries. The quinolone resistance is attributed to point mutation in GyrA gene of the organism. This study was aimed at identifying the occurrence of point mutation in the GyrA gene of Salmonella Typhi from some parts of Adamawa state. Results from the study showed that only 30% of the isolates from the study area were susceptibly to ciprofloxacin while 45% demonstrated reduced susceptibility to it. Two isolates S. Typhi MUB34 and S. Typhi GMB 1 bored plasmids coding for resistance to nalidixic acid. BLAST sequence analysis of the GyrA gene with reference S. Typhi isolate from the NCBI website revealed that 14 (56%) of the isolates had point mutations at position 83-serine while 6 (24%) had mutation at position 87. Further observation of the mutation pattern indicated that 12 (48%) of isolates had single point mutation at position ser 83 while 4(16%) had double mutation at points 83 and 87 of QRDR of gyrA gene. The remaining isolates had no point mutations in the gyrA gene at either position 83 or 87. The mutation observed in the QRDR of GyrA gene of Salmonella enterica Typhi will mean that the selection of fluoroquinolones for treatment of S. Typhi in the study area must be done with caution to avoid treatment failure. This is because the presence of single mutation in the Gyr A gene is associated with reduced susceptibility to quinolone antibiotic while double mutation confers resistance to quinolones.
Seroprevalence of Hepatitis C Virus Infection among Patients Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Attending Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major disease burden on the world and man is the only known natural host of HCV. HCV infection depends on age, sex, and immune-competence at the time of infection. In most immuno-competent adults, 75% to 85% develop chronic HCV infection. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) increases the pathological effect of HCV infection and potentiates the re activation of latent hepatitis infections due tolowered immunity. About 10% of HIV-positive individuals are HCV antibody carriers. The present study aimed at determines the HCV/HIV co-infection among patients attending Antiretroviral clinic of Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria. One hundred and eighty (180)known HIV-positive are screened for the presence of HCV infection using HCV antibody Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) kit according to the manufacturer’s instructions for qualitative detection in plasma. Of the 180 subject screened for HCV, an overall prevalence of 5 (2.8%) were found. Subject aged 41 – 50 years had the highest seroprevalence (5.6%), followed by those aged 0 – 20 years (4.4%) and least seroprevalence was among those aged 21 – 30 and >50 years (0.0%). The highest seroprevalence was obtained among the subject with CD4 cell count of 0 – 200cell/mm3 and those on antiretroviral therapy for about 1 – 5 years. The finding of this study suggested that all HIV-positive should be routinely screened for HCV since about 10% of HIV-positive are HCV carriers and a decline in CD4+ cell counts will increase the chance of developing chronic HCV infection.
Authors: Hassan, M. S., Dutsinma U. A1*., Ramadan, T., Akande, A. O., Mohammed, Y., Usman, J. N., Babayo, A., Idris, A. M., Abdullahi, A. I., Ilah, I. N., Safiyanu, M. B., Dayyab, D. and Umar, A. A2
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Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major disease burden on the world and man is the only known natural host of HCV. HCV infection depends on age, sex, and immune-competence at the time of infection. In most immuno-competent adults, 75% to 85% develop chronic HCV infection. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) increases the pathological effect of HCV infection and potentiates the re activation of latent hepatitis infections due tolowered immunity. About 10% of HIV-positive individuals are HCV antibody carriers. The present study aimed at determines the HCV/HIV co-infection among patients attending Antiretroviral clinic of Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria. One hundred and eighty (180)known HIV-positive are screened for the presence of HCV infection using HCV antibody Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) kit according to the manufacturer’s instructions for qualitative detection in plasma. Of the 180 subject screened for HCV, an overall prevalence of 5 (2.8%) were found. Subject aged 41 – 50 years had the highest seroprevalence (5.6%), followed by those aged 0 – 20 years (4.4%) and least seroprevalence was among those aged 21 – 30 and >50 years (0.0%). The highest seroprevalence was obtained among the subject with CD4 cell count of 0 – 200cell/mm3 and those on antiretroviral therapy for about 1 – 5 years. The finding of this study suggested that all HIV-positive should be routinely screened for HCV since about 10% of HIV-positive are HCV carriers and a decline in CD4+ cell counts will increase the chance of developing chronic HCV infection.
Comparative Production, Analysis and Shelf life Studies of Fermented African Oil Bean Seed
Bacillus species were isolated from Ugba produced from naturally fermented African oil bean seed. Proximate composition of the traditional Ugba and Ugba produced using controlled fermentation was carried out at different fermentation time (0hr, 24hr, 48hr, 72hr) and the results showed that the moisture content ranges from 53.66%+0.00% and 58.50+0.10%, the ash content ranges from 0.56%+0.04 to 2.73%+0.01, the protein content ranges from 13.56%+0.04 to 15.30%+0.01, the fat content ranges from 3.51%+0.01 to 4.15%+0.05b, the crude fibre ranges from 12.70%+0.01 to 14.36%+0.20 and the carbohydrate content ranges from 4.96%+0.04 to 13.93+0.01. Proximate analysis assay of the products showed that there was significant difference between the pure cultured Ugba and traditional Ugba at different fermentation time (0 hr, 24 hr, 48 hr, 72 hr).Microbial analysis was carried out on the unpreserved ‘Ugba’ for 4weeks. Using standard microbiological procedures, the following Bacillus species were isolated; Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus megaterium. However, fermentation period was reduced from 72 hr to 48 hr using the two isolates as mixed culture for the fermentation process. Shelf- life studies of the samples using 10% brine solution showed that the preserved Ugbaand the unpreserved Ugba were significantly different in terms of their keeping quality (6 weeks and 5 days respectively). The unpreserved sample lost its colour, taste, texture and aroma after 5 days while the preserved sample maintained its sensory attributes even after six weeks of storage under room temperature.
Authors: Eluchie, C.N1, Ogbulie, J.N2, Braide, W.2 and Nwachukwu, I.N.
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Abstract
Bacillus species were isolated from Ugba produced from naturally fermented African oil bean seed. Proximate composition of the traditional Ugba and Ugba produced using controlled fermentation was carried out at different fermentation time (0hr, 24hr, 48hr, 72hr) and the results showed that the moisture content ranges from 53.66%+0.00% and 58.50+0.10%, the ash content ranges from 0.56%+0.04 to 2.73%+0.01, the protein content ranges from 13.56%+0.04 to 15.30%+0.01, the fat content ranges from 3.51%+0.01 to 4.15%+0.05b, the crude fibre ranges from 12.70%+0.01 to 14.36%+0.20 and the carbohydrate content ranges from 4.96%+0.04 to 13.93+0.01. Proximate analysis assay of the products showed that there was significant difference between the pure cultured Ugba and traditional Ugba at different fermentation time (0 hr, 24 hr, 48 hr, 72 hr).Microbial analysis was carried out on the unpreserved ‘Ugba’ for 4weeks. Using standard microbiological procedures, the following Bacillus species were isolated; Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus megaterium. However, fermentation period was reduced from 72 hr to 48 hr using the two isolates as mixed culture for the fermentation process. Shelf- life studies of the samples using 10% brine solution showed that the preserved Ugbaand the unpreserved Ugba were significantly different in terms of their keeping quality (6 weeks and 5 days respectively). The unpreserved sample lost its colour, taste, texture and aroma after 5 days while the preserved sample maintained its sensory attributes even after six weeks of storage under room temperature.
Microbial and Heavy Metals Contaminations among the Commonly Sold Vegetables in Lagos State, Nigeria
Assessments of heavy metals and microbial contaminations of vegetables cannot be overemphasized as vegetables are important components of human diet. Intake of heavy metal contaminated vegetables poses high risk to human health. Heavy metal concentrations and microbial contamination in twelve (12) most consumed vegetables Talinum triangulare, Telfairia occidentalis, Vernomia amygdalina, Amaranthus hybridus, Ocimum gratissimum, Celosia argentea, Taraxacum officinale, Piper guineense, Lactuna sativa, Gnetum africanum, Gongronema latifolium, and Pterocarpus mildraedii was carried out using standard laboratory procedures. Antibiotic susceptibility testing against 6 structurally unrelated antibiotics (clindamycin, cefoxitin, cloxacillin, gentamycin, erythromycin and ciprofloxacin) were done on the isolates obtained using disk diffusion method. Total of 36 bacteria isolates were obtained comprising of Staphylococcus aureus (12, 33.3%), Bacillus spp. (23, 63.9%), Micrococcus spp. (1, 2.80%) which were identified based on cultural and biochemical identification. Twenty three Fungal isolates involving Aspergillus acelatus (7, 30.43%), A. fumigatus (7, 30.43%), A. niger (5, 21.74%) and Penicillium Spp (4, 17.40%) were identified based on cultural and fungal staining technique. The overall number of susceptibility for ciprofloxacin (72%), erythromycin (61%) and gentamicin (50%) were recorded. Antibiotic resistance were recorded for clindamycin (66%), cloxacillin (61%) and cefoxitin (45%). The heavy metals concentration on the examined vegetables were above WHO acceptable limit of 0.3mg/kg, 0.2mg/kg and 1.30mg/kg for Pb, Cd and Cr respectively. The bacteria isolated harbored antibiotic resistance mechanisms against antibiotics which calls for urgent measures to minimize all possible routes for contaminations
Authors: Odumosu, B.T., Njoku, E.J., Fatunsin, O.T. Adeogun, O.O. and Alabi, O.S.
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Abstract
Assessments of heavy metals and microbial contaminations of vegetables cannot be overemphasized as vegetables are important components of human diet. Intake of heavy metal contaminated vegetables poses high risk to human health. Heavy metal concentrations and microbial contamination in twelve (12) most consumed vegetables Talinum triangulare, Telfairia occidentalis, Vernomia amygdalina, Amaranthus hybridus, Ocimum gratissimum, Celosia argentea, Taraxacum officinale, Piper guineense, Lactuna sativa, Gnetum africanum, Gongronema latifolium, and Pterocarpus mildraedii was carried out using standard laboratory procedures. Antibiotic susceptibility testing against 6 structurally unrelated antibiotics (clindamycin, cefoxitin, cloxacillin, gentamycin, erythromycin and ciprofloxacin) were done on the isolates obtained using disk diffusion method. Total of 36 bacteria isolates were obtained comprising of Staphylococcus aureus (12, 33.3%), Bacillus spp. (23, 63.9%), Micrococcus spp. (1, 2.80%) which were identified based on cultural and biochemical identification. Twenty three Fungal isolates involving Aspergillus acelatus (7, 30.43%), A. fumigatus (7, 30.43%), A. niger (5, 21.74%) and Penicillium Spp (4, 17.40%) were identified based on cultural and fungal staining technique. The overall number of susceptibility for ciprofloxacin (72%), erythromycin (61%) and gentamicin (50%) were recorded. Antibiotic resistance were recorded for clindamycin (66%), cloxacillin (61%) and cefoxitin (45%). The heavy metals concentration on the examined vegetables were above WHO acceptable limit of 0.3mg/kg, 0.2mg/kg and 1.30mg/kg for Pb, Cd and Cr respectively. The bacteria isolated harbored antibiotic resistance mechanisms against antibiotics which calls for urgent measures to minimize all possible routes for contaminations
Isolation and Characterization of Multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli from Poultry Litter samples from Selected Farms in Kano metropolis, Nigeria
Escherichia coli is one of the major bacterial entropathogens of public health concerns that cause food-borne diseases, thereby contributing to increased human morbidity and mortality. This study was aimed at isolating and characterizing multidrug-resistant E. coli isolates from both local and agric litter samples from selected poultry farms in Kano state. Questionnaire was administered to obtain information such as the size of the poultry farm, types of birds and mode of litter disposal from poultry farmers. A total of 10 samples of litter were aseptically collected 5 each from agric and local poultry farms. Bacteriological investigation on 10 isolates from local and broiler chicken litters for occurrence of E. coli was carried out by isolation through culture and identification using biochemical techniques. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using the disc diffusion method. In broiler farms, four out of five (80%) of participating farmers gave antibiotics for prophylaxis. The prevalence of E. coli was 90%. All E. coli isolates were multidrug resistant. The highest frequencies of resistance by E. coli were recorded for septrin (Co-trimoxazole), amoxicillin and chloramphenicol (90-100%).The presence of multidrug resistance was exhibited by all E. coli isolates (MAR. index; 0.6-0.9) which may be a high use of antimicrobials in poultry farms. Contamination of chicken litter may be an underestimated source of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) transmission towards animals, humans and the environment with multidrug resistant E. coli. Therefore, continued surveillance in chicken litter proliferation as local manure would enable monitoring of AMR risks and trends
Authors: Ibrahim, A. and Habibu, U.A.
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Abstract
Escherichia coli is one of the major bacterial entropathogens of public health concerns that cause food-borne diseases, thereby contributing to increased human morbidity and mortality. This study was aimed at isolating and characterizing multidrug-resistant E. coli isolates from both local and agric litter samples from selected poultry farms in Kano state. Questionnaire was administered to obtain information such as the size of the poultry farm, types of birds and mode of litter disposal from poultry farmers. A total of 10 samples of litter were aseptically collected 5 each from agric and local poultry farms. Bacteriological investigation on 10 isolates from local and broiler chicken litters for occurrence of E. coli was carried out by isolation through culture and identification using biochemical techniques. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using the disc diffusion method. In broiler farms, four out of five (80%) of participating farmers gave antibiotics for prophylaxis. The prevalence of E. coli was 90%. All E. coli isolates were multidrug resistant. The highest frequencies of resistance by E. coli were recorded for septrin (Co-trimoxazole), amoxicillin and chloramphenicol (90-100%).The presence of multidrug resistance was exhibited by all E. coli isolates (MAR. index; 0.6-0.9) which may be a high use of antimicrobials in poultry farms. Contamination of chicken litter may be an underestimated source of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) transmission towards animals, humans and the environment with multidrug resistant E. coli. Therefore, continued surveillance in chicken litter proliferation as local manure would enable monitoring of AMR risks and trends
Effect of Preparation Method on the Proximate composition and Microbial Quality of Processed/cooked Fermented African Oil Bean Seeds (Ugba)
This study was carried out to determine the effect of different cooking methods on the proximate analysis and total microbial content ofUgba, using standard microbiological, proximate and phytochemical methods. Microbiological analysis revealed a progressive increase in the total heterotropic bacteria count and coliform count, from zero hour to the 72 hr for treated samples A,B,C,D. Staphylococcal count revealed almost a similar trend, except that no organism was isolated in treated sample B from zero to 24 hours. Proximate analysis revealed that the moisture content, ash content, crude protein content and crude fat content increased as the fermentation progressed. While the crude fiber and carbohydrate decreased as the fermentation progresses. Sensory evaluation revealed a change in the colour, taste, aroma and texture of the respective samples as the fermentation progresses. However, sample B was the most preferred, followed by sample A in terms of overall acceptability. The result of this study shows that sample A and B were most preferred, and also contains high amount of protein which is highly desired to supplement the nutritional requirement of the populace
Authors: Eluchie, C.N.,1 Ogbulie, J.N.,2 Braide, W.2 and Nwachukwu, I.N.2
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Abstract
This study was carried out to determine the effect of different cooking methods on the proximate analysis and total microbial content ofUgba, using standard microbiological, proximate and phytochemical methods. Microbiological analysis revealed a progressive increase in the total heterotropic bacteria count and coliform count, from zero hour to the 72 hr for treated samples A,B,C,D. Staphylococcal count revealed almost a similar trend, except that no organism was isolated in treated sample B from zero to 24 hours. Proximate analysis revealed that the moisture content, ash content, crude protein content and crude fat content increased as the fermentation progressed. While the crude fiber and carbohydrate decreased as the fermentation progresses. Sensory evaluation revealed a change in the colour, taste, aroma and texture of the respective samples as the fermentation progresses. However, sample B was the most preferred, followed by sample A in terms of overall acceptability. The result of this study shows that sample A and B were most preferred, and also contains high amount of protein which is highly desired to supplement the nutritional requirement of the populace
Isolation and Identification of Trichophyton verrucosum from Horses in Michael Okpara University Farm, Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria
Fungi like Trichophyton species have been implicated in economic loss in the livestock industry. Spread of this organism from one animal to the other and its zonotic nature necessitates this study. The aim of the study was to isolate and identify Trichophyton verrucosum from horses. The study was conducted in the Michael Okpara university farm. Three different sample types from 4 horses were used for the study and these include fecal, blood and skin scrappings. Floatation technique, hematological analysis and serum biochemistry test and Needle mount test were used. Phenotypically, the horses were emaciated with prominent rib cage at the left and right flank of the thoracic vertebrae, areas of alopecia on the left flank of the ventral lumbar vertebrae of the hind limb and ball and socket joint of the femur. The heart rate was high at an average of 67beats/min. There were no endoparasites (eggs, larvae and adult worms) detected in the feaces, low pack cell volume (28%), absence of monocytes, high aminotransferase (AST) at 612µ/L, high creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN). Ectoparasites (ticks and mites) were absent. Biochemically, T. verrucosum hydrolyses urea. Macroscopically, the texture of the growth organism was waxy and cottony with white coloration. Microscopically, septate, conidospore, macroconidia, microconidia were visible and the arrangement of the chlamydospores was remarkable and used for identification of T. verrucosum.
Authors: 1 *Nwiyi, P. O., 2Uwalaka, E., 3Akpabio, U. and 4Okonkwo, C.
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Abstract
Fungi like Trichophyton species have been implicated in economic loss in the livestock industry. Spread of this organism from one animal to the other and its zonotic nature necessitates this study. The aim of the study was to isolate and identify Trichophyton verrucosum from horses. The study was conducted in the Michael Okpara university farm. Three different sample types from 4 horses were used for the study and these include fecal, blood and skin scrappings. Floatation technique, hematological analysis and serum biochemistry test and Needle mount test were used. Phenotypically, the horses were emaciated with prominent rib cage at the left and right flank of the thoracic vertebrae, areas of alopecia on the left flank of the ventral lumbar vertebrae of the hind limb and ball and socket joint of the femur. The heart rate was high at an average of 67beats/min. There were no endoparasites (eggs, larvae and adult worms) detected in the feaces, low pack cell volume (28%), absence of monocytes, high aminotransferase (AST) at 612µ/L, high creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN). Ectoparasites (ticks and mites) were absent. Biochemically, T. verrucosum hydrolyses urea. Macroscopically, the texture of the growth organism was waxy and cottony with white coloration. Microscopically, septate, conidospore, macroconidia, microconidia were visible and the arrangement of the chlamydospores was remarkable and used for identification of T. verrucosum.
Occurrence of Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria (ARB) in Poultry Farms Located in Ilara Epe, Lagos State, Nigeria
There is increasing concern about the public health risks associated with routine and indiscriminate use of antibacterial agents in raising livestock worldwide. Our study investigated the antibiotics resistance of bacterial isolates obtained from four poultry farms located in a commercial livestock farm settlement in Ilara-Epe, Lagos State, Nigeria. The antibiotic resistance pattern of readily available and commonly used antibiotics against 92 bacterial strains isolated from the selected farms was determined by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method and the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of antibiotics for the bacterial isolates were determined by a standard two-fold serial broth microdilution method using Mueller–Hinton broth. The results showed high resistance values to ampiclox (97.5%), amoxicillin and zinacef (95.1%), augmentin (94.1%), and streptomycin (82.2%). Multiple drug resistance (MDR) was observed for both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial isolates at 86.3% and 90.2% respectively. Also, 24 (26.4%) of the bacterial isolates were completely resistant to all tested antibiotics in the study. The majority of identified bacterial isolates were Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Micrococcus luteus. All the antibiotics used in this study showed high MICs values against the test bacterial isolates. Our findings have added to existing evidence that poultry farms habour antibiotic resistance bacteria (ARB). These ARB may pose a public health risk as they may be pathogenic to humans and animals and also contribute to the flow of antibiotic resistance genes in the ecosystem. Hence, there is the need to avoid the indiscriminate use of antibiotics in poultry farming, especially as growth promoters.
Authors: Otse, L. J.,1 Obayiuwana, A.C.1* and Igbinadolor, R. O.1,2
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Abstract
There is increasing concern about the public health risks associated with routine and indiscriminate use of antibacterial agents in raising livestock worldwide. Our study investigated the antibiotics resistance of bacterial isolates obtained from four poultry farms located in a commercial livestock farm settlement in Ilara-Epe, Lagos State, Nigeria. The antibiotic resistance pattern of readily available and commonly used antibiotics against 92 bacterial strains isolated from the selected farms was determined by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method and the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of antibiotics for the bacterial isolates were determined by a standard two-fold serial broth microdilution method using Mueller–Hinton broth. The results showed high resistance values to ampiclox (97.5%), amoxicillin and zinacef (95.1%), augmentin (94.1%), and streptomycin (82.2%). Multiple drug resistance (MDR) was observed for both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial isolates at 86.3% and 90.2% respectively. Also, 24 (26.4%) of the bacterial isolates were completely resistant to all tested antibiotics in the study. The majority of identified bacterial isolates were Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Micrococcus luteus. All the antibiotics used in this study showed high MICs values against the test bacterial isolates. Our findings have added to existing evidence that poultry farms habour antibiotic resistance bacteria (ARB). These ARB may pose a public health risk as they may be pathogenic to humans and animals and also contribute to the flow of antibiotic resistance genes in the ecosystem. Hence, there is the need to avoid the indiscriminate use of antibiotics in poultry farming, especially as growth promoters.
Optimization of Bioethanol Synthesis from Sugarcane Bagasse using Saccharomyces Cerevisiae
This study investigated the production of bioethanol from sugarcane bagasse in an optimized condition. Optimization of production medium helps to maximise metabolite yield. The capacity of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to ferment wort derived from sugarcane bagasse, an agricultural waste, in optimized conditions to produce bioethanol, was studied. A box-behnken design of five factors (substrate weight, temperature, inoculum size, pH, incubation time) and three levels was adopted to improve production efficiency. The substrate was subjected to physical and biological pretreatments to obtain simple sugars. Cellulase enzyme was used to breakdown the substrate to simpler sugars. Alcoholic fermentation was done using S. cerevisiae for six days. Brix content was measured before and during the fermentation process, as well as alcohol content after fermentation. Response surface plots of the factors were plotted. The results showed that brix value ranged from 2.3 oBx to 3.9 oBx while bioethanol production ranged from 1.38g/l to 2.35g/l. At optimal conditions of pH 6, temperature of 40oC, inoculum size of 4, substrate weight of 10g and fermentation time of 72h, predicted ethanol yield will be 4.23g/l. Sugarcane bagasse is a good substrate for bioethanol production. 4.23g/l of bioethanol was realised with optimization of the fermentation medium
Authors: * Offor-Emenike, I.U., 1 Ibekwe, V.I., 2 Akujobi, C., 2 and Braide, W.2
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Abstract
This study investigated the production of bioethanol from sugarcane bagasse in an optimized condition. Optimization of production medium helps to maximise metabolite yield. The capacity of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to ferment wort derived from sugarcane bagasse, an agricultural waste, in optimized conditions to produce bioethanol, was studied. A box-behnken design of five factors (substrate weight, temperature, inoculum size, pH, incubation time) and three levels was adopted to improve production efficiency. The substrate was subjected to physical and biological pretreatments to obtain simple sugars. Cellulase enzyme was used to breakdown the substrate to simpler sugars. Alcoholic fermentation was done using S. cerevisiae for six days. Brix content was measured before and during the fermentation process, as well as alcohol content after fermentation. Response surface plots of the factors were plotted. The results showed that brix value ranged from 2.3 oBx to 3.9 oBx while bioethanol production ranged from 1.38g/l to 2.35g/l. At optimal conditions of pH 6, temperature of 40oC, inoculum size of 4, substrate weight of 10g and fermentation time of 72h, predicted ethanol yield will be 4.23g/l. Sugarcane bagasse is a good substrate for bioethanol production. 4.23g/l of bioethanol was realised with optimization of the fermentation medium
Antibiotic Resistance among Escherichia coli from Leafy Vegetables sold at Two markets around Joseph Ayo Babalola University, Ikeji Arakeji, Osun State, Nigeria
Leafy vegetables harbour microorganisms and may serve in vehicle transmission of diarrhoea causing Escherichia coli. This study investigated the antibiotics susceptibility of E. coli from six (6) leafy vegetables retailed in the two major markets around Joseph Ayo Babalola University, Ikeji Arakeji, Osun State. The E. coli were isolated using defined substrate technique (DST) and characterized by morphological, biochemical and molecular techniques. Their antibiotic susceptibilities were tested using Kirby-Bauer’s disc diffusion method. Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (MAR) index was determined for the isolates and the vegetables. Eighteen (18) strains of Escherichia coli were isolated, and their identities were confirmed by molecular characterization using DNA PCR technique. Eight (8) of them were on vegetables from Ipetu Ijesa market and ten (10) on vegetables from Owena Ijesa market. E. coli was found most frequently on Amaranthus hybridus and Solanecio biafrae (50% of samples) and least frequently on Talium triangulare (10% of samples). Vegetables from Owena Ijesa market generally haboured higher E. coli populations than vegetables from Ipetu Ijesa market. All E. coli strains isolated had MAR index greater than 0.2, and two of them had MAR index of 1.0. Telfairia occidentalis from Owena market had the highest MAR index (0.9) however, the two markets had similar MAR index (0.6). The presence of multidrug-resistant E.coli strains on retailed vegetables portends a serious challenge in managing infections due to consumption of the fresh vegetables and highlights the need to properly decontaminate fresh leafy vegetables before consuming them
Authors: 1*Eniola, K.I.T., 2David, O. M. 1Ajayi, P. O. and 1Ayo E. O.
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Abstract
Leafy vegetables harbour microorganisms and may serve in vehicle transmission of diarrhoea causing Escherichia coli. This study investigated the antibiotics susceptibility of E. coli from six (6) leafy vegetables retailed in the two major markets around Joseph Ayo Babalola University, Ikeji Arakeji, Osun State. The E. coli were isolated using defined substrate technique (DST) and characterized by morphological, biochemical and molecular techniques. Their antibiotic susceptibilities were tested using Kirby-Bauer’s disc diffusion method. Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (MAR) index was determined for the isolates and the vegetables. Eighteen (18) strains of Escherichia coli were isolated, and their identities were confirmed by molecular characterization using DNA PCR technique. Eight (8) of them were on vegetables from Ipetu Ijesa market and ten (10) on vegetables from Owena Ijesa market. E. coli was found most frequently on Amaranthus hybridus and Solanecio biafrae (50% of samples) and least frequently on Talium triangulare (10% of samples). Vegetables from Owena Ijesa market generally haboured higher E. coli populations than vegetables from Ipetu Ijesa market. All E. coli strains isolated had MAR index greater than 0.2, and two of them had MAR index of 1.0. Telfairia occidentalis from Owena market had the highest MAR index (0.9) however, the two markets had similar MAR index (0.6). The presence of multidrug-resistant E.coli strains on retailed vegetables portends a serious challenge in managing infections due to consumption of the fresh vegetables and highlights the need to properly decontaminate fresh leafy vegetables before consuming them
Microbiological Quality Assessment of Indoor Environment of Major Departments at a Medical Centre in Abia State, Nigeria
As people spend most of their time in enclosed surroundings, concerns about microbiological contaminants such as bacteria, fungus, and viruses in the air are critical. This study assessed the microbiological quality of indoor environment of major Departments ata Medical center in Umuahia, Abia State. Settled plate method was adopted, using three (3) 8.5 cm diameter Petri dishes containing different culture media for bacteria and fungi. Samplings plates of Nutrient agar, Blood agar (BA) and Sabouraud dextrose agar (NA, BA, and SDA) were exposed at about 3 meters apart. The result showed that the bacterial load in the Intensive Care Department (ICD), Postnatal Department (PN), and Emergency Department (ED) was higher in the morning hours than in the afternoon hours, with mean values of 2.40 ×104 CFU/m3, 2.85× 103 CFU/m3, and 2.85× 103 CFU/m3, respectively. The control sample had the lowest load in the morning (1.45 CFU/m3) and the highest load in the afternoon (2.36 CFU/m3).Fungi load observed in ICD and ED was higher in the morning and lesser in the afternoon, with a mean value of 6.85× 103CFU/m3 and 5.89 × 103CFU/m3, respectively. In PN, fungi load was higher in the afternoon, and lower in the morning with a mean value of 2.19 × 103 CFU/m3. The control sample had the lowest load at 2.19 CFU/m3 in the morning and 2.56 CFU/m3 in the afternoon. Public health requires constant investigation of the aero-microbiological contamination of indoor air. It is recommended that natural ventilation through proper windows and doors be upheld.
Authors: *1Uchendu, U. I., 2Kanu, C, 3Onyeizu, R. U., 4Ikpeazu, O. V., 5Nwaoma, C. O. and 6Abachu, L.
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Abstract
As people spend most of their time in enclosed surroundings, concerns about microbiological contaminants such as bacteria, fungus, and viruses in the air are critical. This study assessed the microbiological quality of indoor environment of major Departments ata Medical center in Umuahia, Abia State. Settled plate method was adopted, using three (3) 8.5 cm diameter Petri dishes containing different culture media for bacteria and fungi. Samplings plates of Nutrient agar, Blood agar (BA) and Sabouraud dextrose agar (NA, BA, and SDA) were exposed at about 3 meters apart. The result showed that the bacterial load in the Intensive Care Department (ICD), Postnatal Department (PN), and Emergency Department (ED) was higher in the morning hours than in the afternoon hours, with mean values of 2.40 ×104 CFU/m3, 2.85× 103 CFU/m3, and 2.85× 103 CFU/m3, respectively. The control sample had the lowest load in the morning (1.45 CFU/m3) and the highest load in the afternoon (2.36 CFU/m3).Fungi load observed in ICD and ED was higher in the morning and lesser in the afternoon, with a mean value of 6.85× 103CFU/m3 and 5.89 × 103CFU/m3, respectively. In PN, fungi load was higher in the afternoon, and lower in the morning with a mean value of 2.19 × 103 CFU/m3. The control sample had the lowest load at 2.19 CFU/m3 in the morning and 2.56 CFU/m3 in the afternoon. Public health requires constant investigation of the aero-microbiological contamination of indoor air. It is recommended that natural ventilation through proper windows and doors be upheld.
Studies on the Potential of Rhizopus species from Raw Food and Soil for Amylase Enzyme Production
Rhizopus species from potato, millet and soil samples were isolated and screened for their ability to produce enzyme amylase. Potato and millet were dried, grinded and the samples including soil were serially diluted and spread plated (0.1ml) on sterile potato dextrose agar (PDA) platesincubated at 35°C for 5days. Colonies were repetitively sub-cultured in order for pure cultures. Fungi Rhizopus was macroscopically and microscopically identified based on standard procedures. Rhizopus species were screened using agar plate method at which hydrolysis zones were observed and measured in millimeter (mm) by meter rule. Enzyme was quantified by solid state fermentation (SSF) during which wheat bran (the substrate/medium) and time (96hrs) was used for production. For enzyme extraction, the mixture of fermented medium and tween 80 (0.1%) was shaken by rotary shaker, squeezed by muslin cloth and filtered through filter paper (Whatman No. 1). For enzyme activity determination; crude extract of enzyme was mixed with starch, Sodium Chloride (NaCl) and phosphate buffer and the mixture was incubated in a water bath for 30mins at 40°C, DNSA was added to stop the reaction, heating the mixture again for 5mins after which distilled water was added and the absorbance 540nm was taken using spectrophotometer. About three (3) Rhizopus species were isolated from millet including R. microsporus, R. nigricans, and Rhizopus specie with zone of hydrolysis 31.0, 28.6 and 28.2mm and their enzyme activity 76, 52 and 48% respectively. Subsequently, only four (4) Rhizopus species were isolated from soil.They includeR. oryzae, R. americanus, R. oligosporus and R.nigricans with hydrolysis zone 27.4, 25.3, 25.0, 22.0mm in diameter and enzyme activity 50, 45, 46 and 36% respectively.Similarly, about three (3) Rhizopus species were isolated from potato.They includeR. oligosporus, and two (2) Rhizopus species with zone of hydrolysis 22.8, 20.7, 19.5mm and enzyme activity 40, 38 and 29% respectively. This reveals fungi Rhizopus can be isolated from varied raw food sources and soil with strain R. microspores isolated from millet having greater potential of producing this amylase enzyme
Authors: Ridwan, A. H1., Bello,A. Y.,1Haruna, Z. A.1 and Sanusi, A.2
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Abstract
Rhizopus species from potato, millet and soil samples were isolated and screened for their ability to produce enzyme amylase. Potato and millet were dried, grinded and the samples including soil were serially diluted and spread plated (0.1ml) on sterile potato dextrose agar (PDA) platesincubated at 35°C for 5days. Colonies were repetitively sub-cultured in order for pure cultures. Fungi Rhizopus was macroscopically and microscopically identified based on standard procedures. Rhizopus species were screened using agar plate method at which hydrolysis zones were observed and measured in millimeter (mm) by meter rule. Enzyme was quantified by solid state fermentation (SSF) during which wheat bran (the substrate/medium) and time (96hrs) was used for production. For enzyme extraction, the mixture of fermented medium and tween 80 (0.1%) was shaken by rotary shaker, squeezed by muslin cloth and filtered through filter paper (Whatman No. 1). For enzyme activity determination; crude extract of enzyme was mixed with starch, Sodium Chloride (NaCl) and phosphate buffer and the mixture was incubated in a water bath for 30mins at 40°C, DNSA was added to stop the reaction, heating the mixture again for 5mins after which distilled water was added and the absorbance 540nm was taken using spectrophotometer. About three (3) Rhizopus species were isolated from millet including R. microsporus, R. nigricans, and Rhizopus specie with zone of hydrolysis 31.0, 28.6 and 28.2mm and their enzyme activity 76, 52 and 48% respectively. Subsequently, only four (4) Rhizopus species were isolated from soil.They includeR. oryzae, R. americanus, R. oligosporus and R.nigricans with hydrolysis zone 27.4, 25.3, 25.0, 22.0mm in diameter and enzyme activity 50, 45, 46 and 36% respectively.Similarly, about three (3) Rhizopus species were isolated from potato.They includeR. oligosporus, and two (2) Rhizopus species with zone of hydrolysis 22.8, 20.7, 19.5mm and enzyme activity 40, 38 and 29% respectively. This reveals fungi Rhizopus can be isolated from varied raw food sources and soil with strain R. microspores isolated from millet having greater potential of producing this amylase enzyme
Socio-Economic Status and Prevalence of P. falciparum Infection in Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Individuals in Parts of Kaduna Metropolis, Kaduna State, Nigeria
Plasmodium falciparum malaria accounts for up to 80% of malaria cases worldwide, and by far the most important malaria parasite in Africa and it is responsible for over 90% of all malaria cases in Nigeria, with varied symptoms. The risk of malaria infection varies widely according to geographical region, seasons, environment and socio-economic status. This study examined the relationship between socioeconomic status (household income),occupation, malaria preventive measures utilisation and prevalence of malaria due to P. falciparum among symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals in parts of Kaduna Metropolis. A total of 1000 venous blood samples comprised of 500 each from the two study populations were collected in selected hospitals and National Blood Bank. P. falciparum detection and identification was carried out on thick and thin blood films respectively. Also the parasite density (parasitaemia) was determined. The result showed that 34.70% of all the individuals examined were infected by P. falciparum. Infection was significantly higher in females (44.66%) than in males (29.19%) (P<0.05), and influenced significantly by age and gender in both individuals (P<0.05).High prevalence was observed among symptomatic individuals without occupation (47.7%), low and medium income household and among medium income asymptomatic individuals. No significant association was observed between age and parasitaemia in both groups (P>0.05),In conclusion, despite reduction in malaria prevalence, adequate utilisation of combined protective measures and improve economic conditions will help in further reducing the prevalence of P. falciparum infection
Authors: 1Karderam, B.D.,* 2Dominic, B. M.,3Umar, A.Y., 4Ahmad, B.S., 5Baba, B.A. and
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Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum malaria accounts for up to 80% of malaria cases worldwide, and by far the most important malaria parasite in Africa and it is responsible for over 90% of all malaria cases in Nigeria, with varied symptoms. The risk of malaria infection varies widely according to geographical region, seasons, environment and socio-economic status. This study examined the relationship between socioeconomic status (household income),occupation, malaria preventive measures utilisation and prevalence of malaria due to P. falciparum among symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals in parts of Kaduna Metropolis. A total of 1000 venous blood samples comprised of 500 each from the two study populations were collected in selected hospitals and National Blood Bank. P. falciparum detection and identification was carried out on thick and thin blood films respectively. Also the parasite density (parasitaemia) was determined. The result showed that 34.70% of all the individuals examined were infected by P. falciparum. Infection was significantly higher in females (44.66%) than in males (29.19%) (P<0.05), and influenced significantly by age and gender in both individuals (P<0.05).High prevalence was observed among symptomatic individuals without occupation (47.7%), low and medium income household and among medium income asymptomatic individuals. No significant association was observed between age and parasitaemia in both groups (P>0.05),In conclusion, despite reduction in malaria prevalence, adequate utilisation of combined protective measures and improve economic conditions will help in further reducing the prevalence of P. falciparum infection
Effects of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy on Body Mass Index and CD4 Count of HIV Clients Attending Ekiti State University Teaching Hospital, Ado Ekiti
The aim of the study was to assess the effects of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) on the Body Mass Index (BMI) and Cluster of Differentiation (CD4) cell counts of Human immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) positive individuals attending one of the health institutions in Nigeria. A total of 150 HIV patients were recruited for the study of which 112(74.7%) participants were undergoing HAART while 38(25.3%) were not on HAART. Their BMI and the CD4 counts were determined using standard methods. The result revealed that administration of HAART has no significant effect on the BMI and the CD4 cell counts of the HIV patients recruited for the study. However, the age of the patients on HAART was found to be significantly associated with the CD4 cell counts with those aged 25yrs and below having a higher CD4 cell count of 600.50±272.52cells/mm3 compared to other age groups (p<0.05). This study has shown that the age of the HIV patients may influence the effectiveness of HAART in the management of the infection
Authors: 1Ojo, B. A., 2Adebolu, T. T. and 2Okebugwu, Q. C.
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Abstract
The aim of the study was to assess the effects of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) on the Body Mass Index (BMI) and Cluster of Differentiation (CD4) cell counts of Human immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) positive individuals attending one of the health institutions in Nigeria. A total of 150 HIV patients were recruited for the study of which 112(74.7%) participants were undergoing HAART while 38(25.3%) were not on HAART. Their BMI and the CD4 counts were determined using standard methods. The result revealed that administration of HAART has no significant effect on the BMI and the CD4 cell counts of the HIV patients recruited for the study. However, the age of the patients on HAART was found to be significantly associated with the CD4 cell counts with those aged 25yrs and below having a higher CD4 cell count of 600.50±272.52cells/mm3 compared to other age groups (p<0.05). This study has shown that the age of the HIV patients may influence the effectiveness of HAART in the management of the infection
Comparative Analysis of Amsel Criteria and Nugent Score in the Diagnosis of Bacterial Vaginosis in Pregnancy
The Amsel criteria and Nugent score are common diagnostic methods for BV and efforts continue to establish which method is superior. The study was a prospective cross-sectional study which compared the diagnosis of BV using the Amsel criteria and Nugent score. Participants were 316 consenting antenatal clinic attendees in the second trimester. All participants had two high vaginal swab samples collected which were analyzed using both Amsel criteria and Nugent score. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 20.0 and P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Among the 316 study participants, the prevalence of BV was 24.1% with Nugent score and 15.5% with Amsel criteria. Also, post-treatment BV persistence rate was 25.0% with Nugent score and 11.8% with Amsel criteria. Nugent score was superior to Amsel criteria for the diagnosis of BV (χ2=74.764, P0.001). Among 76 women diagnosed BV positive by Nugent score, 36(47.4%) were diagnosed by Amsel criteria while among 240 women diagnosed BV negative with Nugent score, 14(5.8%) were diagnosed as positive by Amsel criteria. Nugent score had a higher sensitivity (93.3% vs. 80.4%), lower specificity (92.1% vs. 94.2%), higher positive (94.0% vs. 72.0%) and negative (90.0% vs. 85.0%) predictive values, lower false positive (2.0% vs. 5.8%) and false negative rate (15.0% vs. 52.6%) and higher accuracy (94.0% vs. 82.9%) compared to Amsel criteria. In conclusion, Nugent score offers an advantage over Amsel criteria in the diagnosis of BV in pregnancy, thus it should be the preferred diagnostic method.
Authors: Adeniran, A.S.,1 Ogunniran, B. D.,2 Akanbi II, A.A.3 and Saidu, R.1
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Abstract
The Amsel criteria and Nugent score are common diagnostic methods for BV and efforts continue to establish which method is superior. The study was a prospective cross-sectional study which compared the diagnosis of BV using the Amsel criteria and Nugent score. Participants were 316 consenting antenatal clinic attendees in the second trimester. All participants had two high vaginal swab samples collected which were analyzed using both Amsel criteria and Nugent score. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 20.0 and P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Among the 316 study participants, the prevalence of BV was 24.1% with Nugent score and 15.5% with Amsel criteria. Also, post-treatment BV persistence rate was 25.0% with Nugent score and 11.8% with Amsel criteria. Nugent score was superior to Amsel criteria for the diagnosis of BV (χ2=74.764, P0.001). Among 76 women diagnosed BV positive by Nugent score, 36(47.4%) were diagnosed by Amsel criteria while among 240 women diagnosed BV negative with Nugent score, 14(5.8%) were diagnosed as positive by Amsel criteria. Nugent score had a higher sensitivity (93.3% vs. 80.4%), lower specificity (92.1% vs. 94.2%), higher positive (94.0% vs. 72.0%) and negative (90.0% vs. 85.0%) predictive values, lower false positive (2.0% vs. 5.8%) and false negative rate (15.0% vs. 52.6%) and higher accuracy (94.0% vs. 82.9%) compared to Amsel criteria. In conclusion, Nugent score offers an advantage over Amsel criteria in the diagnosis of BV in pregnancy, thus it should be the preferred diagnostic method.
Comparative Analysis of Amsel Criteria and Nugent Score in the Diagnosis of Bacterial Vaginosis in Pregnancy
The Amsel criteria and Nugent score are common diagnostic methods for BV and efforts continue to establish which method is superior. The study was a prospective cross-sectional study which compared the diagnosis of BV using the Amsel criteria and Nugent score. Participants were 316 consenting antenatal clinic attendees in the second trimester. All participants had two high vaginal swab samples collected which were analyzed using both Amsel criteria and Nugent score. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 20.0 and P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Among the 316 study participants, the prevalence of BV was 24.1% with Nugent score and 15.5% with Amsel criteria. Also, post-treatment BV persistence rate was 25.0% with Nugent score and 11.8% with Amsel criteria. Nugent score was superior to Amsel criteria for the diagnosis of BV (χ2=74.764, P0.001). Among 76 women diagnosed BV positive by Nugent score, 36(47.4%) were diagnosed by Amsel criteria while among 240 women diagnosed BV negative with Nugent score, 14(5.8%) were diagnosed as positive by Amsel criteria. Nugent score had a higher sensitivity (93.3% vs. 80.4%), lower specificity (92.1% vs. 94.2%), higher positive (94.0% vs. 72.0%) and negative (90.0% vs. 85.0%) predictive values, lower false positive (2.0% vs. 5.8%) and false negative rate (15.0% vs. 52.6%) and higher accuracy (94.0% vs. 82.9%) compared to Amsel criteria. In conclusion, Nugent score offers an advantage over Amsel criteria in the diagnosis of BV in pregnancy, thus it should be the preferred diagnostic method.
Authors: Adeniran, A.S.,1 Ogunniran, B. D.,2 Akanbi II, A.A.3 and Saidu, R.1
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Abstract
The Amsel criteria and Nugent score are common diagnostic methods for BV and efforts continue to establish which method is superior. The study was a prospective cross-sectional study which compared the diagnosis of BV using the Amsel criteria and Nugent score. Participants were 316 consenting antenatal clinic attendees in the second trimester. All participants had two high vaginal swab samples collected which were analyzed using both Amsel criteria and Nugent score. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 20.0 and P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Among the 316 study participants, the prevalence of BV was 24.1% with Nugent score and 15.5% with Amsel criteria. Also, post-treatment BV persistence rate was 25.0% with Nugent score and 11.8% with Amsel criteria. Nugent score was superior to Amsel criteria for the diagnosis of BV (χ2=74.764, P0.001). Among 76 women diagnosed BV positive by Nugent score, 36(47.4%) were diagnosed by Amsel criteria while among 240 women diagnosed BV negative with Nugent score, 14(5.8%) were diagnosed as positive by Amsel criteria. Nugent score had a higher sensitivity (93.3% vs. 80.4%), lower specificity (92.1% vs. 94.2%), higher positive (94.0% vs. 72.0%) and negative (90.0% vs. 85.0%) predictive values, lower false positive (2.0% vs. 5.8%) and false negative rate (15.0% vs. 52.6%) and higher accuracy (94.0% vs. 82.9%) compared to Amsel criteria. In conclusion, Nugent score offers an advantage over Amsel criteria in the diagnosis of BV in pregnancy, thus it should be the preferred diagnostic method.
Estimation of Phytochemical Compounds and Antimicrobial Studies of Different Solvent Extracts of Garcinia kola against Some Pathogens
This study was aimed to evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial activities of different solvent extracts of seeds of Garcinia kola (Clusiacea) on some pathogenic bacteria and fungi. The seed was extracted using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, honey, and vinegar as solvents. The in vitro antimicrobial activities of the extracts on Candida albicans, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923) were assayed using the disc diffusion method. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC), and Minimum Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) were evaluated using standard microbiological techniques. Phytochemical components of all the solvent extracts were determined and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) of the organic solvent extracts were further analysed. All the extracts exhibited varying degrees of concentration-based antimicrobial activities against the tested pathogens. The plant exhibited varying degrees of MIC/MFC with values ranging from 100 mg/mL (for n-Hexane extract against E. coli ATCC 25922) for organic solvents, followed 50 µg/mL obtained for honey extract (against E. coli ATCC 25922) and the least MIC value (12.5 µg/mL) was obtained for ethyl acetate (against S. aureus ATCC 25923 and C. albicans, respectively), the combination of solvent extract (against C. albicans) and vinegar (against E. coli ATCC 25922and C. albicans, respectively). The maximum MBC value was obtained for n-Hexane extract (100 µg/mL) and Honey extract (50 µg/mL) against E. coli ATCC 25922, while the least MBC value (25 µg/mL) was obtained for the combination of solvent extracts against S. aureus ATCC 25923 and C. albicans, respectively. Maximum MFC (50 µg/mL) was obtained for n-Hexane, vinegar, and the combination of solvent extracts and the least was n-Hexane. Saponin, tannin, phenolic, flavonoid, coumarin, anthocyanin, steroid, glycosides, triterpenes, phlobatannins amino acids, and alkaloids were randomly present in all the solvent extracts. The HPLC detector measured 13 compounds in the n-hexane extracts, 3 of which were identified at different concentrations Luteolin (96.94 mg/mL), Apigenin (4.43 mg/mL) and quercetin (4.06 mg/mL). A total of 14 compounds were detected in the ethyl acetate extracts, 6 of which were identified as Gallic acid (25.65 mg/mL), theobromine (17.31), caffeic acid (17.02), catechin (16.09), quercetin (8.99), and epicatechin (11.08 mg/mL). This study provides information on the antimicrobial activities and components of G. kola seeds. Also, it contributes to the development of alternative therapeutic agents against the pathogens tested in this study
Authors: Falana, M. B.
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Abstract
This study was aimed to evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial activities of different solvent extracts of seeds of Garcinia kola (Clusiacea) on some pathogenic bacteria and fungi. The seed was extracted using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, honey, and vinegar as solvents. The in vitro antimicrobial activities of the extracts on Candida albicans, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923) were assayed using the disc diffusion method. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC), and Minimum Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) were evaluated using standard microbiological techniques. Phytochemical components of all the solvent extracts were determined and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) of the organic solvent extracts were further analysed. All the extracts exhibited varying degrees of concentration-based antimicrobial activities against the tested pathogens. The plant exhibited varying degrees of MIC/MFC with values ranging from 100 mg/mL (for n-Hexane extract against E. coli ATCC 25922) for organic solvents, followed 50 µg/mL obtained for honey extract (against E. coli ATCC 25922) and the least MIC value (12.5 µg/mL) was obtained for ethyl acetate (against S. aureus ATCC 25923 and C. albicans, respectively), the combination of solvent extract (against C. albicans) and vinegar (against E. coli ATCC 25922and C. albicans, respectively). The maximum MBC value was obtained for n-Hexane extract (100 µg/mL) and Honey extract (50 µg/mL) against E. coli ATCC 25922, while the least MBC value (25 µg/mL) was obtained for the combination of solvent extracts against S. aureus ATCC 25923 and C. albicans, respectively. Maximum MFC (50 µg/mL) was obtained for n-Hexane, vinegar, and the combination of solvent extracts and the least was n-Hexane. Saponin, tannin, phenolic, flavonoid, coumarin, anthocyanin, steroid, glycosides, triterpenes, phlobatannins amino acids, and alkaloids were randomly present in all the solvent extracts. The HPLC detector measured 13 compounds in the n-hexane extracts, 3 of which were identified at different concentrations Luteolin (96.94 mg/mL), Apigenin (4.43 mg/mL) and quercetin (4.06 mg/mL). A total of 14 compounds were detected in the ethyl acetate extracts, 6 of which were identified as Gallic acid (25.65 mg/mL), theobromine (17.31), caffeic acid (17.02), catechin (16.09), quercetin (8.99), and epicatechin (11.08 mg/mL). This study provides information on the antimicrobial activities and components of G. kola seeds. Also, it contributes to the development of alternative therapeutic agents against the pathogens tested in this study
Fungal Load of Medical Wastes Generated from the Federal Medical Centre, Owerri Imo State, Nigeria
Medical wastes generated within the Federal Medical Centre, Owerri between the months of April to July, 2019 were evaluated for fungal load. Material wastes divided into sharps, laboratory, infectious and general wastes were collected from the Physicians’ offices, wards and laboratory for a period of 16 weeks. They were weighed using a standard weighing balance and their weights ranged between 0.06kg to 1.92kg. The fungi present in the medical wastes were determined using standard mycological methods. The fungi isolated from the waste samples were Candida albicans having a frequency of 13(34.21%), followed by Aspergillus fumigatus and Mucor with 6(15.79%), each. Aspergillus flavus had 5(13.16%), Penicillium marneffei and Candida tropicalis had 3(7.89%), while Candida glabrata had the least occurrence of 2(5.62%). The laboratory wastes had the highest fungal load than any of the other medical wastes analyzed with 34.90% of the total isolates followed closely by the infectious wastes having 31.58%. Sharps contained 26.32% and general wastes had the least percentage of 7.89%. So, adequate care should be taken in the handling of these medical wastes to avoid the spread of these fungal organisms which will go a long way in reducing the spread of nosocomial infections.
Authors: Uchegbu, U.N.,1 Amah, H.C.,2 Udujih, H.I.,3 Ogbulie, J.N.,4 Iwuala, M.O.,5 Uche Uchegbu, N.6
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Abstract
Medical wastes generated within the Federal Medical Centre, Owerri between the months of April to July, 2019 were evaluated for fungal load. Material wastes divided into sharps, laboratory, infectious and general wastes were collected from the Physicians’ offices, wards and laboratory for a period of 16 weeks. They were weighed using a standard weighing balance and their weights ranged between 0.06kg to 1.92kg. The fungi present in the medical wastes were determined using standard mycological methods. The fungi isolated from the waste samples were Candida albicans having a frequency of 13(34.21%), followed by Aspergillus fumigatus and Mucor with 6(15.79%), each. Aspergillus flavus had 5(13.16%), Penicillium marneffei and Candida tropicalis had 3(7.89%), while Candida glabrata had the least occurrence of 2(5.62%). The laboratory wastes had the highest fungal load than any of the other medical wastes analyzed with 34.90% of the total isolates followed closely by the infectious wastes having 31.58%. Sharps contained 26.32% and general wastes had the least percentage of 7.89%. So, adequate care should be taken in the handling of these medical wastes to avoid the spread of these fungal organisms which will go a long way in reducing the spread of nosocomial infections.
In-vitro Antibacterial Activity of the Aqueous and Ethanolic Leaf Extracts of Alchornea cordifolia against Isolates from Throat Swabs, Ear Swabs and Sputum Samples
Many bacteria species have been reported to develop resistance to antibiotics commonly prescribed for respiratory tract infections. This study aims to search for natural products for remedy of this problem and also to validate the claim by locals in the use of Achornea cordifolia in the treatment of respiratory tract infections. Isolation and identification of bacteria isolates were carried out using standard microbiological methods and MicroGen identification kits. . Cold maceration extraction method was employed for the extraction of ethanol and aqueous extracts of Alchornea cordifolia leaves. Agar well diffusion and agar dilution methods were employed to determine the zone of inhibition, minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of the extracts respectively. The result showed that out of 180 samples from throat (68), ear swabs (57) and sputum (55) collected from patients with respiratory tract infection in Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital Zaria, Nigeria, 208 isolates were obtained. Seventeen (17) bacteria species were identified as; Staphylococcus aureus (7), Streptococcus spp. (5), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2), Klebsiella pneumoniae (2), and Escherichia coli (1). The two extracts showed broad spectrum activity but the aqueous extract had larger zones of inhibition ranging from 11.5mm - 32. 5mm and lower M.I.C and M.B.C values ranging from 5 mg/ml – 20 mg/ml. The aqueous and ethanol leaf extracts of Alchornea cordifolia was found to possess antibacterial activity against isolates from patients with respiratory tract infection in Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital Zaria, Nigeria.
Authors: Yusuf. I1*., Tytler. B. A.2., Olayinka. A. T.3., Aroh .K. E1., Adeshina. G. O.2
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Abstract
Many bacteria species have been reported to develop resistance to antibiotics commonly prescribed for respiratory tract infections. This study aims to search for natural products for remedy of this problem and also to validate the claim by locals in the use of Achornea cordifolia in the treatment of respiratory tract infections. Isolation and identification of bacteria isolates were carried out using standard microbiological methods and MicroGen identification kits. . Cold maceration extraction method was employed for the extraction of ethanol and aqueous extracts of Alchornea cordifolia leaves. Agar well diffusion and agar dilution methods were employed to determine the zone of inhibition, minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of the extracts respectively. The result showed that out of 180 samples from throat (68), ear swabs (57) and sputum (55) collected from patients with respiratory tract infection in Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital Zaria, Nigeria, 208 isolates were obtained. Seventeen (17) bacteria species were identified as; Staphylococcus aureus (7), Streptococcus spp. (5), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2), Klebsiella pneumoniae (2), and Escherichia coli (1). The two extracts showed broad spectrum activity but the aqueous extract had larger zones of inhibition ranging from 11.5mm - 32. 5mm and lower M.I.C and M.B.C values ranging from 5 mg/ml – 20 mg/ml. The aqueous and ethanol leaf extracts of Alchornea cordifolia was found to possess antibacterial activity against isolates from patients with respiratory tract infection in Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital Zaria, Nigeria.
Antibacterial Activity and Phytochemical Analyses of Propolis (Bee Glue) Extract against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus
Propolis (bee glue) is a sticky dark-colored material that honeybees collect from plants and use in the hive, which contains higher amounts of bioactive components. The study was aimed at evaluating phytochemical constituents and antibacterial activity of propolis extract against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Phytochemical analyses of the extract were carried out using qualitative and quantitative procedures. Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were isolated and identified using Bergy’s manual of determinative bacteria. Evaluation of the antibacterial activity of extracts was carried out using the agar well diffusion method. The result of antibacterial activity showed that Escherichia coli had the higher zone of inhibition in ethanolic extract than in aqueous at the concentration of 50mg/ml and 25mg/ml (18.5+0.17 and 10.0+0.17), (4.0+2.67 and 3.3+0.89) respectively, the higher the concentration the higher the zone of inhibition. The result of phytochemical screening revealed the presence of saponins, alkaloids, tannins, phenolics, flavonoids, steroids, and cardiac glycosides in ethanolic extract while anthraquinone was not detected. While quantitative phytochemical screening revealed that phenolic compounds had the highest absorbance followed by flavonoids and tannins. The ethanolic extract of propolis can be an alternative material for treating skin and wound infection
Authors: Jumare, F. I.,*1., M. Sirajo2., T. Hashimu1 and S. .A. Ahmad3
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Abstract
Propolis (bee glue) is a sticky dark-colored material that honeybees collect from plants and use in the hive, which contains higher amounts of bioactive components. The study was aimed at evaluating phytochemical constituents and antibacterial activity of propolis extract against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Phytochemical analyses of the extract were carried out using qualitative and quantitative procedures. Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were isolated and identified using Bergy’s manual of determinative bacteria. Evaluation of the antibacterial activity of extracts was carried out using the agar well diffusion method. The result of antibacterial activity showed that Escherichia coli had the higher zone of inhibition in ethanolic extract than in aqueous at the concentration of 50mg/ml and 25mg/ml (18.5+0.17 and 10.0+0.17), (4.0+2.67 and 3.3+0.89) respectively, the higher the concentration the higher the zone of inhibition. The result of phytochemical screening revealed the presence of saponins, alkaloids, tannins, phenolics, flavonoids, steroids, and cardiac glycosides in ethanolic extract while anthraquinone was not detected. While quantitative phytochemical screening revealed that phenolic compounds had the highest absorbance followed by flavonoids and tannins. The ethanolic extract of propolis can be an alternative material for treating skin and wound infection
Isolation and Identification of Fungi Associated with Abelmoshus esculentus (OKRA) Sold in Abuja, Nigeria
Isolation and identification of fungi associated with sun dried okra (Abelmoshus esculentus) sold in some selected parts of Abuja, Federal Capital Territory was investigated. Various fungi isolates were sub-cultured until pure cultures were obtained using pour plate technique. Determination of the pH and moisture content of the sun dried okra was carried out. The pH the samples ranged from 5.83 to 6.90, Kwali and Bwari council areas had the highest with 6.90, while Abaji council had the least with 5.83. Moisture content of Okra samples from Gwagwalada council was recorded as the highest with 18.62%, while samples from Abaji council had the least moisture content of 11.80. Fungal count across the council areas indicated Bwari had the highest with 2.0 x 105CFU/mg, while the lowest fungi count occur in Kwali with 6.0 x 102CFU/mg. The mould species identified in all the samples include; Aspergillus flavus 13(27%), Aspergillus fumigatus 9(18.4%), Aspergillus niger 6(12.5%), Mucor spp 4(8.3%), Fusarium spp 4(8.3%), Aspergillus sydowii 3(6.25%), Aspergillus ustus 3(6.25%), Aspergillus candidus 2(4.2%), Penicillum spp 2(4.2%), Saccharomyces spp 1(2.1%) and Clasdoporum carrionii 1(2.1%). Fungi isolated from Okra in this study could pose serious public health risk if consumed with time. Therefore, safety precautions should be employed in the processing and sun drying of Okra to avoid its contamination
Authors: Ibrahim, A. G., Baba, J., Omosimua, R. O., Abdulrahman, A. A., Sani, A.R, Muhammad, I.L, Mohammed, A., Dauda, D. and Bala, A
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Abstract
Isolation and identification of fungi associated with sun dried okra (Abelmoshus esculentus) sold in some selected parts of Abuja, Federal Capital Territory was investigated. Various fungi isolates were sub-cultured until pure cultures were obtained using pour plate technique. Determination of the pH and moisture content of the sun dried okra was carried out. The pH the samples ranged from 5.83 to 6.90, Kwali and Bwari council areas had the highest with 6.90, while Abaji council had the least with 5.83. Moisture content of Okra samples from Gwagwalada council was recorded as the highest with 18.62%, while samples from Abaji council had the least moisture content of 11.80. Fungal count across the council areas indicated Bwari had the highest with 2.0 x 105CFU/mg, while the lowest fungi count occur in Kwali with 6.0 x 102CFU/mg. The mould species identified in all the samples include; Aspergillus flavus 13(27%), Aspergillus fumigatus 9(18.4%), Aspergillus niger 6(12.5%), Mucor spp 4(8.3%), Fusarium spp 4(8.3%), Aspergillus sydowii 3(6.25%), Aspergillus ustus 3(6.25%), Aspergillus candidus 2(4.2%), Penicillum spp 2(4.2%), Saccharomyces spp 1(2.1%) and Clasdoporum carrionii 1(2.1%). Fungi isolated from Okra in this study could pose serious public health risk if consumed with time. Therefore, safety precautions should be employed in the processing and sun drying of Okra to avoid its contamination
Characterization and Partial Purification of Pectinase Produced by Aspergillus niger Using Banana Peel as Carbon Source
Pectinases are group of enzymes which causes the degradation of pectin. Pectinases are of environmental and industrial importance due to their biotechnological and commercial potentials in waste water treatment, brewing industries, textile industries, food industries and paper industries among others. The present study was aimed at characterization and partial purification of pectinase produced by Aspergillus niger using banana peel as carbon source under submerged fermentation (SmF) system. Fungi were isolated from fruit wastes dump sites using standard microbiological technique. The isolates were characterized morphologically and microscopically before subjecting them to screening for pectinolytic ability using standard methods. Molecular identifications were carried out on the isolate with the best pectinolytic ability. Fermentation parameters optimized to increase pectinase activity include; incubation period, salt supplements, additional carbon source, inoculum sizes, pH, moisture contents and temperature using standard methods. The isolate with the best pectinolytic ability was identified as Aspergillus niger strain AH1 with GenBank accession number MK811422. The crude pectinase obtained were partially purified by ammonium sulphate precipitation, dialysis and gel filtration chromatography methods. Maximum pectinase activity of 575.37±0.67 U/mg/min/ml was obtained at day 3 of incubation, with addition of salt supplements, in the presence of sucrose as additional carbon source, 2 ml of 1 × 106 spores ml-1 of Aspergillus niger, pH 6, 100 ml moisture contents, and temperature of 500C. The specific activity increased with 1.38 fold while recovery yield was 8.94 %. The study confirmed that the isolated Aspergillus niger strain AH1 can produced maximum pectinase at optimized fermentation parameters and could be explored for pectinase production.
Authors: Yusuf, A.O., Adedayo, M. R., and Sulyman, A.O
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Abstract
Pectinases are group of enzymes which causes the degradation of pectin. Pectinases are of environmental and industrial importance due to their biotechnological and commercial potentials in waste water treatment, brewing industries, textile industries, food industries and paper industries among others. The present study was aimed at characterization and partial purification of pectinase produced by Aspergillus niger using banana peel as carbon source under submerged fermentation (SmF) system. Fungi were isolated from fruit wastes dump sites using standard microbiological technique. The isolates were characterized morphologically and microscopically before subjecting them to screening for pectinolytic ability using standard methods. Molecular identifications were carried out on the isolate with the best pectinolytic ability. Fermentation parameters optimized to increase pectinase activity include; incubation period, salt supplements, additional carbon source, inoculum sizes, pH, moisture contents and temperature using standard methods. The isolate with the best pectinolytic ability was identified as Aspergillus niger strain AH1 with GenBank accession number MK811422. The crude pectinase obtained were partially purified by ammonium sulphate precipitation, dialysis and gel filtration chromatography methods. Maximum pectinase activity of 575.37±0.67 U/mg/min/ml was obtained at day 3 of incubation, with addition of salt supplements, in the presence of sucrose as additional carbon source, 2 ml of 1 × 106 spores ml-1 of Aspergillus niger, pH 6, 100 ml moisture contents, and temperature of 500C. The specific activity increased with 1.38 fold while recovery yield was 8.94 %. The study confirmed that the isolated Aspergillus niger strain AH1 can produced maximum pectinase at optimized fermentation parameters and could be explored for pectinase production.
Inhibitory Effect of Termite Mound Soil Leachates on Some Human-Wildlife Pathogens
Although, there are reports of soil ingestion by wildlife (geophagy), but reasons for action remained elusive. A predominant hypothesis posits geophagy as source of medication for wildlife. This hypothesis albeit tested on different soils, but has sparsely been documented for termite mound soil (TMS). This study compared antibacterial susceptibility of aqueous leachates of four geophagic TMS1-4 from different sources with controls; a composite sample of forest soil (C1) and an aqueous solution of streptomycin sulphate (C2), against predominant human-wildlife pathogens; Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Escherichia coli(E. coli) and Salmonella typhi (S. typhi). All TMS1-4 and C1-2 exhibited range of 1.33±0.58 to 8.25±2.87 inhibition zones (IZ) against all tested pathogens. While TMS2 (5.00±1.00) and C2 (5.00±1.00) gave similar IZ against S. typhi, C2showed significant highest IZ (8.25±2.87) againstE. coli. The exhibition of IZ in all TMS supports medication hypothesis. Hence, wildlife of the study area may be consuming TMSs for self-medication. Further studies may be needed to investigate properties of TMS responsible for exhibition of IZ
Authors: Inhibitory Effect of Termite Mound Soil Leachates on Some Human-Wildlife Pathogens
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Abstract
Although, there are reports of soil ingestion by wildlife (geophagy), but reasons for action remained elusive. A predominant hypothesis posits geophagy as source of medication for wildlife. This hypothesis albeit tested on different soils, but has sparsely been documented for termite mound soil (TMS). This study compared antibacterial susceptibility of aqueous leachates of four geophagic TMS1-4 from different sources with controls; a composite sample of forest soil (C1) and an aqueous solution of streptomycin sulphate (C2), against predominant human-wildlife pathogens; Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Escherichia coli(E. coli) and Salmonella typhi (S. typhi). All TMS1-4 and C1-2 exhibited range of 1.33±0.58 to 8.25±2.87 inhibition zones (IZ) against all tested pathogens. While TMS2 (5.00±1.00) and C2 (5.00±1.00) gave similar IZ against S. typhi, C2showed significant highest IZ (8.25±2.87) againstE. coli. The exhibition of IZ in all TMS supports medication hypothesis. Hence, wildlife of the study area may be consuming TMSs for self-medication. Further studies may be needed to investigate properties of TMS responsible for exhibition of IZ
Growth and Physiological Studies on Top and Bottom Fermenting Yeast Isolated from Palm Wine
Palm wine is the collective name for a group of alcoholic beverages produced by the natural fermentation by indigenous microorganisms of the sap obtained from various tropical plants of the Palmae family. The aim of this study was to determine the growth and physiological properties of yeast isolates from palm wine samples. Fifty (50) palm wine samples were aseptically collected in sterile bottles from different locations within Ikwuano Local Government Area of Abia State. The samples were cultured by spread plate method on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar and Glucose Yeast Agar. Four (4) yeasts: Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces globosus(top fermenters) and Saccharomyces carlsbergensis and Saccharomyces uvarum (bottom fermenters) were isolated. The four isolates were subjected to temperature, copper Sulphate (CuSo4), pH, ethanol, Sodium Metabisulfite tolerance and flocculation tests. Saccharomyces cerevisiae and uvarum were top fermenting while Saccharomyces carlsbergensis and globosus were bottom-fermenting. S. cerevisiae was found in all samples while S. uvarum had the least occurrence (40%). From the temperature tolerance test, S. cerevisiae, had the highest temperature tolerance (42oC) while S. uvarum recorded the least temperature tolerance (39oC). Some of the isolates demonstrated flocculation ability and were positive in fermentative and assimilation test for some sugars. Three of the yeast isolates grew slightly at pH 2.0 while S. uvarumdid not grow at pH 2.0. All the yeasts grew very well at pH 6.0. At ethanol concentration less than 10% (≤ 10% v/v), all the isolates except S. uvarum recorded slight growth while none grew at 19% ethanol concentration. CuSo4 tolerance result showed that moderate growths for each yeast at 1.0g/l, slight growth at 2.0g/l and no growth at 3.0g/l. All the yeasts grew at 0.01% - 0.02% concentration of Sodium metabisulfite while only S. cerevisiae and S. globosus had slight growth at 0.04%. S. carlsbergensis and S. uvarums how no growth at 0.04% and none of the isolates grew at 0.05%. Sucrose was the most suitable sugar from all the yeasts. S. cerevisiae had the highest CO2 production capacity of the four isolates. The result showed the ability of the yeasts to adapt to various physiological parameters. It is recommended that harnessing palm wine as yeast sources of any use both domestically and industrially should be encouraged.
Authors: Obi, C. N., Obasi, T. O. and Onuigbo, F. C
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Abstract
Palm wine is the collective name for a group of alcoholic beverages produced by the natural fermentation by indigenous microorganisms of the sap obtained from various tropical plants of the Palmae family. The aim of this study was to determine the growth and physiological properties of yeast isolates from palm wine samples. Fifty (50) palm wine samples were aseptically collected in sterile bottles from different locations within Ikwuano Local Government Area of Abia State. The samples were cultured by spread plate method on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar and Glucose Yeast Agar. Four (4) yeasts: Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces globosus(top fermenters) and Saccharomyces carlsbergensis and Saccharomyces uvarum (bottom fermenters) were isolated. The four isolates were subjected to temperature, copper Sulphate (CuSo4), pH, ethanol, Sodium Metabisulfite tolerance and flocculation tests. Saccharomyces cerevisiae and uvarum were top fermenting while Saccharomyces carlsbergensis and globosus were bottom-fermenting. S. cerevisiae was found in all samples while S. uvarum had the least occurrence (40%). From the temperature tolerance test, S. cerevisiae, had the highest temperature tolerance (42oC) while S. uvarum recorded the least temperature tolerance (39oC). Some of the isolates demonstrated flocculation ability and were positive in fermentative and assimilation test for some sugars. Three of the yeast isolates grew slightly at pH 2.0 while S. uvarumdid not grow at pH 2.0. All the yeasts grew very well at pH 6.0. At ethanol concentration less than 10% (≤ 10% v/v), all the isolates except S. uvarum recorded slight growth while none grew at 19% ethanol concentration. CuSo4 tolerance result showed that moderate growths for each yeast at 1.0g/l, slight growth at 2.0g/l and no growth at 3.0g/l. All the yeasts grew at 0.01% - 0.02% concentration of Sodium metabisulfite while only S. cerevisiae and S. globosus had slight growth at 0.04%. S. carlsbergensis and S. uvarums how no growth at 0.04% and none of the isolates grew at 0.05%. Sucrose was the most suitable sugar from all the yeasts. S. cerevisiae had the highest CO2 production capacity of the four isolates. The result showed the ability of the yeasts to adapt to various physiological parameters. It is recommended that harnessing palm wine as yeast sources of any use both domestically and industrially should be encouraged.
Prevalence and Antibiogram of Microbiome of Selected Body Parts from Students of Rivers State University, Nigeria
The human microbiome has been said to play an important role in disease development and overall health of the host which is affected by the different practices of the individuals ranging from the abuse of drugs, use of certain cosmetics, poor hygiene and a lack of preventive measure for infection which tend to alter the normal state and function of the microbiome. This study was carried out to investigate the prevalence of microbial isolates and the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of these isolates from the nose, armpit and ear of students in selected faculties of Rivers State University. A total of 30 samples were collected at random using sterile swab sticks from selected body parts of students, including male and female and subjected to standard microbiological methods. A total of 42 isolates with the following genera Staphylococcus spp, Corynebacteriumspp, Klebsiella spp, Haemophilus spp and Moraxella spp were isolated. Staphylococcus spp has the highest prevalence (69%: 47.62%: 25%) in both males and females in the armpit, nose and ear respectively. This was followed by Corynebacterium spp with a prevalence of (19.05%; 23.08%: 0%) from the nose and armpit respectively with no occurrence from the ear. Haemophilus spp had the least prevalence, and occurred only in the ear samples. The organisms were more prevalent in females (50%) than in males (16.7%). The Results of the susceptibility pattern showed that Moraxella catarrhalis, Haemophilus spp and Klebsiella pneumonia were 100% resistant to Ampiclox. Generally, all the organisms were highly susceptible to Levofloxacin (100%)> Gentamycin (100%) > Azithromycin (100%) and Ofloxacin (100%). Indiscriminate use of antibiotics should be discouraged and be personal hygiene encouraged
Authors: Akani,N.P., Barika,P.N. and Allison, H.B
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Abstract
The human microbiome has been said to play an important role in disease development and overall health of the host which is affected by the different practices of the individuals ranging from the abuse of drugs, use of certain cosmetics, poor hygiene and a lack of preventive measure for infection which tend to alter the normal state and function of the microbiome. This study was carried out to investigate the prevalence of microbial isolates and the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of these isolates from the nose, armpit and ear of students in selected faculties of Rivers State University. A total of 30 samples were collected at random using sterile swab sticks from selected body parts of students, including male and female and subjected to standard microbiological methods. A total of 42 isolates with the following genera Staphylococcus spp, Corynebacteriumspp, Klebsiella spp, Haemophilus spp and Moraxella spp were isolated. Staphylococcus spp has the highest prevalence (69%: 47.62%: 25%) in both males and females in the armpit, nose and ear respectively. This was followed by Corynebacterium spp with a prevalence of (19.05%; 23.08%: 0%) from the nose and armpit respectively with no occurrence from the ear. Haemophilus spp had the least prevalence, and occurred only in the ear samples. The organisms were more prevalent in females (50%) than in males (16.7%). The Results of the susceptibility pattern showed that Moraxella catarrhalis, Haemophilus spp and Klebsiella pneumonia were 100% resistant to Ampiclox. Generally, all the organisms were highly susceptible to Levofloxacin (100%)> Gentamycin (100%) > Azithromycin (100%) and Ofloxacin (100%). Indiscriminate use of antibiotics should be discouraged and be personal hygiene encouraged
Antibiogram of Bacteria Isolated from Nigerian Currency Notes obtained from Meat Vendors in Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria
Currency is one of the most potential vehicles in the transmission of pathogens. This study was designed to isolate, identify, and determine the antibiotic susceptibility profiles of bacterial pathogens isolated from different denominations of Naira notes. A total of sixty Naira note samples ranging from N100.00 to N1000.00 were randomly collected from meat vendors at the International and Kpirikpiri market, Abakaliki, Nigeria. Collected samples were analyzed using standard microbiological procedures. Antibiotic susceptibility test was done using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique. Results showed that bacterial counts ranged from 1.2 x 103 cfu/mL to 2.3 x 104 cfu/mL for N1000.00 and N100.00 Naira notes respectively. The bacteria isolated in this study were Escherichia coli (27.7%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (16.7%), Klebsiella species (16.7%), Salmonella species (22.2%), and Staphylococcus aureus(16.7%). The Gram-negative isolates (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella species, and Salmonella species) were highly resistant (75% -100%) to cefotaxime, ceftazidime, and ertapenem but susceptible (25% - 100%) to fluoroquinolones. Interestingly, S. aureus isolates were completely susceptible (100%) to gentamicin and amikacin but with a resistance percentage of 33.3% to oxacillin. This study has demonstrated that Naira notes are potential vehicles in the transmission of bacterial pathogens from person to person. From the foregoing, citizens are therefore advised to wash their hands regularly with soap and water after handling Naira notes
Authors: Nwachi, A.C., Oguejiofor, B.J., Agah, M.V. and Egwu, I.H
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Abstract
Currency is one of the most potential vehicles in the transmission of pathogens. This study was designed to isolate, identify, and determine the antibiotic susceptibility profiles of bacterial pathogens isolated from different denominations of Naira notes. A total of sixty Naira note samples ranging from N100.00 to N1000.00 were randomly collected from meat vendors at the International and Kpirikpiri market, Abakaliki, Nigeria. Collected samples were analyzed using standard microbiological procedures. Antibiotic susceptibility test was done using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique. Results showed that bacterial counts ranged from 1.2 x 103 cfu/mL to 2.3 x 104 cfu/mL for N1000.00 and N100.00 Naira notes respectively. The bacteria isolated in this study were Escherichia coli (27.7%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (16.7%), Klebsiella species (16.7%), Salmonella species (22.2%), and Staphylococcus aureus(16.7%). The Gram-negative isolates (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella species, and Salmonella species) were highly resistant (75% -100%) to cefotaxime, ceftazidime, and ertapenem but susceptible (25% - 100%) to fluoroquinolones. Interestingly, S. aureus isolates were completely susceptible (100%) to gentamicin and amikacin but with a resistance percentage of 33.3% to oxacillin. This study has demonstrated that Naira notes are potential vehicles in the transmission of bacterial pathogens from person to person. From the foregoing, citizens are therefore advised to wash their hands regularly with soap and water after handling Naira notes
Isolation and Susceptibility Profile of Bacteria isolated from Mobile Phones of Pharmacy Students of Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
Today, mobile phone (MP) due to its great benefits has become an indispensable tool for people from all and sundry irrespective of profession, social status or location. However, MP can also serve as habitat for pathogenic bacteria. This study was aimed at isolating bacterial contaminants from mobile phones of some pharmacy students in Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria and to determine the antibiotics susceptibility pattern of such bacterial isolates. Twenty swabs were obtained from the MPs of 20 volunteered students, using standard biochemical methods of analysis, specific bacterial isolates were identified. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was carried out using Kirby Bauer disc agar diffusion method. The resistance pattern of the isolates was determined using descriptive statistical analysis. Multiple antibiotic resistance index (MARI) was also determined. A total of 35 bacterial isolates were gotten which were: S. aureus 19 (54.3%), E. coli 11 (31.4%), Klebsiella pneumoniae 3 (8.6), Streptococcus spp 2 (5.7%). The greatest activity was observed with the quinolones especially pefloxacin while the isolates were highly resistant to beta lactam antibiotics; 85.7% of the isolates had MARI greater than 0.2. All the MPs sampled were contaminated with pathogenic bacteria and showed high level of resistance to commonly prescribed antibiotics. This might be an indication that antibiotics are being misused or abused. As much as possible, exchange of MPs between individuals should be avoided to limit the level of transmission of bacterial contaminants through MPs.
Authors: Obajuluwa, A. F., Nwadili, C.C. and Adeshina,G.O
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Abstract
Today, mobile phone (MP) due to its great benefits has become an indispensable tool for people from all and sundry irrespective of profession, social status or location. However, MP can also serve as habitat for pathogenic bacteria. This study was aimed at isolating bacterial contaminants from mobile phones of some pharmacy students in Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria and to determine the antibiotics susceptibility pattern of such bacterial isolates. Twenty swabs were obtained from the MPs of 20 volunteered students, using standard biochemical methods of analysis, specific bacterial isolates were identified. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was carried out using Kirby Bauer disc agar diffusion method. The resistance pattern of the isolates was determined using descriptive statistical analysis. Multiple antibiotic resistance index (MARI) was also determined. A total of 35 bacterial isolates were gotten which were: S. aureus 19 (54.3%), E. coli 11 (31.4%), Klebsiella pneumoniae 3 (8.6), Streptococcus spp 2 (5.7%). The greatest activity was observed with the quinolones especially pefloxacin while the isolates were highly resistant to beta lactam antibiotics; 85.7% of the isolates had MARI greater than 0.2. All the MPs sampled were contaminated with pathogenic bacteria and showed high level of resistance to commonly prescribed antibiotics. This might be an indication that antibiotics are being misused or abused. As much as possible, exchange of MPs between individuals should be avoided to limit the level of transmission of bacterial contaminants through MPs.
Antibacterial Activities of Cinnamomum verum and Curcuma longa Extracts against some Multi-Drug Resistant (MDR) Bacterial Isolates
Spices are rich sources of bioactive moleculesand play crucial role in health maintenance and promotiondue to theirhealth-enhancing properties. The in vitro antimicrobial activitie of Cinnamomum verum and Curcuma longa extracts was investigated against multidrug resistant bacteria using agar well diffusion method. The phytochemical analysis of both extracts showed the presence of saponins, tannins, glycoside, alkaloids, flavonoids and terpenoids which were confirmed by GC-MS data that identified the major constituents to be aromatic, phenolic, saturated, mono-unsaturated fatty acids and bioactive compounds with useful therapeutic properties. The findings revealed that Curcuma longa and Cinnamomum verum methanolic and aqueous extracts had significant (P<0.05) antibacterial activities against Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus spp. and Escherichia coli (6.00±0.00 – 18.0±0.12mm zone of inhibitions). However, the antimicrobial activities of Curcuma longa methanolic extractagainst the multi drug resistant (MDR) pathogens at the various concentrations were found to be higher than the antimicrobial activity observed in other extracts used in the study. The combination of Cinnamomum verum and Curcuma longa extracts at various concentrations (i.e., 80:20; 60:40, 50:50, 40:60 and 20:80) had an antagonistic effect on the antibacterial activity of the extracts compared to the antibacterial activity of individual spices. The present study indicated that Curcuma longa and Cinnamomum verumwith remarkable antimicrobial properties could be applied to improve existing drugs or to create new agents against MDR bacteria.
Authors: Muazu, H.A. and Bukar, A
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Abstract
Spices are rich sources of bioactive moleculesand play crucial role in health maintenance and promotiondue to theirhealth-enhancing properties. The in vitro antimicrobial activitie of Cinnamomum verum and Curcuma longa extracts was investigated against multidrug resistant bacteria using agar well diffusion method. The phytochemical analysis of both extracts showed the presence of saponins, tannins, glycoside, alkaloids, flavonoids and terpenoids which were confirmed by GC-MS data that identified the major constituents to be aromatic, phenolic, saturated, mono-unsaturated fatty acids and bioactive compounds with useful therapeutic properties. The findings revealed that Curcuma longa and Cinnamomum verum methanolic and aqueous extracts had significant (P<0.05) antibacterial activities against Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus spp. and Escherichia coli (6.00±0.00 – 18.0±0.12mm zone of inhibitions). However, the antimicrobial activities of Curcuma longa methanolic extractagainst the multi drug resistant (MDR) pathogens at the various concentrations were found to be higher than the antimicrobial activity observed in other extracts used in the study. The combination of Cinnamomum verum and Curcuma longa extracts at various concentrations (i.e., 80:20; 60:40, 50:50, 40:60 and 20:80) had an antagonistic effect on the antibacterial activity of the extracts compared to the antibacterial activity of individual spices. The present study indicated that Curcuma longa and Cinnamomum verumwith remarkable antimicrobial properties could be applied to improve existing drugs or to create new agents against MDR bacteria.
Blend of Sorghum and Yellow Cassava as a Substrate for Beer production using Saccharomyces cerevisiae
The search for local alternatives to barley for brewing has been a major concern to stakeholders in the beer industry in Nigeria and Africa. One of such alternative and which can be sustained is the use of Sorghum and cassava as raw materials. This research work was aimed at investigating the possibility of producing lager beer using a blend of sorghum and hybrid yellow cassava (IBA 070593 and IBA 070539). The two yellow cassava varieties were blended with the sorghum malt at ratio 0:100 (control), 20:80, 30:70, 40:60 and 50:50. Fermentation was carried out for duration of 10 days and samples analyzed every 2 days interval. Parameters analyzed were yeast count, pH, total soluble sugars, alcohol content and sensory evaluation using standard procedures. The results showed that the formulation ratio of 20:80 had the highest yeast count and alcohol content of 286.7 ± 2.60 × 1012 cfu/ml and 6.78 ± 0.41 % respectively, while the least values of 247.3±1.76×1012 cfu/ml and 3.63 ± 0.49 % were from 50:50 ration.Sensory evaluation showed that overall acceptability of 8.00 ± 0.05 was from 20:80 ration while the least of 7.30 ± 0.13 was from 40:60. The study revealed that the hybrid of yellow cassava blended with sorghum can be a favourable raw material for beer production.
Authors: Akpoghelie P. O., Oshoma C. E. and Omonigho S. E.
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Abstract
The search for local alternatives to barley for brewing has been a major concern to stakeholders in the beer industry in Nigeria and Africa. One of such alternative and which can be sustained is the use of Sorghum and cassava as raw materials. This research work was aimed at investigating the possibility of producing lager beer using a blend of sorghum and hybrid yellow cassava (IBA 070593 and IBA 070539). The two yellow cassava varieties were blended with the sorghum malt at ratio 0:100 (control), 20:80, 30:70, 40:60 and 50:50. Fermentation was carried out for duration of 10 days and samples analyzed every 2 days interval. Parameters analyzed were yeast count, pH, total soluble sugars, alcohol content and sensory evaluation using standard procedures. The results showed that the formulation ratio of 20:80 had the highest yeast count and alcohol content of 286.7 ± 2.60 × 1012 cfu/ml and 6.78 ± 0.41 % respectively, while the least values of 247.3±1.76×1012 cfu/ml and 3.63 ± 0.49 % were from 50:50 ration.Sensory evaluation showed that overall acceptability of 8.00 ± 0.05 was from 20:80 ration while the least of 7.30 ± 0.13 was from 40:60. The study revealed that the hybrid of yellow cassava blended with sorghum can be a favourable raw material for beer production.
Sero-Prevalence of Hepatitis B Surface Antibodies (IgG) Among Nigerian and Indian Students of Jodhpur National University, India
Hepatitis B virus is highly infectious and a major global health problemas it causes chronic liver diseases such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.The study was carried out to assess and compare the prevalence of HbsAb among Nigerian and Indian students of Jodhpur national university India, in an effort to identify the vulnerable individuals and enlighten the public about the danger and risk factors associated with the sero negative status of HbsAb individuals. Total of 202 samples were studied using enzymes linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Antibody index was obtained and result wasanalyzed according to standard procedure. Result shows that 37/202 (18.32%) of the total subjects were positive to HbsAb. High prevalence of 23/101 (22.77%) HBsAb was found among Indian students while only 14/101 (13.86) of Nigerians werefound to be positive. Also,17/69(24.64%) of total females students werepositive while 20/133 (15.03%) of the male students were positive. Studentsaged17-22 years had high prevalence of HbsAb (22.44%) followed by those aged 23-28years(17.39%), 29-34years(11.11%) then 35 years andabove with (0%) prevalence. According to vaccination status 25/68 (36.76%) of vaccinated subjects were positive while only 12/134 (8.95%)were positive for non-vaccinated. 37/194 (19.07%) of unmarried students were positive while among 8 married students none of them waspositive.Additionally, 33/169 (19.52%) of the individuals that live in urban area were HbsAb positive while only 4/33 (12.12%) of those living in rural area were positive. This research clearly shows that Indian students have high prevalence of HbsAb than Nigerian students, due to the fact that majority of students tested positive already vaccinated with hepatitis B vaccine and majority of them were Indians. Total of 18.32% prevalence of HbsAb among the subjects also questioned the effectiveness of hepatitis B vaccination program in both two countries. Therefore there is need for health promotion awareness campaign to educate the general public about importance of HBV vaccination.
Authors: Khalifa, J.S., Na'inna S. Z. 2Labaran, H. S., 2Yahaya S. H., 2Abubakar, and S.A. 2Dahiru, J.Y.
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Abstract
Hepatitis B virus is highly infectious and a major global health problemas it causes chronic liver diseases such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.The study was carried out to assess and compare the prevalence of HbsAb among Nigerian and Indian students of Jodhpur national university India, in an effort to identify the vulnerable individuals and enlighten the public about the danger and risk factors associated with the sero negative status of HbsAb individuals. Total of 202 samples were studied using enzymes linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Antibody index was obtained and result wasanalyzed according to standard procedure. Result shows that 37/202 (18.32%) of the total subjects were positive to HbsAb. High prevalence of 23/101 (22.77%) HBsAb was found among Indian students while only 14/101 (13.86) of Nigerians werefound to be positive. Also,17/69(24.64%) of total females students werepositive while 20/133 (15.03%) of the male students were positive. Studentsaged17-22 years had high prevalence of HbsAb (22.44%) followed by those aged 23-28years(17.39%), 29-34years(11.11%) then 35 years andabove with (0%) prevalence. According to vaccination status 25/68 (36.76%) of vaccinated subjects were positive while only 12/134 (8.95%)were positive for non-vaccinated. 37/194 (19.07%) of unmarried students were positive while among 8 married students none of them waspositive.Additionally, 33/169 (19.52%) of the individuals that live in urban area were HbsAb positive while only 4/33 (12.12%) of those living in rural area were positive. This research clearly shows that Indian students have high prevalence of HbsAb than Nigerian students, due to the fact that majority of students tested positive already vaccinated with hepatitis B vaccine and majority of them were Indians. Total of 18.32% prevalence of HbsAb among the subjects also questioned the effectiveness of hepatitis B vaccination program in both two countries. Therefore there is need for health promotion awareness campaign to educate the general public about importance of HBV vaccination.
Molecular Characterisation and Detection of Antibiotic Resistant Genes in Escherichia coli isolated from Senilia senilis (Cockle) in Rivers State, Nigeria
In controlling E. coli infections antibiotics that were once effective are now ineffective due to the bacteria acquired resistance to these antibiotics. This research is carried out to characterize and identify Escherichia coli isolated from edible cockle (Senilia senilis) by molecular methods and screened for the presence of blaTEM gene that confer resistance to Extended spectrum β-Lactam antibiotics. The study was carried out from January to June 2020 at the Department of Microbiology, Rivers State University, Port Harcourt, Nigeria and the E. coli isolates were subjected to multiple antibiotic susceptibility test using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method and resistant isolates were screened for the presence of the resistance gene blaTEM). This screening was carried out via the process of DNA extraction, quantification, amplification of the gene using appropriate primer and agarose gel electrophoresis which showed the DNA extracts that had blaTEM genes when amplified. Forty (40) E. coli were isolated and identified culturally and molecularly from Senilia senilis. Results showed the presence of blaTEM gene in 5 out of the eight (8) isolates screened for blaTEM gene. Results also revealed that 52.5% of isolates had MAR index greater than 0.2 indicating high source of contamination where antibiotics are often used. Molecular characterization via sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene of the Seven (7) most resistant isolates confirmed that the isolates were strains of Escherichia coli. This study demonstrated the resistance ability of E. coli and the main factor behind its resistance. Further investigation into antimicrobial resistance is recommended for the administration of drugs most especially for the treatment of food-mediated E. coli infections.
Authors: Barika P.N., Sampson T., Akani N.P. and Peekate L.P
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Abstract
In controlling E. coli infections antibiotics that were once effective are now ineffective due to the bacteria acquired resistance to these antibiotics. This research is carried out to characterize and identify Escherichia coli isolated from edible cockle (Senilia senilis) by molecular methods and screened for the presence of blaTEM gene that confer resistance to Extended spectrum β-Lactam antibiotics. The study was carried out from January to June 2020 at the Department of Microbiology, Rivers State University, Port Harcourt, Nigeria and the E. coli isolates were subjected to multiple antibiotic susceptibility test using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method and resistant isolates were screened for the presence of the resistance gene blaTEM). This screening was carried out via the process of DNA extraction, quantification, amplification of the gene using appropriate primer and agarose gel electrophoresis which showed the DNA extracts that had blaTEM genes when amplified. Forty (40) E. coli were isolated and identified culturally and molecularly from Senilia senilis. Results showed the presence of blaTEM gene in 5 out of the eight (8) isolates screened for blaTEM gene. Results also revealed that 52.5% of isolates had MAR index greater than 0.2 indicating high source of contamination where antibiotics are often used. Molecular characterization via sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene of the Seven (7) most resistant isolates confirmed that the isolates were strains of Escherichia coli. This study demonstrated the resistance ability of E. coli and the main factor behind its resistance. Further investigation into antimicrobial resistance is recommended for the administration of drugs most especially for the treatment of food-mediated E. coli infections.
Antibacterial Activity of three Broad Spectrum Antibiotics against some Clinical Bacterial Isolates
Antibiotics, either produced by microorganisms or formulated synthetically have a dynamic attribute of inhibiting Growth or completely suppressing the toxic effect of microorganisms. This study aimed to compare the antibacterial strength of three common antibiotics: Ciprofloxacin, Gentamycin and Erythromycin against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosaand Staphylococcus aureusisolated from clinical samples such as Nasal swab, wound swab, urine and high vaginal swab.The sensitivity test was carried out using the Disc diffusion method. A total of 25 isolates were obtained from these samples after culturing. Of the 25 isolates, 5(20%) yielded pseudomonas aeruginosa, 10(40%) yielded Staphylococcus aureusand Escherichia coli respectively. Gentamycin demonstrated the highest antibacterial activity against the test organisms with 100% activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 90 and 70% activity against E. coli and S. aureus. It was followed by ciprofloxacin which had 60 and 70% activity against E. coli and S. aureusrespectively. Erythromycin was the antibiotic with the least activity, but it showed higher activity (80%) than ciprofloxacin (40%) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Therefore gentamycin is a better choice of antibacterial therapy against infections causedbyE. coli, P. aeruginosaand S. aureus.It exhibited the highest antibacterial effect on these organisms than the other antibiotics tested
Authors: Nwankwo, I.U., Edward, K.C., Nwoba, C.N. and Uzuegbu, N.N
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Abstract
Antibiotics, either produced by microorganisms or formulated synthetically have a dynamic attribute of inhibiting Growth or completely suppressing the toxic effect of microorganisms. This study aimed to compare the antibacterial strength of three common antibiotics: Ciprofloxacin, Gentamycin and Erythromycin against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosaand Staphylococcus aureusisolated from clinical samples such as Nasal swab, wound swab, urine and high vaginal swab.The sensitivity test was carried out using the Disc diffusion method. A total of 25 isolates were obtained from these samples after culturing. Of the 25 isolates, 5(20%) yielded pseudomonas aeruginosa, 10(40%) yielded Staphylococcus aureusand Escherichia coli respectively. Gentamycin demonstrated the highest antibacterial activity against the test organisms with 100% activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 90 and 70% activity against E. coli and S. aureus. It was followed by ciprofloxacin which had 60 and 70% activity against E. coli and S. aureusrespectively. Erythromycin was the antibiotic with the least activity, but it showed higher activity (80%) than ciprofloxacin (40%) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Therefore gentamycin is a better choice of antibacterial therapy against infections causedbyE. coli, P. aeruginosaand S. aureus.It exhibited the highest antibacterial effect on these organisms than the other antibiotics tested
Detection of Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli among Children under Five Years with Diarrhoea in Kano, Nigeria
Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC), is among the most important pathogens infecting children worldwide and one of the main causes of diarrhoea. EPEC infection is often under diagnosed during routine microbiological analysis, especially in resource constrained settings and therefore the use of serological and molecular test could help to determine the distribution of EPEC and its clinical significance. The study was carried out to investigate the occurrence of EPEC as a cause of diarrhoea in children younger than 5years of age and to detect their virulence genes. During the study period, a total of 280 faecal specimen from children with diarrhoea and 20 from healthy children were collected and screened for E.coli using biochemical tests. The confirmed E. coli isolates were serologically tested with EPEC polyvalent and monovalent antisera to detect EPEC serotypes. The EPEC serotypes were screened for the presence of the attaching and effacing (eaeA) and bundle- forming pilus (bfpA), gene by PCR assay. Furthermore, antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of the EPEC serotypes were determined by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method. The isolates were also screened for Extended Spectrum βeta-lactamase (ESBL) production by double disc synergy. The study revealed that EPEC was detected in 19 (6.7%) of the test samples but negative in the control group. The EPEC serotype O55: K59 (B5), had the highest frequency of occurrence. The bfpA and eaeA genes were detected in 31.6% and 15.7% of the EPEC isolates respectively. Typical EPEC (eaeA+, bfpA+) was detected in one isolate, while atypical EPEC was detected in seven isolates. The antimicrobial susceptibility revealed that EPEC isolates were highly resistant to ampicillin (100%), tetracycline (84.2%), and trimethoprim (89.4%) but were sensitive to ciprofloxacin (95%), ceftriaxone (84.2%), ceftazidime (79.0%) and amoxicillin-clavulanate (79.0%). Three (3) isolates were found to produce ESBL. The investigation including the use of serotyping and molecular technique, are necessary to allow precise identification and epidemiological study of these pathogens. Multidrug resistant EPEC can be associated with infantile diarrhoea
Authors: Abba, A.I. and Dutsinma, U.A
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Abstract
Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC), is among the most important pathogens infecting children worldwide and one of the main causes of diarrhoea. EPEC infection is often under diagnosed during routine microbiological analysis, especially in resource constrained settings and therefore the use of serological and molecular test could help to determine the distribution of EPEC and its clinical significance. The study was carried out to investigate the occurrence of EPEC as a cause of diarrhoea in children younger than 5years of age and to detect their virulence genes. During the study period, a total of 280 faecal specimen from children with diarrhoea and 20 from healthy children were collected and screened for E.coli using biochemical tests. The confirmed E. coli isolates were serologically tested with EPEC polyvalent and monovalent antisera to detect EPEC serotypes. The EPEC serotypes were screened for the presence of the attaching and effacing (eaeA) and bundle- forming pilus (bfpA), gene by PCR assay. Furthermore, antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of the EPEC serotypes were determined by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method. The isolates were also screened for Extended Spectrum βeta-lactamase (ESBL) production by double disc synergy. The study revealed that EPEC was detected in 19 (6.7%) of the test samples but negative in the control group. The EPEC serotype O55: K59 (B5), had the highest frequency of occurrence. The bfpA and eaeA genes were detected in 31.6% and 15.7% of the EPEC isolates respectively. Typical EPEC (eaeA+, bfpA+) was detected in one isolate, while atypical EPEC was detected in seven isolates. The antimicrobial susceptibility revealed that EPEC isolates were highly resistant to ampicillin (100%), tetracycline (84.2%), and trimethoprim (89.4%) but were sensitive to ciprofloxacin (95%), ceftriaxone (84.2%), ceftazidime (79.0%) and amoxicillin-clavulanate (79.0%). Three (3) isolates were found to produce ESBL. The investigation including the use of serotyping and molecular technique, are necessary to allow precise identification and epidemiological study of these pathogens. Multidrug resistant EPEC can be associated with infantile diarrhoea
Bacteriological and Nutritional Assessment of Fermented Maize (Ogi) Fortified with Ugba (Pentaclethra macrophylla)
Fermented maize (Ogi) is a traditional porridge prepared from maize, sorghum or millet grains majorly used as important weaning food for infants in West Africa but poor in protein content. “Ugba” is a protein based fermented food condiment obtained from the seeds of the African oil bean (Pentaclethra macrophylla) and used to complement the nutritional content of soups and sauces. The aim of this study was to assess the bacteriological and nutritive quality of complementary food made from fermented maize fortified with varying levels (100:00, 90:10%, 80:20%, 70:30%, 60:40% and 50:50%) of ugba blends. The physicochemical properties, bacteriological quality, proximate composition and sensory parameters of the samples were analysed using standard methods. The pH of the fortified ogi decreased steadily from 4.8 to 4.2 with a corresponding increase in titratable acidity from 0.75 to 1.3. The bacterial isolates included; Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, Micrococcus luteus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Lactobacillus species and Proteus mirabilis. The nutritional values of the fortified product were significantly higher (p < 0.05) compared to fermented maize (control) and increased steadily with increase level of ugba blends of 10% to 50%. The results revealed that fortified ogihad high protein content (8.75% ± 0.18 for 50%), fiber (1.47% ± 0.12 for 50%), fat (5.40% ± 0.04 for 50%) and ash content (1.77% ± 0.10 for 50%). Based on the findings of the study, fortifying fermented maize (ogi) with ugba would promote the nutritional quality of ogi and provide a readily available and affordable weaning diet for infants.
Authors: Itaman, V. O. and Nwachukwu, E.
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Abstract
Fermented maize (Ogi) is a traditional porridge prepared from maize, sorghum or millet grains majorly used as important weaning food for infants in West Africa but poor in protein content. “Ugba” is a protein based fermented food condiment obtained from the seeds of the African oil bean (Pentaclethra macrophylla) and used to complement the nutritional content of soups and sauces. The aim of this study was to assess the bacteriological and nutritive quality of complementary food made from fermented maize fortified with varying levels (100:00, 90:10%, 80:20%, 70:30%, 60:40% and 50:50%) of ugba blends. The physicochemical properties, bacteriological quality, proximate composition and sensory parameters of the samples were analysed using standard methods. The pH of the fortified ogi decreased steadily from 4.8 to 4.2 with a corresponding increase in titratable acidity from 0.75 to 1.3. The bacterial isolates included; Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, Micrococcus luteus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Lactobacillus species and Proteus mirabilis. The nutritional values of the fortified product were significantly higher (p < 0.05) compared to fermented maize (control) and increased steadily with increase level of ugba blends of 10% to 50%. The results revealed that fortified ogihad high protein content (8.75% ± 0.18 for 50%), fiber (1.47% ± 0.12 for 50%), fat (5.40% ± 0.04 for 50%) and ash content (1.77% ± 0.10 for 50%). Based on the findings of the study, fortifying fermented maize (ogi) with ugba would promote the nutritional quality of ogi and provide a readily available and affordable weaning diet for infants.
Prevalence of Rotavirus and Cryptosporidium parvumCo-infection among Children with Acute Gastroenteritis in Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria
This research was conducted to determine the prevalence of rotavirus and Cryptosporidium parvum co-infection among children with acute gastroenteritis in Zaria, Nigeria. A total of 340 diarrhoeic stool samples and 32 age matched control of children aged 0-60 months were screened for the presence of C. Parvum and rotavirus antigen using ELISA. Out of 340 diarrhoeic samples screened, 11(3.0%) samples were positive for both C. Parvum and rotavirus antigens (co-infection) and 329 (96.76%) were negative for the coinfection. Rotavirus was exclusively positive in 73(20%) samples while C. Parvum was exclusively positive ein 28(8%) samples. Total of 260(70%) samples were negative for the two pathogens. Of (3%) co-infection detected, 8(4%) were among 199 males and 3(1.7%) were among 173 females children studied. Age of the patients (p=0.028), source of drinking water (p=0.036), not exclusive breast feeding (p=0.014), weaning at early infancy (p=0.010) were some of the risk factors associated with the co-infection.
Authors: Gambo A., Inabo,H.I. and Aminu, M.
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Abstract
This research was conducted to determine the prevalence of rotavirus and Cryptosporidium parvum co-infection among children with acute gastroenteritis in Zaria, Nigeria. A total of 340 diarrhoeic stool samples and 32 age matched control of children aged 0-60 months were screened for the presence of C. Parvum and rotavirus antigen using ELISA. Out of 340 diarrhoeic samples screened, 11(3.0%) samples were positive for both C. Parvum and rotavirus antigens (co-infection) and 329 (96.76%) were negative for the coinfection. Rotavirus was exclusively positive in 73(20%) samples while C. Parvum was exclusively positive ein 28(8%) samples. Total of 260(70%) samples were negative for the two pathogens. Of (3%) co-infection detected, 8(4%) were among 199 males and 3(1.7%) were among 173 females children studied. Age of the patients (p=0.028), source of drinking water (p=0.036), not exclusive breast feeding (p=0.014), weaning at early infancy (p=0.010) were some of the risk factors associated with the co-infection.
Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori among Suspected Stomach Ulcer Patients Attending Two Mission Hospitals in Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria
Helicobacter pylori, a leading cause of gastritis, peptic ulcers, and other gastritis-related diseases in both developed and developing countries, is a significant public health concern in developed and developing countries, with a disproportionately high burden in economically developing countries due to poor sanitation. This study aims to isolate and determine the seroprevalence of H. pylori among patients attending two Mission hospitals in Umuahia, Abia State. Samples of blood and stool were collected from ninety patients. The blood was collected aseptically from the antecubital vein using a sterile disposable syringe and needles and allowed to clot for antibody detection using H. pylori strip kit (Helicobacter pylori Ab Rapid test (Cassette Germany). The isolation of H. pylori from the stool samples was done by inoculating onto blood and chocolate agar plates and then incubated in a microaerobic atmosphere at 370C for 5 days. Identification was based on typical colony morphology, characteristics appearance on gram staining and positive urease, oxidase and catalase tests. A high prevalence of 23.33% was observed in this study. Gender was not significantly associated with H. pylori infection (X2=0.1517, p=0.3712). The highest incidence was observed in the age group 16-26(38%) while the least was recorded with those of 49years and above 3(14.4%). There was no significant association of age with the prevalence of H. pylori infection (p=0.661). More cases of H. pylori infection was observed with patients from the rural area (16.67%). Out of the 90 participants suspected of having peptic ulcer, 23.33% of them had ulcer that was caused by H. pylori Out of the 21 ulcer patients cause by H. pylori 16 (76.2%) were both seropositive and culture positive to H. pylori while 5 (23.4%) were only seropositive. The prevalence of H. pylori infection was low among patients with peptic ulcer attending the two mission hospitals. In order to lessen the disease's impact, health education on transmission channels and risk factors for H. pylori infection is emphasized in this line.
Authors: Nwankwo, I.U., Edward, K.C., Nwoba, C.N. and Ezeanwe, G.O
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Abstract
Helicobacter pylori, a leading cause of gastritis, peptic ulcers, and other gastritis-related diseases in both developed and developing countries, is a significant public health concern in developed and developing countries, with a disproportionately high burden in economically developing countries due to poor sanitation. This study aims to isolate and determine the seroprevalence of H. pylori among patients attending two Mission hospitals in Umuahia, Abia State. Samples of blood and stool were collected from ninety patients. The blood was collected aseptically from the antecubital vein using a sterile disposable syringe and needles and allowed to clot for antibody detection using H. pylori strip kit (Helicobacter pylori Ab Rapid test (Cassette Germany). The isolation of H. pylori from the stool samples was done by inoculating onto blood and chocolate agar plates and then incubated in a microaerobic atmosphere at 370C for 5 days. Identification was based on typical colony morphology, characteristics appearance on gram staining and positive urease, oxidase and catalase tests. A high prevalence of 23.33% was observed in this study. Gender was not significantly associated with H. pylori infection (X2=0.1517, p=0.3712). The highest incidence was observed in the age group 16-26(38%) while the least was recorded with those of 49years and above 3(14.4%). There was no significant association of age with the prevalence of H. pylori infection (p=0.661). More cases of H. pylori infection was observed with patients from the rural area (16.67%). Out of the 90 participants suspected of having peptic ulcer, 23.33% of them had ulcer that was caused by H. pylori Out of the 21 ulcer patients cause by H. pylori 16 (76.2%) were both seropositive and culture positive to H. pylori while 5 (23.4%) were only seropositive. The prevalence of H. pylori infection was low among patients with peptic ulcer attending the two mission hospitals. In order to lessen the disease's impact, health education on transmission channels and risk factors for H. pylori infection is emphasized in this line.
Prevalence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in Goats Slaughtered at Kano Abattoir, Kano State, Nigeria
Pathogenic Mycobacterium infection has been on increasing concern and a threat to public health especially in developing countries like Nigeria. A cross sectional study was carried out at Kano abattoir in Kano State in the Sahel part of Northern Nigeria. The aim of the study was to determine the Prevalence and detectMycobacterium tuberculosis complex in Goats Slaughtered at Kano Abattoir, based on Post-mortem meat inspection for TB-like lesions, culture, acid-fast staining, and TB Ag MPT64 SD-bioline. A total of 500 slaughtered goats were examined during post-mortem meat inspection, out of which 27 have gross TB lesions with an overall prevalence of 5.4%. The males were 11 with a prevalence of 5.8%, while females were 16 with a prevalence of 5.1%. The chi-squire (×2) test of significance based on sex shows the difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05). The 27 gross TB lesions obtained/sampled, were subjected to culture, acid- fast staining and SD-bioline in which 5(38.5%), 5(41.7%) and 3((42.9%) males were culture, acid-fast stain and SD-bioline positive respectively while on the other hand 8(61.5%), 7(58.3%) and 4(57.1%) females were culture, acid-fast stain and SD-bioline respectively. The study highlighted the importance of tuberculosis in Goats and its public health implications and calls for prompt action towards controlling the disease in goats in Kano abattoir and Nigeria in general.
Authors: Abubakar, U. B., Usman, A. A., Surajo, M., Tekdek, L. B., Saidu, S. N. A., Musa, G.A., Lawson, L. and Abdulkadir, I. A.
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Abstract
Pathogenic Mycobacterium infection has been on increasing concern and a threat to public health especially in developing countries like Nigeria. A cross sectional study was carried out at Kano abattoir in Kano State in the Sahel part of Northern Nigeria. The aim of the study was to determine the Prevalence and detectMycobacterium tuberculosis complex in Goats Slaughtered at Kano Abattoir, based on Post-mortem meat inspection for TB-like lesions, culture, acid-fast staining, and TB Ag MPT64 SD-bioline. A total of 500 slaughtered goats were examined during post-mortem meat inspection, out of which 27 have gross TB lesions with an overall prevalence of 5.4%. The males were 11 with a prevalence of 5.8%, while females were 16 with a prevalence of 5.1%. The chi-squire (×2) test of significance based on sex shows the difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05). The 27 gross TB lesions obtained/sampled, were subjected to culture, acid- fast staining and SD-bioline in which 5(38.5%), 5(41.7%) and 3((42.9%) males were culture, acid-fast stain and SD-bioline positive respectively while on the other hand 8(61.5%), 7(58.3%) and 4(57.1%) females were culture, acid-fast stain and SD-bioline respectively. The study highlighted the importance of tuberculosis in Goats and its public health implications and calls for prompt action towards controlling the disease in goats in Kano abattoir and Nigeria in general.
Incidence of Plesiomonas specie in Catfish (Clarias gariepinus)and Tilapia Fish (Oreochromis niloticus) Sold in Selected Markets in Lagos State
Plesiomonas sp is a facultative anaerobic, gram negative, oxidase positive, nonsporing, motile bacilli, that has been implicated in food and water borne diseases. This experiment was conducted to determine the incidence of this bacteria in catfish (Clarias gariepinus) and Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) sold in selected markets in Lagos State. A total number of 64 samples (fish) were collected from different locations between the months of August and September, 2018. 10g from each sample was serially diluted in 90 ml of sterile distilled water and 1 ml from 10-3 dilution was inoculated in duplicate on solidified inositol brilliant green bile agar. Plateswere incubated at 35°C for 24-48hr. Isolates were Identified based on culturalcharacteristics, Gram staining and biochemical characterization. The total viable count showed that catfish from location D (Iyana-Iba market) had the highest microbial load of 9.2×104 cfu/g while the lowest microbial load for catfish was recorded in location B (Igando market) with 1.0×104 cfu/g. The highest and lowest microbial load for tilapia samples were observed in location G (Oyingbo market) with 2.5 ×104 cfu/g and 0.7×104 cfu/g respectively. Antibiotics susceptibility test conducted showed that most of the isolates were multi-drug-resistant with multiple antibiotic resistance index above 0.2 risk limit. Hemolysis test also revealed varying zones of clearing confirming their ability to produce hemolysin. Plesiomonas sp is an organism of concern because of its ability to cause intestinal infections and could be a public health threat if ignored.
Authors: Bamidele, F. A.,Ogundipe, F. O., Olusegun-Joseph, T. S., Osaide, S. O. and Ogunbiyi, D. M.
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Abstract
Plesiomonas sp is a facultative anaerobic, gram negative, oxidase positive, nonsporing, motile bacilli, that has been implicated in food and water borne diseases. This experiment was conducted to determine the incidence of this bacteria in catfish (Clarias gariepinus) and Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) sold in selected markets in Lagos State. A total number of 64 samples (fish) were collected from different locations between the months of August and September, 2018. 10g from each sample was serially diluted in 90 ml of sterile distilled water and 1 ml from 10-3 dilution was inoculated in duplicate on solidified inositol brilliant green bile agar. Plateswere incubated at 35°C for 24-48hr. Isolates were Identified based on culturalcharacteristics, Gram staining and biochemical characterization. The total viable count showed that catfish from location D (Iyana-Iba market) had the highest microbial load of 9.2×104 cfu/g while the lowest microbial load for catfish was recorded in location B (Igando market) with 1.0×104 cfu/g. The highest and lowest microbial load for tilapia samples were observed in location G (Oyingbo market) with 2.5 ×104 cfu/g and 0.7×104 cfu/g respectively. Antibiotics susceptibility test conducted showed that most of the isolates were multi-drug-resistant with multiple antibiotic resistance index above 0.2 risk limit. Hemolysis test also revealed varying zones of clearing confirming their ability to produce hemolysin. Plesiomonas sp is an organism of concern because of its ability to cause intestinal infections and could be a public health threat if ignored.
Production and Proximate Composition of Ogiri Condiments from Different Substrates
Production and proximate analysis of Ogiri condiment from Melon, Castor oil, Pumpkin and Watermelon seeds were carried out usingSolid Sate Fermentation(SSF). Six (6)bacteria genera identified as Staphylococcus spp, Klebsiella spp, Bacillus spp, Lactobacillus spp, Escherichia coli and Serretia species and three fungi: Aspergillus niger, Rhodotorula spp and Rhizopus stolonifer were isolated from fermenting seeds. These isolates were recovered during the fermentation, but at the end of the fermentation, only Bacillus and Lactobacillus species were isolated from the Ogiri condiments. The pH of the Melon seed at the beginning of the fermentation was 5.5 while that of the Ogiri at the end of fermentation was 6.4.Ogiriproducedfrom castor oil seed has the highest moisture content (10.84 ± 0.05), Water melon had highest crude protein (38.32 ± 0.10), Melon has highest crude fat (44.86 ± 0.50), watermelon recorded the highest value in Ash content (6.36 ± 0.11), Castor oil seed has the highest crude fibre(10.17 ± 0.05) and highest carbohydrate value (45.98 ± 0.04). The Ogiri condiments were found to be free from pathogens and spoilage organismsand also rich in nutrients such as protein and minerals. The Ogiri condiments could be good substitutes for animal proteins in rural areas where animal proteins are scarce
Authors: Obi, C. N, Elekwachi, I. S. and Ihechimere, A.
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Abstract
Production and proximate analysis of Ogiri condiment from Melon, Castor oil, Pumpkin and Watermelon seeds were carried out usingSolid Sate Fermentation(SSF). Six (6)bacteria genera identified as Staphylococcus spp, Klebsiella spp, Bacillus spp, Lactobacillus spp, Escherichia coli and Serretia species and three fungi: Aspergillus niger, Rhodotorula spp and Rhizopus stolonifer were isolated from fermenting seeds. These isolates were recovered during the fermentation, but at the end of the fermentation, only Bacillus and Lactobacillus species were isolated from the Ogiri condiments. The pH of the Melon seed at the beginning of the fermentation was 5.5 while that of the Ogiri at the end of fermentation was 6.4.Ogiriproducedfrom castor oil seed has the highest moisture content (10.84 ± 0.05), Water melon had highest crude protein (38.32 ± 0.10), Melon has highest crude fat (44.86 ± 0.50), watermelon recorded the highest value in Ash content (6.36 ± 0.11), Castor oil seed has the highest crude fibre(10.17 ± 0.05) and highest carbohydrate value (45.98 ± 0.04). The Ogiri condiments were found to be free from pathogens and spoilage organismsand also rich in nutrients such as protein and minerals. The Ogiri condiments could be good substitutes for animal proteins in rural areas where animal proteins are scarce
Microbial Assessment and Antibiogram of Bacteria Isolated from Air samples around Dumpsites in Igando, Lagos, Nigeria
This study assessed the level of microbial contamination of air around three municipal dumpsites in Igando and determined the antibiogram of the bacterial isolates. Total aerobic bacteria count (TABC) and total enterobacterial count (TEC) of air around the dumpsites nearby amusement park and gas station were measured using the “sedimentation method. The microbial isolates were identified using phenotypic and biochemical characteristics and their antibiotic sensitivity was determined using Kirby Bauer disk diffusion. Total aerobic bacteria count (TABC) at the three dumpsites ranged between 1.9 x 107 and 2.6 x107 cfu/m3 while the amusement park and gas station recorded 2.2 x 107 and 2.4 x 107 cfu/m3 respectively. The TECs of air at the dumpsites varied between 6.6 x 106 and 7.9 x 106 cfu/m3, while the amusement park and gas station recorded 6.4 x 106 and 2.9 x 106 cfu/m3 respectively. Staphylococcus sp. had the highest percentage occurrence of 47 followed by Bacillus 17. Among fungi, Rhizopus sp. had the highest percentage occurrence 26.67 followed by Aspergillus 26.47. For the Gram-positive bacteria, Bacillus spp. recorded the highest percentage resistance (HPR) of 40 against tetracycline. Twenty percent of the Gram positive bacterial isolates were resistant to tetracycline and erythromycin respectively. Among the Gram negative bacterial isolates, 33.33% were resistant to cefuroxime and 22.22% were resistant to gentamicin and ofloxacin respectively. The high level of microbial contamination of the air at and around the dumpsites constitute potential risk to health
Authors: Fashola, M. O., Grillo, J. A., Obayori, O. S., Opere, B. O. and Eguakun, E. A.
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Abstract
This study assessed the level of microbial contamination of air around three municipal dumpsites in Igando and determined the antibiogram of the bacterial isolates. Total aerobic bacteria count (TABC) and total enterobacterial count (TEC) of air around the dumpsites nearby amusement park and gas station were measured using the “sedimentation method. The microbial isolates were identified using phenotypic and biochemical characteristics and their antibiotic sensitivity was determined using Kirby Bauer disk diffusion. Total aerobic bacteria count (TABC) at the three dumpsites ranged between 1.9 x 107 and 2.6 x107 cfu/m3 while the amusement park and gas station recorded 2.2 x 107 and 2.4 x 107 cfu/m3 respectively. The TECs of air at the dumpsites varied between 6.6 x 106 and 7.9 x 106 cfu/m3, while the amusement park and gas station recorded 6.4 x 106 and 2.9 x 106 cfu/m3 respectively. Staphylococcus sp. had the highest percentage occurrence of 47 followed by Bacillus 17. Among fungi, Rhizopus sp. had the highest percentage occurrence 26.67 followed by Aspergillus 26.47. For the Gram-positive bacteria, Bacillus spp. recorded the highest percentage resistance (HPR) of 40 against tetracycline. Twenty percent of the Gram positive bacterial isolates were resistant to tetracycline and erythromycin respectively. Among the Gram negative bacterial isolates, 33.33% were resistant to cefuroxime and 22.22% were resistant to gentamicin and ofloxacin respectively. The high level of microbial contamination of the air at and around the dumpsites constitute potential risk to health
Sensitivity of Moulds Isolated from Air to Antimycotic Drugs, Synthesized Metal Complexes and Jatropha curcas Seed oil
Antimold resistance is common due to drug abuse, mutation caused by genetic recombination and others. In a bid to contribute new antimold agents to the pharmaceutical and medical world molds were isolated from selected areas on the campus of the University of Ilorin. Their sensitivity profiles were evaluated against commercial antimold drugs, synthesized metal complexes and the seed oil of Jatropha curcas. The isolates were cultured and antibiotic sensitivity test was carried out on the isolates using the disc-diffusion and agar-well diffusion methods. Most of the molds showed susceptibility to the azoles (clotrimazole, fluconazole and ketoconazole) with inhibition zones ranging from 12mm to 25mm. Geotrichum candidum showed resistance to fluconazole. Griseofulvin had the least activity with inhibition zone as low as 0mm. Fungusol had intermediate susceptibility with inhibition zone between 5mm to 21mm. Only Mucor circinelloides was resistant to the commercial antibiotics. The [Ca(HBAB)](NO3)2.2H2O complex, HBAB Schiffbase, and [Mg(HBAB)](NO3)2.4H2O complex synthesizedshowed minute level of antimicrobial activity against Aspergillus terreus, Geotrichum candidum and Trichosporon mucoides(2mm - 6mm). All the molds were resistant to Jatropha seed oil. In conclusion, the synthesized compounds if improved upon show promise of being good antimold agents.
Authors: Adetitun, D. O., Kolawole O. M., Tella, A. C., Adebayo G. B., Adimula, V.O. and Babalola, M. A.
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Abstract
Antimold resistance is common due to drug abuse, mutation caused by genetic recombination and others. In a bid to contribute new antimold agents to the pharmaceutical and medical world molds were isolated from selected areas on the campus of the University of Ilorin. Their sensitivity profiles were evaluated against commercial antimold drugs, synthesized metal complexes and the seed oil of Jatropha curcas. The isolates were cultured and antibiotic sensitivity test was carried out on the isolates using the disc-diffusion and agar-well diffusion methods. Most of the molds showed susceptibility to the azoles (clotrimazole, fluconazole and ketoconazole) with inhibition zones ranging from 12mm to 25mm. Geotrichum candidum showed resistance to fluconazole. Griseofulvin had the least activity with inhibition zone as low as 0mm. Fungusol had intermediate susceptibility with inhibition zone between 5mm to 21mm. Only Mucor circinelloides was resistant to the commercial antibiotics. The [Ca(HBAB)](NO3)2.2H2O complex, HBAB Schiffbase, and [Mg(HBAB)](NO3)2.4H2O complex synthesizedshowed minute level of antimicrobial activity against Aspergillus terreus, Geotrichum candidum and Trichosporon mucoides(2mm - 6mm). All the molds were resistant to Jatropha seed oil. In conclusion, the synthesized compounds if improved upon show promise of being good antimold agents.
Occurrence and Antibacterial Response Patterns of Campylobacter jejuni in Beef and Vegetables
Food borne Campylobacteriosis is distributed all over the world. Raw meats become contaminated during processing when intestinal contents come in contact with meat surfaces. The aim of the research is to study the occurrence and antimicrobial response pattern of Campylobacter jejuni isolated from beef and vegetables. Fifty (50) processed and unprocessed food samples (20 beef and 30 vegetables) were collected from different sites. The samples were subjected to aerobic bacterial counting and higher counts were obtained in unprocessed vegetables (3.80 x 106 cfu) and raw beef (2.22 x 106 cfu) samples. All the samples were inoculated on mCCDA, selective media for isolation of Campylobacter species. The isolates were confirmed to be Campylobacter jejuni using standard procedures. Extracts were subjected to phytochemical analyses for the detection of secondary metabolites. Alkaloids and flavonoids were generally present in all the extracts tested; while anthraquinone was conspicuously absent. Ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Syzigium aromaticum, Allium sativum, Zingiber officinale and Piper nigrum as well as commercially prepared antibiotics were tested against the bacterial isolates via disc diffusion techniques. Out of the 50 samples examined, 26% samples yielded Campylobacter spp., from which 8% were identified as Campylobacter jejuni. Statistical analysis revealed that there were significant differences in the bacterial count between raw and processed samples of beef (P = 0.004), cabbage (P = 0.019) and cucumber (P = 0.048), while there is no significant difference in bacterial count between unprocessed and processed lettuce samples (P = 0.058). S. aromaticum, Allium sativum, and Zingiber officinale extracts were active against Campylobacter jejuni. Among the antibiotics tested against C. jejuni, Ciproflaxacine (100%) and Erythromycin (100%) were active.
Authors: Shamsuddeen, U., Haladu, A. and Panda, T. W
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Abstract
Food borne Campylobacteriosis is distributed all over the world. Raw meats become contaminated during processing when intestinal contents come in contact with meat surfaces. The aim of the research is to study the occurrence and antimicrobial response pattern of Campylobacter jejuni isolated from beef and vegetables. Fifty (50) processed and unprocessed food samples (20 beef and 30 vegetables) were collected from different sites. The samples were subjected to aerobic bacterial counting and higher counts were obtained in unprocessed vegetables (3.80 x 106 cfu) and raw beef (2.22 x 106 cfu) samples. All the samples were inoculated on mCCDA, selective media for isolation of Campylobacter species. The isolates were confirmed to be Campylobacter jejuni using standard procedures. Extracts were subjected to phytochemical analyses for the detection of secondary metabolites. Alkaloids and flavonoids were generally present in all the extracts tested; while anthraquinone was conspicuously absent. Ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Syzigium aromaticum, Allium sativum, Zingiber officinale and Piper nigrum as well as commercially prepared antibiotics were tested against the bacterial isolates via disc diffusion techniques. Out of the 50 samples examined, 26% samples yielded Campylobacter spp., from which 8% were identified as Campylobacter jejuni. Statistical analysis revealed that there were significant differences in the bacterial count between raw and processed samples of beef (P = 0.004), cabbage (P = 0.019) and cucumber (P = 0.048), while there is no significant difference in bacterial count between unprocessed and processed lettuce samples (P = 0.058). S. aromaticum, Allium sativum, and Zingiber officinale extracts were active against Campylobacter jejuni. Among the antibiotics tested against C. jejuni, Ciproflaxacine (100%) and Erythromycin (100%) were active.
Incidence of Fluoroquinolone and Multidrug Resistant Salmonella species in Intensively Reared Pigs and Chickens in Nsukka, Nigeria
Fluoroquinolones are broad spectrum antimicrobial agents used to treat infections caused by microbial pathogens especially those resistant to other classes of antimicrobial drugs. The introduction of fluoroquinolones into veterinary therapy has been accompanied by an increase in resistance. Salmonella represents a challenge in modern animal production. This study determined the incidence of fluoroquinolone (and non fluoroquinolones) resistant Salmonella from intensively reared pigs and chickens in Nsukka, an area representative of the emerging trend in intensive animal production in Nigeria. Standard cultural techniques were used to randomly sample 120 animals (60 pigs and 60 chickens) from 12 medium to large scale farms, and from which were obtained a total of five (5) Salmonella isolates (4.17%). Two isolates showed 100% (5/5) resistance to 5 fluoroquinolones while 3 isolates showed 100% (5/5) susceptibility to fluoroquinolones. For non fluoroquinolones two isolates showed 11.1% (1/9) resistance, 22.2% (2/9) intermediate resistance and 66.7% (6/9) susceptibility; one isolate showed 100% (9/9) susceptibility; 1 isolate showed 33.3% (3/9) resistance and 66.7% (6/9) susceptibility. Four isolates were more susceptible to non fluoroquinolones than fluoroquinolones while 2 isolates were more susceptible to fluoroquinolones than non fluoroquinolones. The implications of this resistance patterns are discussed.
Authors: Ajibo, Q. C., Chah, K. F. and Ugwuanyi, J. O.
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Abstract
Fluoroquinolones are broad spectrum antimicrobial agents used to treat infections caused by microbial pathogens especially those resistant to other classes of antimicrobial drugs. The introduction of fluoroquinolones into veterinary therapy has been accompanied by an increase in resistance. Salmonella represents a challenge in modern animal production. This study determined the incidence of fluoroquinolone (and non fluoroquinolones) resistant Salmonella from intensively reared pigs and chickens in Nsukka, an area representative of the emerging trend in intensive animal production in Nigeria. Standard cultural techniques were used to randomly sample 120 animals (60 pigs and 60 chickens) from 12 medium to large scale farms, and from which were obtained a total of five (5) Salmonella isolates (4.17%). Two isolates showed 100% (5/5) resistance to 5 fluoroquinolones while 3 isolates showed 100% (5/5) susceptibility to fluoroquinolones. For non fluoroquinolones two isolates showed 11.1% (1/9) resistance, 22.2% (2/9) intermediate resistance and 66.7% (6/9) susceptibility; one isolate showed 100% (9/9) susceptibility; 1 isolate showed 33.3% (3/9) resistance and 66.7% (6/9) susceptibility. Four isolates were more susceptible to non fluoroquinolones than fluoroquinolones while 2 isolates were more susceptible to fluoroquinolones than non fluoroquinolones. The implications of this resistance patterns are discussed.
xtended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase production, Biofilm Formation and Antibiotic Resistance in Clinical Isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae
Klebsiella pneumoniae is an opportunistic pathogen frequently multidrug-resistant, responsible for both health care and community associated infections. The appearance of extended spectrum β- lactamase in addition to the biofilm-forming phenotype, is a major problem in the clinical environment. This study aimed to detect ESBL production, biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance profile of clinical isolates of K. pneumoniae. Three hundred and twenty five samples of urine and sputum were analyzed by conventional bacteriological techniques. Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method was used for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. ESBL detection was done by the double disc synergy tests using the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. Biofilm formation was determined by microtiter plate assay. Out of the 325 samples analyzed, only 74 (22.7%) yielded Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates. Isolation rate was 25.5% for urine higher than that of sputum (20%). Isolates displayed 100% resistance to cefotaxime and ceftazidime and decreased resistance to imipenem and ciprofloxacin. ESBL production was observed in 31.1% of all the isolates. ESBL producing isolates formed more biofilm than non ESBL producers. A significant association was observed between ESBL production and biofilm which may be as a result of uptake of ESBL carrying plasmids that activate the virulence factor. However, increased alertness of clinicians and enhanced testing by laboratories are important to reduce treatment failure and prevent the spread of resistance strains
Authors: Aisha Shitu Sa’id, Mukhkar, M. D., Bukar, A., and Yusha’u, M.
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Abstract
Klebsiella pneumoniae is an opportunistic pathogen frequently multidrug-resistant, responsible for both health care and community associated infections. The appearance of extended spectrum β- lactamase in addition to the biofilm-forming phenotype, is a major problem in the clinical environment. This study aimed to detect ESBL production, biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance profile of clinical isolates of K. pneumoniae. Three hundred and twenty five samples of urine and sputum were analyzed by conventional bacteriological techniques. Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method was used for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. ESBL detection was done by the double disc synergy tests using the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. Biofilm formation was determined by microtiter plate assay. Out of the 325 samples analyzed, only 74 (22.7%) yielded Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates. Isolation rate was 25.5% for urine higher than that of sputum (20%). Isolates displayed 100% resistance to cefotaxime and ceftazidime and decreased resistance to imipenem and ciprofloxacin. ESBL production was observed in 31.1% of all the isolates. ESBL producing isolates formed more biofilm than non ESBL producers. A significant association was observed between ESBL production and biofilm which may be as a result of uptake of ESBL carrying plasmids that activate the virulence factor. However, increased alertness of clinicians and enhanced testing by laboratories are important to reduce treatment failure and prevent the spread of resistance strains
Proximate Composition and Microbiological Analysis of Yaji (Spiced Pepper Mixture) Sold Within Kano Metropolis, Nigeria
Food safety must be given high priority in any society. This study was aimed at assessing the proximate composition and microbiological quality of yaji. A total of nine different yaji were randomly purchased from retail stores within Kano metropolis while three samples were prepared in the laboratory as control. The result of the study revealed that the yaji samples studied had moisture content ranging from5.00-10.70%, ash content of 17.42-26.30%,crude protein content of 17.50-32.43%, fat content of 1.89-4.05%, and carbohydrate content of 36.69-47.60%. The microbiological analysis showed that the purchased yaji samples were contaminated with aerobic mesophilic bacteria and fungi isolates.Aerobic mesophilic bacterial count, fungal count and coliform count ranged between 3.35×106 - >3.00×107 cfu/g,<1.00×103 – 9.60×106 cfu/g, and 3.6 ->1100MPN/g respectively. Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Enterobacter, and Klebsiella species were isolated. S.aureus was the predominant bacteria isolated with frequency of occurrence of 34.35%. The fungi isolated were Fusarium, Rhizopus and Aspergillus species. The predominant fungal isolate was Aspergillus spp with frequency of occurrence of 60%.This study showed that yaji samples though nutritionally rich were found to be contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms and had higher microbial counts compared to the maximum acceptable levels provided by the ISO and FAO, thus posing serious health hazards to consumers. Standard hygienic measures during preparation of yaji are highly recommended in order to reduce microbial load to acceptable limit.
Authors: Ruqayyah, A.U. and Latifat, A.
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Abstract
Food safety must be given high priority in any society. This study was aimed at assessing the proximate composition and microbiological quality of yaji. A total of nine different yaji were randomly purchased from retail stores within Kano metropolis while three samples were prepared in the laboratory as control. The result of the study revealed that the yaji samples studied had moisture content ranging from5.00-10.70%, ash content of 17.42-26.30%,crude protein content of 17.50-32.43%, fat content of 1.89-4.05%, and carbohydrate content of 36.69-47.60%. The microbiological analysis showed that the purchased yaji samples were contaminated with aerobic mesophilic bacteria and fungi isolates.Aerobic mesophilic bacterial count, fungal count and coliform count ranged between 3.35×106 - >3.00×107 cfu/g,<1.00×103 – 9.60×106 cfu/g, and 3.6 ->1100MPN/g respectively. Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Enterobacter, and Klebsiella species were isolated. S.aureus was the predominant bacteria isolated with frequency of occurrence of 34.35%. The fungi isolated were Fusarium, Rhizopus and Aspergillus species. The predominant fungal isolate was Aspergillus spp with frequency of occurrence of 60%.This study showed that yaji samples though nutritionally rich were found to be contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms and had higher microbial counts compared to the maximum acceptable levels provided by the ISO and FAO, thus posing serious health hazards to consumers. Standard hygienic measures during preparation of yaji are highly recommended in order to reduce microbial load to acceptable limit.
Assessment of HIV 1 GP120/CD4 Binding Inhibition Potential of Solanum nigrum Crude Fruit Extracts
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is still contributing significantly in morbidities and mortalities in the world today, more especially in developing countries. The drugs normally use to treat the infection are costly, toxic, and less effective due to resistance by HIV. In view of that an assessment of gp120-CD4 binding inhibition potential of Solanum nigrum crude fruit extracts was conducted between June–December, 2018 using gp120-CD4 capture ELISA kits. Aqueous, methanol, and petroleum ether extracts were prepared at 1000, 500 and 250 µg/ml and tested for gp120-CD4 binding inhibition. Sub-acute toxicity assay was done using albino rats; biochemical parameters including alanine amino transferase (ALT), aspartate amino transferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) as well as bilirubin for liver and urea, electrolytes and creatinine for kidney functions were evaluated. Kidneys, liver and lungs of the animals were examined for histopathological damages. The results of the effect of crude aqueous, methanol and petroleum ether extracts of Solanum nigrum fruit against gp120-CD4 showed inhibition ranging from 1.3-17 % with 1000 µg/ml showing highest percentage of inhibition. There was no significant difference (P = 0.861) in terms of percentage inhibition between the three concentrations tested. Methanol extract demonstrated the highest percentage inhibition of gp120-CD4 bindings (17 %). No significant difference (P = 0.123) between the three extracts against gp-120-CD4 bindings was observed. The results of the sub-acute toxicity study have shown that, there were no physical changes in animals treated with 500 mg/kg of all the extracts. The result of liver function test revealed that, ALT, AST and ALP were within the normal range (12U/L) for both the high and low concentrations of the extracts including the control. Also result for total protein, albumin, globulin and albumin globulin ratio for the test albino rats and that of the control rat were found to be within the normal range 5.2-9,3.5-5, 2.0 – 3.5 g/dl and 0.8 – 2.0 for total protein, albumin, globulin and globulin ratio respectively. For serum electrolyte level, sodium and potassium ions for the various concentrations of the extracts tested and control were also found to be within normal range. The result of kidney function test revealed that, urea, creatinine and direct and total bilirubin of the rats tested and control were all found to be within normal range. In addition, the histopathology images, shows no remarkable inflammation in all the organs studied. In conclusion, fruit extracts of Solanum nigrum possessed some levels of HIV-1 gp120-CD4 binding inhibition potentials and the extracts were found to be non-toxic at 250 and 500mg/ kg body weight. It can be recommended that, the bioactive compounds should therefore be isolated and tested for gp120-CD4 binding inhibition activity.
Authors: Mohammed, B., Gali, S., Abba S.A. and Jobbi, Y.D.
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Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is still contributing significantly in morbidities and mortalities in the world today, more especially in developing countries. The drugs normally use to treat the infection are costly, toxic, and less effective due to resistance by HIV. In view of that an assessment of gp120-CD4 binding inhibition potential of Solanum nigrum crude fruit extracts was conducted between June–December, 2018 using gp120-CD4 capture ELISA kits. Aqueous, methanol, and petroleum ether extracts were prepared at 1000, 500 and 250 µg/ml and tested for gp120-CD4 binding inhibition. Sub-acute toxicity assay was done using albino rats; biochemical parameters including alanine amino transferase (ALT), aspartate amino transferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) as well as bilirubin for liver and urea, electrolytes and creatinine for kidney functions were evaluated. Kidneys, liver and lungs of the animals were examined for histopathological damages. The results of the effect of crude aqueous, methanol and petroleum ether extracts of Solanum nigrum fruit against gp120-CD4 showed inhibition ranging from 1.3-17 % with 1000 µg/ml showing highest percentage of inhibition. There was no significant difference (P = 0.861) in terms of percentage inhibition between the three concentrations tested. Methanol extract demonstrated the highest percentage inhibition of gp120-CD4 bindings (17 %). No significant difference (P = 0.123) between the three extracts against gp-120-CD4 bindings was observed. The results of the sub-acute toxicity study have shown that, there were no physical changes in animals treated with 500 mg/kg of all the extracts. The result of liver function test revealed that, ALT, AST and ALP were within the normal range (12U/L) for both the high and low concentrations of the extracts including the control. Also result for total protein, albumin, globulin and albumin globulin ratio for the test albino rats and that of the control rat were found to be within the normal range 5.2-9,3.5-5, 2.0 – 3.5 g/dl and 0.8 – 2.0 for total protein, albumin, globulin and globulin ratio respectively. For serum electrolyte level, sodium and potassium ions for the various concentrations of the extracts tested and control were also found to be within normal range. The result of kidney function test revealed that, urea, creatinine and direct and total bilirubin of the rats tested and control were all found to be within normal range. In addition, the histopathology images, shows no remarkable inflammation in all the organs studied. In conclusion, fruit extracts of Solanum nigrum possessed some levels of HIV-1 gp120-CD4 binding inhibition potentials and the extracts were found to be non-toxic at 250 and 500mg/ kg body weight. It can be recommended that, the bioactive compounds should therefore be isolated and tested for gp120-CD4 binding inhibition activity.
Multi-Drug Resistant Efflux Pumps among Clinical Isolates of Staphylococcus aureus
Against the background of high level antimicrobial resistance observed in isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, this study was conducted to determine the prevalence of multidrug resistant (MDR) efflux pumps among clinical isolates from University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin city. A total of 198 clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus obtained from various clinical specimens were used for the study. Disc susceptibility test, detection of MDR efflux pump among representative multidrug Staphylococcus aureus isolates as well as curing experiments on the positive efflux pump isolates were performed using standard techniques. The most active antibacterial agent was imipenem with a susceptibility profile of 32.32%. A total of 64(32.32%) of the 198 isolates of Staphylococcus aureus were MDR. Forty-seven (47) isolates of Staphylococcus aureus (23.74%) were recovered from urine samples. Compared to isolates from other specimens, the prevalence of MDR isolates was significantly higher (63.83%) in the urine specimens (P˂ 0.0001). The prevalence of MDR efflux pump was 9.09% (18/198) with a significant prevalence among isolates from urine (P=0.0032). All 18 Staphylococcus aureus isolates harbored resistant plasmids to the drugs that were used as substrates for efflux as well as to other drugs. Curing experiment revealed the loss of antibacterial resistance in some of the isolates after exposure to rifampicin. In conclusion, the isolates of Staphylococcus aureus used for this study were multidrug resistant with few plasmid-mediated; consequently had a multiple antibiotic resistant index (MARI) ≥ 0.2. Prudent use of antimicrobial agents is advocated to stem the tide of high bacterial resistance
Authors: Agbakoba, N. R., Imouokhome, E. I. and Ezeanya-Bakpa, C. C.
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Abstract
Against the background of high level antimicrobial resistance observed in isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, this study was conducted to determine the prevalence of multidrug resistant (MDR) efflux pumps among clinical isolates from University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin city. A total of 198 clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus obtained from various clinical specimens were used for the study. Disc susceptibility test, detection of MDR efflux pump among representative multidrug Staphylococcus aureus isolates as well as curing experiments on the positive efflux pump isolates were performed using standard techniques. The most active antibacterial agent was imipenem with a susceptibility profile of 32.32%. A total of 64(32.32%) of the 198 isolates of Staphylococcus aureus were MDR. Forty-seven (47) isolates of Staphylococcus aureus (23.74%) were recovered from urine samples. Compared to isolates from other specimens, the prevalence of MDR isolates was significantly higher (63.83%) in the urine specimens (P˂ 0.0001). The prevalence of MDR efflux pump was 9.09% (18/198) with a significant prevalence among isolates from urine (P=0.0032). All 18 Staphylococcus aureus isolates harbored resistant plasmids to the drugs that were used as substrates for efflux as well as to other drugs. Curing experiment revealed the loss of antibacterial resistance in some of the isolates after exposure to rifampicin. In conclusion, the isolates of Staphylococcus aureus used for this study were multidrug resistant with few plasmid-mediated; consequently had a multiple antibiotic resistant index (MARI) ≥ 0.2. Prudent use of antimicrobial agents is advocated to stem the tide of high bacterial resistance
In vitro Antibacterial activity of the Bark Extracts of Anogeissus leiocarpus on Some Bacterial Pathogens
The use of plant parts and extracts in traditional medicine has proved to be a good lead for the discovery of a potential plant derived antimicrobial agent. To this end we conducted in vitro screening of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of the bark of Anogeissus leiocarpus for antibacterial activity against clinical isolates of Salmonella Typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Shigella dysentriae, Klebsiella pnuemoniae and Streptococcus pyogenes following standard microbiological procedure. The bark extracts showing inhibitory activity on the test bacteria were partially purified using solvent-solvent purification and the different fractions were tested for antibacterial activity. Results of phytochemical screening of the bark extracts of A. leiocarpus revealed the presence of saponins, alkaloids, phenols, tannins and glycosides. Antibacterial studies of the extracts revealed that the plant showed strong antibacterial activity against all the test organisms at 25 mg/ml concentration. The solvent- solvent purification of extracts revealed that ethyl acetate and butanol fractions contained the highest concentration of the bioactive component as revealed by the diameter of the zone of inhibition (11- 25 mm) but no inhibitory activity was observed with the chloroform fraction and residue. The minimum inhibitory concentration of the purified fractions ranges between 0.625 mg/ml (acetone extracts) for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pnuemoniae and Streptococcus pyogenes to 2.5 mg/ml (aqueous extracts) for all test organisms. The minimum bactericidal concentration is in the range 0.625 mg/ml to 5 mg/ml. The findings showed that the extracts had appreciable in vitro activity against the test organisms and this plant is a potential source of leads for development of antibacterial agents.
Authors: samupuk@mautech.edu.ng
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Abstract
The use of plant parts and extracts in traditional medicine has proved to be a good lead for the discovery of a potential plant derived antimicrobial agent. To this end we conducted in vitro screening of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of the bark of Anogeissus leiocarpus for antibacterial activity against clinical isolates of Salmonella Typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Shigella dysentriae, Klebsiella pnuemoniae and Streptococcus pyogenes following standard microbiological procedure. The bark extracts showing inhibitory activity on the test bacteria were partially purified using solvent-solvent purification and the different fractions were tested for antibacterial activity. Results of phytochemical screening of the bark extracts of A. leiocarpus revealed the presence of saponins, alkaloids, phenols, tannins and glycosides. Antibacterial studies of the extracts revealed that the plant showed strong antibacterial activity against all the test organisms at 25 mg/ml concentration. The solvent- solvent purification of extracts revealed that ethyl acetate and butanol fractions contained the highest concentration of the bioactive component as revealed by the diameter of the zone of inhibition (11- 25 mm) but no inhibitory activity was observed with the chloroform fraction and residue. The minimum inhibitory concentration of the purified fractions ranges between 0.625 mg/ml (acetone extracts) for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pnuemoniae and Streptococcus pyogenes to 2.5 mg/ml (aqueous extracts) for all test organisms. The minimum bactericidal concentration is in the range 0.625 mg/ml to 5 mg/ml. The findings showed that the extracts had appreciable in vitro activity against the test organisms and this plant is a potential source of leads for development of antibacterial agents.
Production of Fermented Weaning Food from Digitaria exilis (Acha) using Lactic Acid Bacteria
Several different methods have been used to formulate weaning food through blending of different cereal crops that are locally available. Considering the good prospects of the ready availability of Acha cereals, fermentation of malted Digitaria exilis (Acha) flour using single and combination of lactic acid bacteria to produce weaning food was carried out. One hundred grams of acha grains were steeped in 300ml distilled water in the ratio of (1:3 w/v) for 48 h at 30±2 oC. Malting was done for 48 h which was followed by ovendrying of malted grains to terminate germination. The dried acha grains were dry milled. Reconstituted malted acha flour was at 30% (w/v) and was allowed to ferment spontaneously for 72 h and sampled every 24 h for the analysis of microbial load and the physiochemical parameters. The highest lactic acid bacteria count (6.45x1014cfu/ml) on MRS agar was recorded at 48 h and the least count (3.72x1014cfu/ml) at 24 h of fermentation time respectively. The highest aerobic bacteria count (1.0x1014cfu/ml) was recorded at 24 h and the least count (1.0x1010 cfu/ml) at 72 h of fermentation time. Highest yeast count (2.15x1012cfu/ml) was recorded at 48 h and mould by 24 h of fermentation time. The pH of the fermented malted Acha slurry decreased drastically while the percentage titratable acidity increased with increase in fermentation time. A total of 11 lactic acid bacteria were isolated and identified based on their morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics as Lactobacillus sp., Leuconostoc sp. and Pediococcus sp. Isolated lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were screened for probiotic potentials and best two strains Lactobacillus sp. (JLAB10) and Leuconostoc sp. (KLAB11) were used as starter culture both singly and in combination for the controlled submerged anaerobic fermentation of acha flour. Results of the safety assessment tests revealed that the product is safe for consumption. The study revealed that the production of weaning food from malted Digitaria exilis (Acha) as raw material using Lactic Acid Bacteria is possible.
Authors: Hwabejire, H. O., Wakil, S. M. and Akpoghelie, P. O.
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Abstract
Several different methods have been used to formulate weaning food through blending of different cereal crops that are locally available. Considering the good prospects of the ready availability of Acha cereals, fermentation of malted Digitaria exilis (Acha) flour using single and combination of lactic acid bacteria to produce weaning food was carried out. One hundred grams of acha grains were steeped in 300ml distilled water in the ratio of (1:3 w/v) for 48 h at 30±2 oC. Malting was done for 48 h which was followed by ovendrying of malted grains to terminate germination. The dried acha grains were dry milled. Reconstituted malted acha flour was at 30% (w/v) and was allowed to ferment spontaneously for 72 h and sampled every 24 h for the analysis of microbial load and the physiochemical parameters. The highest lactic acid bacteria count (6.45x1014cfu/ml) on MRS agar was recorded at 48 h and the least count (3.72x1014cfu/ml) at 24 h of fermentation time respectively. The highest aerobic bacteria count (1.0x1014cfu/ml) was recorded at 24 h and the least count (1.0x1010 cfu/ml) at 72 h of fermentation time. Highest yeast count (2.15x1012cfu/ml) was recorded at 48 h and mould by 24 h of fermentation time. The pH of the fermented malted Acha slurry decreased drastically while the percentage titratable acidity increased with increase in fermentation time. A total of 11 lactic acid bacteria were isolated and identified based on their morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics as Lactobacillus sp., Leuconostoc sp. and Pediococcus sp. Isolated lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were screened for probiotic potentials and best two strains Lactobacillus sp. (JLAB10) and Leuconostoc sp. (KLAB11) were used as starter culture both singly and in combination for the controlled submerged anaerobic fermentation of acha flour. Results of the safety assessment tests revealed that the product is safe for consumption. The study revealed that the production of weaning food from malted Digitaria exilis (Acha) as raw material using Lactic Acid Bacteria is possible.
Hepatitis E Virus Infection among People Living With HIV/AIDS in Kano State, Nigeria
Hepatitis E is an emerging viral disease causing acute hepatitis worldwide which may result into a chronic hepatitis especially in immunocompromised individuals. The study determined the prevalence of Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) among people living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection in Kano State. One hundred and eighty (180) subjects were enrolled for the study and their sera were screened for Hepatitis E Virus Antigen using Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA- Wantai Diagnostics, Beijing). Twelve (6.7%) were found to be positive for HEV antigen comprising 7 (58.3%) males and 5 (41.7%) females (p<0.05) and was common among subjects aged 35-44 years old (41.7%). Preponderance of HEV antigen was also found among subjects with primary school level of education 5 (41.7%), entrepreneurs 8 (66.7%), those with HIV duration of 3-5 years 8 (66.7%), those on the first line of antiretroviral treatment (ART) 10 (83.3%) or used borehole as a source of water 8 (66.7%). The study provided evidence that HEV is present among people living with HIV in Kano State. There is need to intensify enlightenment campaign among the populace about the disease so as to limit its spread in the community.
Authors: Aliyu, A. S., Mohammed, Y. and Rogo, L. D.
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Abstract
Hepatitis E is an emerging viral disease causing acute hepatitis worldwide which may result into a chronic hepatitis especially in immunocompromised individuals. The study determined the prevalence of Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) among people living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection in Kano State. One hundred and eighty (180) subjects were enrolled for the study and their sera were screened for Hepatitis E Virus Antigen using Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA- Wantai Diagnostics, Beijing). Twelve (6.7%) were found to be positive for HEV antigen comprising 7 (58.3%) males and 5 (41.7%) females (p<0.05) and was common among subjects aged 35-44 years old (41.7%). Preponderance of HEV antigen was also found among subjects with primary school level of education 5 (41.7%), entrepreneurs 8 (66.7%), those with HIV duration of 3-5 years 8 (66.7%), those on the first line of antiretroviral treatment (ART) 10 (83.3%) or used borehole as a source of water 8 (66.7%). The study provided evidence that HEV is present among people living with HIV in Kano State. There is need to intensify enlightenment campaign among the populace about the disease so as to limit its spread in the community.
Antibiotics Resistance in Haemolytic Bacterial pathogens from Hospital Wastewaters
Burden of morbidities and mortalities originating from bacterial pathogens and antibiotics resistance is on the rise, and hospital wastewaters are possible reservoirs of these pathogens. Infectious diseases and antibiotic resistance from Hospital Wastewaters could be spread into the environment. This study aimed at isolation, identification and antibiotic susceptibility characterization of hemolytic bacterial pathogens from hospitals wastewaters in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria. Hospital wastewaters (HWWs) were aseptically collected from four major Hospitals in Benin City, and selective media were used for bacterial isolation while identification was based on standard procedures. Sheep blood agar was used for hemolytic bacterial isolation, and isolates were subsequently assessed for Antibiotic resistance to common antibiotics using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Hemolytic bacterial pathogens recovered were Pseudomonas aeruginosa (23 %), Staphylococcus aureus (19.2 %), Salmonella spp (30.7 %), Escherichia coli (19.2 %) and Escherichia coli O157: H7 (7.6 %). High resistance against Augumentin (25 µg) was observed in Salmonella spp (90.6 %), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (79.2 %), Escherichia coli (50 %) and Escherichia coli O157: H7 (37.5 %). Conversely, Staphylococcus aureus (55 %) isolates were resistant to Amoxicillin (30 µg). All Gram negative hemolytic pathogens showed low resistance to Sparfloxacin (10 µg) and Ofloxacin (30 µg). Multiple antibiotics resistance index (MARI) greater than 0.2 was observed in 50 % of the hemolytic pathogens. Antibiotics resistance in hemolytic bacterial pathogens obtained in this study suggests their potential as sources of environmental and public health risks.
Authors: Obuekwe, I. S. and Osariemen. P. O.
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Abstract
Burden of morbidities and mortalities originating from bacterial pathogens and antibiotics resistance is on the rise, and hospital wastewaters are possible reservoirs of these pathogens. Infectious diseases and antibiotic resistance from Hospital Wastewaters could be spread into the environment. This study aimed at isolation, identification and antibiotic susceptibility characterization of hemolytic bacterial pathogens from hospitals wastewaters in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria. Hospital wastewaters (HWWs) were aseptically collected from four major Hospitals in Benin City, and selective media were used for bacterial isolation while identification was based on standard procedures. Sheep blood agar was used for hemolytic bacterial isolation, and isolates were subsequently assessed for Antibiotic resistance to common antibiotics using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Hemolytic bacterial pathogens recovered were Pseudomonas aeruginosa (23 %), Staphylococcus aureus (19.2 %), Salmonella spp (30.7 %), Escherichia coli (19.2 %) and Escherichia coli O157: H7 (7.6 %). High resistance against Augumentin (25 µg) was observed in Salmonella spp (90.6 %), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (79.2 %), Escherichia coli (50 %) and Escherichia coli O157: H7 (37.5 %). Conversely, Staphylococcus aureus (55 %) isolates were resistant to Amoxicillin (30 µg). All Gram negative hemolytic pathogens showed low resistance to Sparfloxacin (10 µg) and Ofloxacin (30 µg). Multiple antibiotics resistance index (MARI) greater than 0.2 was observed in 50 % of the hemolytic pathogens. Antibiotics resistance in hemolytic bacterial pathogens obtained in this study suggests their potential as sources of environmental and public health risks.
Prevalence of Hepatitis E Virus among Children Presenting with Diarrhea in Selected Hospitals in Kano Metropolis
Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) is a spherical non-enveloped single-strand positive-sense RNA virus of the Hepevirus genus and the family Hepeviridae. Its infection is newly recognized serious threat to global public health and Africa has been reported to be among the most severely affected regions in the world, most likely due to poor sanitation and weak public health facilities. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of HEV infection among children presented with diarrhea attending Hasiya Bayero Paediatric and Murtala Muhammad Specialist Hospital Kano. The study was a cross sectional studies involving 90 children, selected by simple random sampling. Information was obtained using a questionnaire and stool samples were collected from the subjects for evaluation for detection of HEV immunoglobulin G (IgG) using enzyme linked immunoassay kit. Data were summarized as percentages, charts and frequency tables and results were computed and analyzed using IBM SPSS version 20.0. Out of the 90 participants, 3 (3.3%) were positive while 87 are negative with Hepatitis E virus infection. Age and gender were insignificantly associated with HEV infection among the studied children, while type of toilet use (Pit latrine) is significantly association with HEV infection (P=0.033). The highest prevalence was observed among children aged 10- 16 years.
Authors: Babaguba, A. S., Rogo, L.D., Mujtaba, D., , Sarki, E., Shehu K. A. and 1Ibrahim, A.
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Abstract
Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) is a spherical non-enveloped single-strand positive-sense RNA virus of the Hepevirus genus and the family Hepeviridae. Its infection is newly recognized serious threat to global public health and Africa has been reported to be among the most severely affected regions in the world, most likely due to poor sanitation and weak public health facilities. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of HEV infection among children presented with diarrhea attending Hasiya Bayero Paediatric and Murtala Muhammad Specialist Hospital Kano. The study was a cross sectional studies involving 90 children, selected by simple random sampling. Information was obtained using a questionnaire and stool samples were collected from the subjects for evaluation for detection of HEV immunoglobulin G (IgG) using enzyme linked immunoassay kit. Data were summarized as percentages, charts and frequency tables and results were computed and analyzed using IBM SPSS version 20.0. Out of the 90 participants, 3 (3.3%) were positive while 87 are negative with Hepatitis E virus infection. Age and gender were insignificantly associated with HEV infection among the studied children, while type of toilet use (Pit latrine) is significantly association with HEV infection (P=0.033). The highest prevalence was observed among children aged 10- 16 years.
Plasmid Mediated Quinolone Resistance in Enterobacteriaceae: A Review
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global problem which is hindering treatment of bacterial infections. Evaluation of the prevalence of PMQR genes is important in terms of selection of antibiotics for treatment options. The aim of this work is to review prior data on PMQR with a view of evaluating the prevalence of PMQR genes in Enterobacteriaceae and to identify the knowledge gap if any. This systematic review was conducted in line with the Preferred Reporting Items of Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guideline. Pubmed and Ajol online databases were primarily searched for relevant articles. The eligible articles were evaluated using a set of eligibility criteria. Ninety five (95) full text article were selected for screening using the eligibility criteria. Twenty four (24) articles with majority emanating from Iran and China and only one article reporting study carried out in Nigeria where selected for qualitative synthesis for this review. The PMQR genes include qnr, aac (6’) Ib-cr and qepA gene. 46% of the articles focused on only one type of PMQR gene but not any of the two or three together while 54% screened for more than one type of the PMQR genes. Most frequently isolated PMQR gene is Qnr gene (96%) followed by Aac (6’)Ib-cr gene (46%) and QepA gene (13%). High occurrence of QepA gene (18.7%) was reported in the only study in Nigeria.The review showed a high prevalence of PMQR genes especially in Nigeria. With the limited studies evaluating the burden of PMQR there is also the need for the establishment of antibiotics surveillance policies especially in Nigeria.
Authors: Ezeh, P. A., Olayinka, B. O. and Bolaji, R.O.
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Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global problem which is hindering treatment of bacterial infections. Evaluation of the prevalence of PMQR genes is important in terms of selection of antibiotics for treatment options. The aim of this work is to review prior data on PMQR with a view of evaluating the prevalence of PMQR genes in Enterobacteriaceae and to identify the knowledge gap if any. This systematic review was conducted in line with the Preferred Reporting Items of Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guideline. Pubmed and Ajol online databases were primarily searched for relevant articles. The eligible articles were evaluated using a set of eligibility criteria. Ninety five (95) full text article were selected for screening using the eligibility criteria. Twenty four (24) articles with majority emanating from Iran and China and only one article reporting study carried out in Nigeria where selected for qualitative synthesis for this review. The PMQR genes include qnr, aac (6’) Ib-cr and qepA gene. 46% of the articles focused on only one type of PMQR gene but not any of the two or three together while 54% screened for more than one type of the PMQR genes. Most frequently isolated PMQR gene is Qnr gene (96%) followed by Aac (6’)Ib-cr gene (46%) and QepA gene (13%). High occurrence of QepA gene (18.7%) was reported in the only study in Nigeria.The review showed a high prevalence of PMQR genes especially in Nigeria. With the limited studies evaluating the burden of PMQR there is also the need for the establishment of antibiotics surveillance policies especially in Nigeria.
Microbiological Quality Assessment of Herbal Products Produced and Marketed in Gombe Metropolis, North-East Nigeria
Use of herbal medicines for health management in developing countries like Nigeria no doubt remains an integral part of their life style and because of its wide acceptance; Quality of herbal medicines being produced in these communities requires an urgent attention. Twenty herbal preparations manufactured and marketed in Northeastern Nigeria were randomly collected in Gombe metropolis and analyzed for microbiological quality assessment according to United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Samples were tested for microbial contamination by dilution technique in Tryptic Soy agar and broth (for bacterial count) and Sabouraud dextrose agar and broth (for fungal count) and incubated at 35oC. Post incubation all the microbial contaminants were characterized at least to genera level. The results show that most of the herbal medicines were heavily contaminated with bacteria and fungi at levels far above permissible limit stipulated for oral pharmaceutical preparations and those within acceptable limit have contaminants that are of health concern. A total of 26 bacteria species including Bacillus subtilis (23%), Shigella spp (4%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (11%), Staphylococcus aureus (35%), Proteus (4%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (8%), Enterococcus feacalis (11%) and Escherichia coli (4%) and 28 fungal including Alterneria spp (3%), Aspergillus niger (43%), Aspergillus flavus (18%), Aspergillus fumigatus (14), Cladosporium cladosporius (4%), Mucor (11%) spp and Rhizopus arrhizus (7%) species were isolated from the preparations. These products are in liquid (L), powder (P), soap (S) and ointment (O) and powdered products (sample P1 P7) were found to be contaminated with the highest number of bacteria and fungi. In conclusion, 85% of the herbal products studied were found to contain microorganisms that are of health concern; most of the organisms are indicators of poor hygiene and environmental contamination and have compromised the safety of the products. It is recommended that Manufacturers adhere to principle of Good Manufacturing Practice to guarantee safety of herbal medicines marketed in Gombe metropolis.
Authors: Oladosu, O. P., Mohammad, F., Aboh, M. I., Olatunji, K. T., Izebe, K., Ya’aba, Y. and Muhammed, S. B.
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Abstract
Use of herbal medicines for health management in developing countries like Nigeria no doubt remains an integral part of their life style and because of its wide acceptance; Quality of herbal medicines being produced in these communities requires an urgent attention. Twenty herbal preparations manufactured and marketed in Northeastern Nigeria were randomly collected in Gombe metropolis and analyzed for microbiological quality assessment according to United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Samples were tested for microbial contamination by dilution technique in Tryptic Soy agar and broth (for bacterial count) and Sabouraud dextrose agar and broth (for fungal count) and incubated at 35oC. Post incubation all the microbial contaminants were characterized at least to genera level. The results show that most of the herbal medicines were heavily contaminated with bacteria and fungi at levels far above permissible limit stipulated for oral pharmaceutical preparations and those within acceptable limit have contaminants that are of health concern. A total of 26 bacteria species including Bacillus subtilis (23%), Shigella spp (4%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (11%), Staphylococcus aureus (35%), Proteus (4%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (8%), Enterococcus feacalis (11%) and Escherichia coli (4%) and 28 fungal including Alterneria spp (3%), Aspergillus niger (43%), Aspergillus flavus (18%), Aspergillus fumigatus (14), Cladosporium cladosporius (4%), Mucor (11%) spp and Rhizopus arrhizus (7%) species were isolated from the preparations. These products are in liquid (L), powder (P), soap (S) and ointment (O) and powdered products (sample P1 P7) were found to be contaminated with the highest number of bacteria and fungi. In conclusion, 85% of the herbal products studied were found to contain microorganisms that are of health concern; most of the organisms are indicators of poor hygiene and environmental contamination and have compromised the safety of the products. It is recommended that Manufacturers adhere to principle of Good Manufacturing Practice to guarantee safety of herbal medicines marketed in Gombe metropolis.
Detection of Second Line Drug Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis among Patients Attending National Tuberculosis and Leprosy Training Center Zaria, Nigeria
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease cause by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and it remain one of the major public health problem. This study was to detect resistance to second line anti-tuberculosis among patient attending national tuberculosis and leprosy training centre Zaria, Nigeria using Lowenstein Jensen proportion (phenotypic) methods. A total 6125 patients were recruited, out of which 775 (12.6%) were MTB positive and 100 out of 775 were resistant to rifampicin by Xpert MTB/RIF with a prevalence of 13%. Out of 100, (90%) were culture positive while 7 (7%) were culture negative and 3 (3%) were contaminated. All of the ninety (90) samples that were culture positive were confirmed as Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex using immunochromatoghapic test. Seventy (77.7%) isolates were found to be pan susceptible while twelve (13.3%) and eight (9%) were resistant to Fluoroquinolones and Aminoglycoside respectively. Resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to second line anti-TB drugs in this study was observed to be high among age groups 31-45 and 16-30 years who are male living in urban setting. It was also observed to be high among non-reactive HIV that have not taken alcohol before and among those that were not previously treated with TB drugs, even though there’s no statically association between the drug resistance and social-demographic or risk factors in this study. This study has shown high prevalence of drug resistant tuberculosis among patient attending national tuberculosis and leprosy training centre Zaria, Nigeria. The proportions of resistance detected in this study serve as possible indicator of the future emergence of XDR-TB in Nigeria. There is a need for close monitoring of TB patients for proper treatment and compliance to prevent drug resistant tuberculosis. However for the correct management patients with resistance to any of the SLD, results must be confirmed by phenotypic drug susceptibility testing.
Authors: Suleman, M1, Ado, S.A and Aliyu, M.S
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Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease cause by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and it remain one of the major public health problem. This study was to detect resistance to second line anti-tuberculosis among patient attending national tuberculosis and leprosy training centre Zaria, Nigeria using Lowenstein Jensen proportion (phenotypic) methods. A total 6125 patients were recruited, out of which 775 (12.6%) were MTB positive and 100 out of 775 were resistant to rifampicin by Xpert MTB/RIF with a prevalence of 13%. Out of 100, (90%) were culture positive while 7 (7%) were culture negative and 3 (3%) were contaminated. All of the ninety (90) samples that were culture positive were confirmed as Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex using immunochromatoghapic test. Seventy (77.7%) isolates were found to be pan susceptible while twelve (13.3%) and eight (9%) were resistant to Fluoroquinolones and Aminoglycoside respectively. Resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to second line anti-TB drugs in this study was observed to be high among age groups 31-45 and 16-30 years who are male living in urban setting. It was also observed to be high among non-reactive HIV that have not taken alcohol before and among those that were not previously treated with TB drugs, even though there’s no statically association between the drug resistance and social-demographic or risk factors in this study. This study has shown high prevalence of drug resistant tuberculosis among patient attending national tuberculosis and leprosy training centre Zaria, Nigeria. The proportions of resistance detected in this study serve as possible indicator of the future emergence of XDR-TB in Nigeria. There is a need for close monitoring of TB patients for proper treatment and compliance to prevent drug resistant tuberculosis. However for the correct management patients with resistance to any of the SLD, results must be confirmed by phenotypic drug susceptibility testing.
Chemical Composition and Microbiological Quality of Baobab (Adansonia digitata) Fruit Fortified Yoghurt
The effect of fortification of reconstituted skimmed cow milk with baobab fruit milk on the physicochemical, microbial and sensory characteristics of yoghurt was studied. Pasteurized milk was distributed and substituted as follows: 100% cow skimmed milk (control-sample A), 100% baobab milk (sample B), 90% cow milk: 10% baobab milk (sample C), 80% cow milk: 20% baobab milk (sample D) and 70% cow milk: 30% baobab milk (sample E) milk: baobab milk juice . The five (5) samples were inoculated with 5% concentration of starter culture and incubated at 45oC for 18hours. The coagulation obtained after incubation were broken to obtain smooth texture yoghurt. The yoghurts were stored at 6 °C for 21 days (3 weeks) and their quality monitored. Results showed that moisture, fat, protein, viscosity and pH decreased with increase in fortification levels. Moisture content ranged from 80.21% in sample A to 77.15% in sample E, same trend was observed in fat and protein contents. However, the carbohydrate and ash content increased with fortification level. pH ranged from 4.84 in sample A to 4.01 in sample E. Same trend was observed in ascorbic acid content and Titratable acidity. Viscosity decreased from 351.01% in sample A to 227.00% in sample E. Calcium and Sodium decreased with increase in fortification level while Phosphorous and Potassium increased. The sensory evaluation results showed that sample C and sample E were most preferred in terms of appearance (6.4). Sample A (control) had the highest overall acceptability score followed by Sample C. It can be concluded that yoghurt made from milk fortified with baobab fruit milk, is nutritious and safe for consumption.
Authors: Adelekan, A. O. and Saleh, A. A.
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Abstract
The effect of fortification of reconstituted skimmed cow milk with baobab fruit milk on the physicochemical, microbial and sensory characteristics of yoghurt was studied. Pasteurized milk was distributed and substituted as follows: 100% cow skimmed milk (control-sample A), 100% baobab milk (sample B), 90% cow milk: 10% baobab milk (sample C), 80% cow milk: 20% baobab milk (sample D) and 70% cow milk: 30% baobab milk (sample E) milk: baobab milk juice . The five (5) samples were inoculated with 5% concentration of starter culture and incubated at 45oC for 18hours. The coagulation obtained after incubation were broken to obtain smooth texture yoghurt. The yoghurts were stored at 6 °C for 21 days (3 weeks) and their quality monitored. Results showed that moisture, fat, protein, viscosity and pH decreased with increase in fortification levels. Moisture content ranged from 80.21% in sample A to 77.15% in sample E, same trend was observed in fat and protein contents. However, the carbohydrate and ash content increased with fortification level. pH ranged from 4.84 in sample A to 4.01 in sample E. Same trend was observed in ascorbic acid content and Titratable acidity. Viscosity decreased from 351.01% in sample A to 227.00% in sample E. Calcium and Sodium decreased with increase in fortification level while Phosphorous and Potassium increased. The sensory evaluation results showed that sample C and sample E were most preferred in terms of appearance (6.4). Sample A (control) had the highest overall acceptability score followed by Sample C. It can be concluded that yoghurt made from milk fortified with baobab fruit milk, is nutritious and safe for consumption.
Plasmid Profile of Bacterial Isolates from Asymptomatic Bacteriuria among Undergraduate Students of a Tertiary Institution in Benin city, Nigeria
Personal lifestyle predisposes individuals to asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) whereas uncontrolled spread of antibiotic resistance plasmids among the implicated isolates possibly will hamper effective medical treatment. In this study, a total of fifty (50) urine samples (25 males and 25 females) were obtained from apparently healthy undergraduate students of University of Benin, Benin City, Edo state, Nigeria between September – November, 2018. Prevalence of ASB in the urine samples was determined and the implicated bacterial isolates were identified using standard microbiological methods. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of the bacterial isolates were carried out using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique. Results obtained revealed that 12 % (males) and 28 % (females) showed ASB. The bacterial isolates and their percentage frequency of occurrence were Escherichia coli (60 %), Proteus mirabilis (20 %), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (10 %) and Staphylococcus aureus (10 %). Antibiotics susceptibility tests revealed that ampicillin and augmentin showed 100 % resistance while each of the fluoroquinolones (Ciprofloxacin, Ofloxacin, and Nitrofurantoin) showed 70 % susceptibility being the highest. Considering ASB from the study population, multidrug resistant bacterial isolates which had plasmids constitute 50 % and 33 % of the isolates obtained from 67 % males and 43 % females, respectively. Based on our findings, we recommend implementation of stricter regulations in agricultural, environmental and medical applications of antibiotics especially in developing countries such as Nigeria to reduce spread of antibiotic resistant bacteria implicated in asymptomatic bacteriuria and urinary tract infections.
Authors: Ehiaghe, J. I, Amengialue, O.O, Ehiaghe, F.A, Maduka, N
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Abstract
Personal lifestyle predisposes individuals to asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) whereas uncontrolled spread of antibiotic resistance plasmids among the implicated isolates possibly will hamper effective medical treatment. In this study, a total of fifty (50) urine samples (25 males and 25 females) were obtained from apparently healthy undergraduate students of University of Benin, Benin City, Edo state, Nigeria between September – November, 2018. Prevalence of ASB in the urine samples was determined and the implicated bacterial isolates were identified using standard microbiological methods. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of the bacterial isolates were carried out using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique. Results obtained revealed that 12 % (males) and 28 % (females) showed ASB. The bacterial isolates and their percentage frequency of occurrence were Escherichia coli (60 %), Proteus mirabilis (20 %), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (10 %) and Staphylococcus aureus (10 %). Antibiotics susceptibility tests revealed that ampicillin and augmentin showed 100 % resistance while each of the fluoroquinolones (Ciprofloxacin, Ofloxacin, and Nitrofurantoin) showed 70 % susceptibility being the highest. Considering ASB from the study population, multidrug resistant bacterial isolates which had plasmids constitute 50 % and 33 % of the isolates obtained from 67 % males and 43 % females, respectively. Based on our findings, we recommend implementation of stricter regulations in agricultural, environmental and medical applications of antibiotics especially in developing countries such as Nigeria to reduce spread of antibiotic resistant bacteria implicated in asymptomatic bacteriuria and urinary tract infections.
Biochemical Changes during the Fermentation of Baobab (Adansonia digitata) Fruit Pulp Yoghurt
This study was conducted to assess biochemical changes during the fermentation of Adansonia digitata fruit pulp Yoghurt. The Baobab fruit pulp Yoghurt was prepared in the Laboratory using the conventional method. Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus were used as starter cultures while a control was produced without the starter cultures. The chemical composition, nutritional content and enzyme activity of the Baobab fruit pulp Yoghurt were determined during its fermentation period at every three hour interval using standard procedures. The proximate composition of the test Baobab fruit pulp yoghurt was 75.72 – 77.52% Moisture, 5.43 – 7.16% Protein, 4.86 – 5.85% Fat, 0.72 – 0.99 Ash, 0.67 – 0.95% Fibre and 8.98 – 10.78% carbohydrate. At the end of fermentation time, there was significant difference between the test and control Baobab fruit pulp yoghurt at 5% level of significance. The levels of Calcium (Ca), Iron (Fe), Sodium (Na), Magnesium (Mg) and Potassium (K) were found to be in the range of 4.8 – 16.3 mg/ml, 0.4 – 1.2mg/ml, 3.0 – 5.9mg/ml, 19.9 – 25.3mg/ml and 3.0 – 4.0mg/ml respectively. The activity of the enzyme Amylase, Protease and Lipase measured in unit/ml were found to be in the range of 1.30 – 5.33, 0.00 – 5.69 and 0.89 – 2.31 respectively. The results of proximate analysis and mineral determination showed that the product is chemically and nutritionally rich. The addition of Baobab fruit pulp improved the quality of the Yoghurt. Baobab fruit pulp Yoghurt is therefore recommended for human consumption based on its good chemical and nutritional quality.
Authors: Zumunta, J.D. and Umar, A. F.
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Abstract
This study was conducted to assess biochemical changes during the fermentation of Adansonia digitata fruit pulp Yoghurt. The Baobab fruit pulp Yoghurt was prepared in the Laboratory using the conventional method. Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus were used as starter cultures while a control was produced without the starter cultures. The chemical composition, nutritional content and enzyme activity of the Baobab fruit pulp Yoghurt were determined during its fermentation period at every three hour interval using standard procedures. The proximate composition of the test Baobab fruit pulp yoghurt was 75.72 – 77.52% Moisture, 5.43 – 7.16% Protein, 4.86 – 5.85% Fat, 0.72 – 0.99 Ash, 0.67 – 0.95% Fibre and 8.98 – 10.78% carbohydrate. At the end of fermentation time, there was significant difference between the test and control Baobab fruit pulp yoghurt at 5% level of significance. The levels of Calcium (Ca), Iron (Fe), Sodium (Na), Magnesium (Mg) and Potassium (K) were found to be in the range of 4.8 – 16.3 mg/ml, 0.4 – 1.2mg/ml, 3.0 – 5.9mg/ml, 19.9 – 25.3mg/ml and 3.0 – 4.0mg/ml respectively. The activity of the enzyme Amylase, Protease and Lipase measured in unit/ml were found to be in the range of 1.30 – 5.33, 0.00 – 5.69 and 0.89 – 2.31 respectively. The results of proximate analysis and mineral determination showed that the product is chemically and nutritionally rich. The addition of Baobab fruit pulp improved the quality of the Yoghurt. Baobab fruit pulp Yoghurt is therefore recommended for human consumption based on its good chemical and nutritional quality.
Influence of pH and Storage Period on the Antibacterial Susceptibility of Enterotoxigenic Bacillus cereus in Pasteurized Cow Milk during Low Temperature Storage
Food preservation processes are usually applied with the aim of slowing down or preventing spoilage and pathogenic bacteria in food materials. This involves the application of one or more environmental stresses (or hurdles) in the form of extremes of temperature, pH, and the manipulation of other optimal growth conditions.Environmental stress that may result from the use of hurdles, has however been shown to play a role in the emergence of antimicrobial resistance. This study was conducted with the aim of studying the combined effects of pH, low storage temperature and storage period on the antibacterial susceptibility of enterotoxigenic Bacillus cereus isolates from pasteurized cow-milk to selected antibacterial agents. Mcfarland standard 1 (about 8.5 log units) of a confirmed B. cereus isolate from raw milk was inoculated into sterile pasteurized cow-milk samples at varying pH levels (6.3.6.4,6.7,6.8), and stored at refrigeration temperature (4-100C) for a period of 72 h. Isolates were assayed for the B. cereus diarrhoel enterotoxin haemolysin BL (HBL) production using B. cereus enterotoxin reversed passive agglutination (BCET-RPLA) toxin detection kits (OXOID) and then subjected to antibacterial susceptibility tests using the Kirby-Bauer method against 10 antimicrobial agents (OXOID). Antibacterial agents included Ampicillin (10μg), Cephalothin (30μg), Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid(20/10μg), Cefpodoxime (10μg) Ceftriaxone (30μg), Erythromycin (30μg), Amikacin (30g), Tetracycline (30μg)Ciprofloxacin (5μg) and Trimetoprim Sulfamethoxazole (1.25/23.75μg). Results revealed resistance of all isolates to Ampicillin, Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, Cefpodoxime, Ceftiaxone and Trimetoprim Sulfamethoxazole. All isolates were sensitive to Erythromycin, and Ciprofloxacin.Varying patterns were observed for Cephalothin, where only isolates from milk at pH 6.8 stored for 72 h and which exhibited suppressed toxigenic ability, were sensitive. Similarly, all isolates showed susceptibility to Tetracycline except for isolates at pH 6.3 which showed less sensitivity (intermediate response) to the antibacterial agent over a 48 h period. Findings suggest pH and storage conditions of foods could induce varying degrees of susceptibility to antibacterial agents in some enterotoxigenic B. cereus isolates.
Authors: Bello, S., Whong, C.M.Z and Abdullahi, I. O.
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Abstract
Food preservation processes are usually applied with the aim of slowing down or preventing spoilage and pathogenic bacteria in food materials. This involves the application of one or more environmental stresses (or hurdles) in the form of extremes of temperature, pH, and the manipulation of other optimal growth conditions.Environmental stress that may result from the use of hurdles, has however been shown to play a role in the emergence of antimicrobial resistance. This study was conducted with the aim of studying the combined effects of pH, low storage temperature and storage period on the antibacterial susceptibility of enterotoxigenic Bacillus cereus isolates from pasteurized cow-milk to selected antibacterial agents. Mcfarland standard 1 (about 8.5 log units) of a confirmed B. cereus isolate from raw milk was inoculated into sterile pasteurized cow-milk samples at varying pH levels (6.3.6.4,6.7,6.8), and stored at refrigeration temperature (4-100C) for a period of 72 h. Isolates were assayed for the B. cereus diarrhoel enterotoxin haemolysin BL (HBL) production using B. cereus enterotoxin reversed passive agglutination (BCET-RPLA) toxin detection kits (OXOID) and then subjected to antibacterial susceptibility tests using the Kirby-Bauer method against 10 antimicrobial agents (OXOID). Antibacterial agents included Ampicillin (10μg), Cephalothin (30μg), Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid(20/10μg), Cefpodoxime (10μg) Ceftriaxone (30μg), Erythromycin (30μg), Amikacin (30g), Tetracycline (30μg)Ciprofloxacin (5μg) and Trimetoprim Sulfamethoxazole (1.25/23.75μg). Results revealed resistance of all isolates to Ampicillin, Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, Cefpodoxime, Ceftiaxone and Trimetoprim Sulfamethoxazole. All isolates were sensitive to Erythromycin, and Ciprofloxacin.Varying patterns were observed for Cephalothin, where only isolates from milk at pH 6.8 stored for 72 h and which exhibited suppressed toxigenic ability, were sensitive. Similarly, all isolates showed susceptibility to Tetracycline except for isolates at pH 6.3 which showed less sensitivity (intermediate response) to the antibacterial agent over a 48 h period. Findings suggest pH and storage conditions of foods could induce varying degrees of susceptibility to antibacterial agents in some enterotoxigenic B. cereus isolates.
Study of Microbial Succession during Bioethanol Production from Waste Corn Cob using Indigenous Organisms
The identity, diversity and dynamics of bacterial and fungal communities involved in the production of bioethanol from corn waste (corn cob) were studied. Corn cob was pretreated and hydrolyzed using concentrated H2SO4 then, neutralized with NaOH to pH6.5. The corn waste was introduced as source of indigenous organisms and fermentation was done for 7days. The fermented broth was distilled and ethanol yield was measured with a volumetric flask. Microbial succession was examined using standard microbiological procedures and the isolates were identified by molecular identification techniques. The physicochemical analysis such as pH, total suspended solids, total dissolved solids and total reducing sugars were tested during fermentation. Ethanol optimum yield was 10.00g/l and total quantity was 45.00g/l. The indigenous bacteria isolated and identified were Klebsiella pneumoniae, Lactobacillus casei and Escherichia coli. The indigenous fungi isolated and identified were Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Mucor circinelloides. There were variations in bacteria found having Lactobacillus casei dominating. Among these indigenous organisms, Saccharomyces cerevisiae had the ability to withstand the pH and ethanol content. The pH decreased from 5.0-3.0, total suspended solids decreased from 314.50ppm-104.00ppm, total dissolved solids increased from 0.40ppm-650.00ppm. Total reducing sugar was 38.90. This study reveals that indigenous bacteria during the production of bioethanol from corncob died as ethanol production increased while fungi survived in the medium until the sugar diminished. The death of bacteria shows that ethanol is an antimicrobial agent. Hence genetic modification of the bacteria to obtain strains that can withstand these toxic substances yet produce ethanol is recommended.
Authors: Ifeanyi, V.O., Obasi, N. P. and Ayogu, C.V.
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Abstract
The identity, diversity and dynamics of bacterial and fungal communities involved in the production of bioethanol from corn waste (corn cob) were studied. Corn cob was pretreated and hydrolyzed using concentrated H2SO4 then, neutralized with NaOH to pH6.5. The corn waste was introduced as source of indigenous organisms and fermentation was done for 7days. The fermented broth was distilled and ethanol yield was measured with a volumetric flask. Microbial succession was examined using standard microbiological procedures and the isolates were identified by molecular identification techniques. The physicochemical analysis such as pH, total suspended solids, total dissolved solids and total reducing sugars were tested during fermentation. Ethanol optimum yield was 10.00g/l and total quantity was 45.00g/l. The indigenous bacteria isolated and identified were Klebsiella pneumoniae, Lactobacillus casei and Escherichia coli. The indigenous fungi isolated and identified were Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Mucor circinelloides. There were variations in bacteria found having Lactobacillus casei dominating. Among these indigenous organisms, Saccharomyces cerevisiae had the ability to withstand the pH and ethanol content. The pH decreased from 5.0-3.0, total suspended solids decreased from 314.50ppm-104.00ppm, total dissolved solids increased from 0.40ppm-650.00ppm. Total reducing sugar was 38.90. This study reveals that indigenous bacteria during the production of bioethanol from corncob died as ethanol production increased while fungi survived in the medium until the sugar diminished. The death of bacteria shows that ethanol is an antimicrobial agent. Hence genetic modification of the bacteria to obtain strains that can withstand these toxic substances yet produce ethanol is recommended.
In-vitro Inhibitory Activity of Extracts of Some Medicinal Plants against Mycobacte rium smegmatis
The current drugs used for the treatment of tuberculosis (TB) have become less effective due to the development of resistance by Mycobacterium tuberculosis to the drugs. As such there is a search for new drugs for treatment of TB. Medicinal plants used in traditional medicine for symptoms of TB in endemic countries represent potential sources of new compounds for drug development. This study was designed to investigate the antimycobacterial activities of extracts of some medicinal plants used in Abia State using the Mycobacterium smegmatis (ATCC 19420) model. Crude methanolic extracts and fractions of five medicinal plants (Alchornea cordifolia, Asystacia gangetica, Chromolena odorata, Pterocarpus santalinoides and Garcinia kola) were tested against a strain of M. smegmatis using the agar-well diffu sion method to measure the diameter of zone of inhibition (DZI). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined by the broth dilution method. Phytochemical screening of the plant materials was carried out using standard methods. The mean DZI of the methanol extracts ranged from 12.5mm to 18mm at a concentration of 100mg/ml. The extract of G. kola produced the highest mean DZI. The DZI produced by the ethyl acetate (EtAc) and dichloromethane: methanol (DCM:MeOH) fractions ranged from 7.5-14mm. The EtAc fraction of A. cordifolia produced a zone of inhibition of 14mm while all the three fractions (N-Hexane, EtAc and DCM:MeOH) of C. odorata produced inhibition zone of 12.0mm, 13.5mm and 11.5mm, respectively. The MIC values ranged from 25mg/ml to 50mg/ml. Preliminary qualitative phytochemical analysis showed that the plant extracts contained alkaloids, terpenoids, saponins, flavonoids and tannins. The thin layer chromatographic anal yses suggested that the antimycobacterial activity was mainly due to the alkaloid constituents. Garcinia kola exhibited the highest activity, followed by A. cordifolia while the activity of P. santalinoides was the lowest. The results of this study demonstrate the in-vitro inhibitory activities of these medicinal plants against M. smegmatis and provide the basis for further studies to isolate and identify the compounds with antimycobacterial activity.
Authors: Ekundayo, E.O , Kalu, U. O and Enya, E
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Abstract
The current drugs used for the treatment of tuberculosis (TB) have become less effective due to the development of resistance by Mycobacterium tuberculosis to the drugs. As such there is a search for new drugs for treatment of TB. Medicinal plants used in traditional medicine for symptoms of TB in endemic countries represent potential sources of new compounds for drug development. This study was designed to investigate the antimycobacterial activities of extracts of some medicinal plants used in Abia State using the Mycobacterium smegmatis (ATCC 19420) model. Crude methanolic extracts and fractions of five medicinal plants (Alchornea cordifolia, Asystacia gangetica, Chromolena odorata, Pterocarpus santalinoides and Garcinia kola) were tested against a strain of M. smegmatis using the agar-well diffu sion method to measure the diameter of zone of inhibition (DZI). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined by the broth dilution method. Phytochemical screening of the plant materials was carried out using standard methods. The mean DZI of the methanol extracts ranged from 12.5mm to 18mm at a concentration of 100mg/ml. The extract of G. kola produced the highest mean DZI. The DZI produced by the ethyl acetate (EtAc) and dichloromethane: methanol (DCM:MeOH) fractions ranged from 7.5-14mm. The EtAc fraction of A. cordifolia produced a zone of inhibition of 14mm while all the three fractions (N-Hexane, EtAc and DCM:MeOH) of C. odorata produced inhibition zone of 12.0mm, 13.5mm and 11.5mm, respectively. The MIC values ranged from 25mg/ml to 50mg/ml. Preliminary qualitative phytochemical analysis showed that the plant extracts contained alkaloids, terpenoids, saponins, flavonoids and tannins. The thin layer chromatographic anal yses suggested that the antimycobacterial activity was mainly due to the alkaloid constituents. Garcinia kola exhibited the highest activity, followed by A. cordifolia while the activity of P. santalinoides was the lowest. The results of this study demonstrate the in-vitro inhibitory activities of these medicinal plants against M. smegmatis and provide the basis for further studies to isolate and identify the compounds with antimycobacterial activity.
Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Low and Middle – Income Countries: Combined Serological Markers for Efficient Diagnosis
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a global problem with Asia and sub-Saharan Africa mostly affected. Unfortunately, residual risk of transfusion associated HBV (TAHBV) is greater in low- and middle-income countries where virus prevalence is higher and implementation of Nucleic Acid Testing (NAT) and/or anti-HBc testing remain high-priced due to cost and loss of donors/blood products. There is therefore the need for cheaper and practical alternatives to reducing TAHBV. For this study, blood samples were collected from 273 consenting blood donors, aged 18-60 years. Five HBV serological markers: HBV surface and envelope antigens (HBsAg, HBeAg), and HBV core, surface and envelope antibodies (anti HBc,anti-HBs, HBeAb) were detected using Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assays. A high anti-HBs prevalence of 37.7% was detected among the donors while HBsAg prevalence was 5.1%, a rate lower than 8% value for high endemic regions to which Nigeria is classified. Among the donors HBcIgM prevalence was 4.8% (13/273), with twelve donors (4.4%; 12/13) having anti-HBc IgM as the only detectable marker of HBV infection. Anti-HBs presence of 200 mIU/mL or more has been reported safe as a transfusion component in anti-HBc-positive blood. A high anti-HBs observed among blood donors in this study could be explored in routine HBV screening of anti-HBc-positive blood donors. Including anti-HBs screening and anti-HBc IgM found as the only HBV infection marker in 12 (4.4%) donors could reduce TAHBV in Nigeria where HBV NAT screening is not affordable and discarding anti-HBc IgG-positive blood not feasible because blood transfusion is critical to treatment of diverse pathologies.
Authors: Japhet, M. O., Adesina, O. O., Olateru-Olugbegi, O. and Adewumi, M. O.
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Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a global problem with Asia and sub-Saharan Africa mostly affected. Unfortunately, residual risk of transfusion associated HBV (TAHBV) is greater in low- and middle-income countries where virus prevalence is higher and implementation of Nucleic Acid Testing (NAT) and/or anti-HBc testing remain high-priced due to cost and loss of donors/blood products. There is therefore the need for cheaper and practical alternatives to reducing TAHBV. For this study, blood samples were collected from 273 consenting blood donors, aged 18-60 years. Five HBV serological markers: HBV surface and envelope antigens (HBsAg, HBeAg), and HBV core, surface and envelope antibodies (anti HBc,anti-HBs, HBeAb) were detected using Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assays. A high anti-HBs prevalence of 37.7% was detected among the donors while HBsAg prevalence was 5.1%, a rate lower than 8% value for high endemic regions to which Nigeria is classified. Among the donors HBcIgM prevalence was 4.8% (13/273), with twelve donors (4.4%; 12/13) having anti-HBc IgM as the only detectable marker of HBV infection. Anti-HBs presence of 200 mIU/mL or more has been reported safe as a transfusion component in anti-HBc-positive blood. A high anti-HBs observed among blood donors in this study could be explored in routine HBV screening of anti-HBc-positive blood donors. Including anti-HBs screening and anti-HBc IgM found as the only HBV infection marker in 12 (4.4%) donors could reduce TAHBV in Nigeria where HBV NAT screening is not affordable and discarding anti-HBc IgG-positive blood not feasible because blood transfusion is critical to treatment of diverse pathologies.
Assessment of the Effect of Paraquat and Glyphosate Herbicides on Soil Microorganisms
Herbicides are chemicals used to control weeds’ growth. The improper application of herbicides poses a challenge to agricultural sector as non-target organisms are directly affected and residues are left in soil. This study was aimed at assessing the effect of paraquat and glyphosate on soil microorganisms. Fifteen kilograms of composite soil from an Organic Vegetable Garden was prepared into 15 microcosms; containing 1 kg soil each. Five different treatments were prepared in triplicates. The treatments include recommended field rate (RFR) (Paraquat-3.62g/kg; Glyphosate 5.63g/kg), twice the recommended field rate (TRFR) and a control without herbicide. Soils were serially diluted and cultured on Nutrient Agar (NA) and Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) for the isolation and enumeration of both bacteria and fungi groups at 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 days. Isolates were characterised and identified. Herbicides residues were determined using Gas Chromatography (GC) after 50 days of exposure. Data collected were subjected to analysis of variance at P = 0.05. The results obtained indicate that herbicides significantly inhibited bacteria population at 10 and 15 days with the highest inhibitions of 44.18% and 51.12% by paraquat and 46.00% and 56.92% by glyphosate at the RFR and TRFR respectively. Fungi populations were significantly inhibited within 5 to 20 days with the highest inhibitions of 22.50% and 80.43% by paraquat and 53.93% and 63.57% by glyphosate at the RFR and TRFR respectively. Eighty-four bacteria isolates were isolated and identified to the genera of Bacillus (35), Klebsiella (30), Enterobacter (6), Micrococcus (3), Pseudomonas (7), Proteus (1), Serratia (1) and Acinetobacter (1). Thirty-two fungal isolates obtained were identified as: Aspergillus flavus (7), Aspergillus fumigatus (2), Aspergillus aculeatus (2), Aspergillus tamarii (4), Aspergillus candidus (3) and Fusarium spp. (14). From the GC-Pulsed Flame Photometric Detector analyses, no significant difference was observed between the herbicide treatments and the residues but there was significant difference between herbicide-treatments and controls. This study showed exposure of soil to herbicides reduces its microbial population and the isolates obtained, have potentials for use in herbicides biodegradation in the environment.
Authors: Nwadike, B. I. and Jibola-Shittu, M. Y.
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Abstract
Herbicides are chemicals used to control weeds’ growth. The improper application of herbicides poses a challenge to agricultural sector as non-target organisms are directly affected and residues are left in soil. This study was aimed at assessing the effect of paraquat and glyphosate on soil microorganisms. Fifteen kilograms of composite soil from an Organic Vegetable Garden was prepared into 15 microcosms; containing 1 kg soil each. Five different treatments were prepared in triplicates. The treatments include recommended field rate (RFR) (Paraquat-3.62g/kg; Glyphosate 5.63g/kg), twice the recommended field rate (TRFR) and a control without herbicide. Soils were serially diluted and cultured on Nutrient Agar (NA) and Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) for the isolation and enumeration of both bacteria and fungi groups at 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 days. Isolates were characterised and identified. Herbicides residues were determined using Gas Chromatography (GC) after 50 days of exposure. Data collected were subjected to analysis of variance at P = 0.05. The results obtained indicate that herbicides significantly inhibited bacteria population at 10 and 15 days with the highest inhibitions of 44.18% and 51.12% by paraquat and 46.00% and 56.92% by glyphosate at the RFR and TRFR respectively. Fungi populations were significantly inhibited within 5 to 20 days with the highest inhibitions of 22.50% and 80.43% by paraquat and 53.93% and 63.57% by glyphosate at the RFR and TRFR respectively. Eighty-four bacteria isolates were isolated and identified to the genera of Bacillus (35), Klebsiella (30), Enterobacter (6), Micrococcus (3), Pseudomonas (7), Proteus (1), Serratia (1) and Acinetobacter (1). Thirty-two fungal isolates obtained were identified as: Aspergillus flavus (7), Aspergillus fumigatus (2), Aspergillus aculeatus (2), Aspergillus tamarii (4), Aspergillus candidus (3) and Fusarium spp. (14). From the GC-Pulsed Flame Photometric Detector analyses, no significant difference was observed between the herbicide treatments and the residues but there was significant difference between herbicide-treatments and controls. This study showed exposure of soil to herbicides reduces its microbial population and the isolates obtained, have potentials for use in herbicides biodegradation in the environment.
Antifungal Activity of Two Plant Extracts against Fungi Isolated from Poultry Droppings in Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria
Several fungi have created havoc in the poultry industry and some of them cause direct harm to human health owing to their zoonotic implications. This research evaluated the phytochemical constituents and antimicrobial activity of Methanol extracts of Ocimum gratissimum (scent leaf) and Azadirachta indica (Neem leaf) against fungi strains isolated from poultry droppings and comparing them with commercial antifungal drugs. A total of 150 samples were collected from thirty different poultry farms in Owerri, Imo State using sterile spatula. Spread plate method was used to inoculate 0.1ml(using 10 2 dillution factor) of the samples unto Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) and Saboraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) to which chloramphenicol (0.05 mg/ml) has been incorporated for primary isolation of fungi. The fungi were identified using cultural characteristics, microscopy and molecular analysis(using ITS region sequencing). Agar well diffusion method was used to test the antifungal activity of the plant extract after 48 and 72 hours time intervals. The Mean Diameter Zone Of Inhibition ranged from 7.50±0.00 12.30±1.53(after 48 hours) and 7.90±1.00-13.50±0.00(after 72 hours) for Neem leave and 6.00±1.00 10.00±0.00(after 48 hours) and 6.80±0.00 -10.50±1.00(after 72 hours) for Scent leave. Tube dilution technique using double-fold serial dilution method was employed for assaying Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC).Total fungal counts ranged from 1.46×102 to 5.43×102.The study revealed that the extracts of the two plants showed a stronger inhibitory property against the isolates. This efficacy of the leave extracts of Ocimum gratissimum and Azadirachta indica as compared to synthetic antifungal shows promising results to be used as potent natural occurring antifungal agents.
Authors: Aguguo, K.,Umedum, C.U.,Nzeagwu, M.O., Opara, N.K.,Onyema, C.T.,Okorie, C.C., Umejiego, I.B., Korie, M.C., Onwubuche, B.C., and Uzoho, I.J.
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Abstract
Several fungi have created havoc in the poultry industry and some of them cause direct harm to human health owing to their zoonotic implications. This research evaluated the phytochemical constituents and antimicrobial activity of Methanol extracts of Ocimum gratissimum (scent leaf) and Azadirachta indica (Neem leaf) against fungi strains isolated from poultry droppings and comparing them with commercial antifungal drugs. A total of 150 samples were collected from thirty different poultry farms in Owerri, Imo State using sterile spatula. Spread plate method was used to inoculate 0.1ml(using 10 2 dillution factor) of the samples unto Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) and Saboraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) to which chloramphenicol (0.05 mg/ml) has been incorporated for primary isolation of fungi. The fungi were identified using cultural characteristics, microscopy and molecular analysis(using ITS region sequencing). Agar well diffusion method was used to test the antifungal activity of the plant extract after 48 and 72 hours time intervals. The Mean Diameter Zone Of Inhibition ranged from 7.50±0.00 12.30±1.53(after 48 hours) and 7.90±1.00-13.50±0.00(after 72 hours) for Neem leave and 6.00±1.00 10.00±0.00(after 48 hours) and 6.80±0.00 -10.50±1.00(after 72 hours) for Scent leave. Tube dilution technique using double-fold serial dilution method was employed for assaying Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC).Total fungal counts ranged from 1.46×102 to 5.43×102.The study revealed that the extracts of the two plants showed a stronger inhibitory property against the isolates. This efficacy of the leave extracts of Ocimum gratissimum and Azadirachta indica as compared to synthetic antifungal shows promising results to be used as potent natural occurring antifungal agents.
Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity of Stem Bark Extracts of Diospyros mespiliformis and Boswellia serrata against Some Clinical Bacterial Isolates Obtained from Haemorrhoid Lesions
Bacterial resistance to antibiotics is one of the major problems encountered in the field of chemotherapy worldwide. Some pathogenic bacteria are becoming resistant to most potent antibiotics used in hospitals and clinics; this necessitate for the search of new and promising antibacterial agents. In view of that, the antibacterial activity of stem bark extracts of D. mespiliformis and B. serrata locally used for the treatment of haemorrhoids against bacterial isolates sourced from haemorrhoid lesions in patients attending Aminu Kano Teaching and Murtala Muhammad Specialist Hospitals, Kano was investigated. Aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the stem bark were obtained and screened for phytochemical constituents using cold maceration technique. Swabs were aseptically collected using sterile swabsticks and screened for bacterial pathogens. Isolates were identified using cultural, biochemical and molecular techniques. Antibacterial activity of low and high concentrations of the extracts was determined using agar well diffusion technique. The results of the phytochemical screening of the extracts revealed the presence of phenols, cardiac glycosides, steroids, flavonoids, tannins and anthraquinones in the extracts. The bacterial species identified were Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, Proteus mirabilis, Enterobacter agglomerans, Enterobacter aerogenes, Salmonella arizonae, Salmonella enterica, Salmonella Typhi, Shigellla dysentriae and Citrobacter freundii. The results of the antibacterial activity of the extracts revealed low activity of both the low and high concentrations of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the two plants against the test organisms; zones diameter of inhibition ranging from 6.00-12.45mm were recorded; the well diameter was 6mm. In conclusion, the crude stem bark extracts of the two plants possessed weak antibacterial activity. It is recommended that other plants’ parts should be tested for antibacterial activity.
Authors: Mohammed, B. and Danazumi, U.I.
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Abstract
Bacterial resistance to antibiotics is one of the major problems encountered in the field of chemotherapy worldwide. Some pathogenic bacteria are becoming resistant to most potent antibiotics used in hospitals and clinics; this necessitate for the search of new and promising antibacterial agents. In view of that, the antibacterial activity of stem bark extracts of D. mespiliformis and B. serrata locally used for the treatment of haemorrhoids against bacterial isolates sourced from haemorrhoid lesions in patients attending Aminu Kano Teaching and Murtala Muhammad Specialist Hospitals, Kano was investigated. Aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the stem bark were obtained and screened for phytochemical constituents using cold maceration technique. Swabs were aseptically collected using sterile swabsticks and screened for bacterial pathogens. Isolates were identified using cultural, biochemical and molecular techniques. Antibacterial activity of low and high concentrations of the extracts was determined using agar well diffusion technique. The results of the phytochemical screening of the extracts revealed the presence of phenols, cardiac glycosides, steroids, flavonoids, tannins and anthraquinones in the extracts. The bacterial species identified were Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, Proteus mirabilis, Enterobacter agglomerans, Enterobacter aerogenes, Salmonella arizonae, Salmonella enterica, Salmonella Typhi, Shigellla dysentriae and Citrobacter freundii. The results of the antibacterial activity of the extracts revealed low activity of both the low and high concentrations of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the two plants against the test organisms; zones diameter of inhibition ranging from 6.00-12.45mm were recorded; the well diameter was 6mm. In conclusion, the crude stem bark extracts of the two plants possessed weak antibacterial activity. It is recommended that other plants’ parts should be tested for antibacterial activity.
Occurrence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex among inmates in Kurmawa Prison, Kano, Nigeria
The occurrence of Tuberculosis (TB) in prisons is a major public health threat in Nigeria, where inadequate TB screening generates poor data of the infection. The study was aimed to determine the occurrence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis among inmates in Kurmawa prison, Kano, Nigeria. A cross- sectional study was conducted among 150 inmates and sputum samples were collected and examined using standard mycobacteriological procedures. Results revealed that out of the 150 sputum samples processed, 7 (4.7%) were identified as M. Tuberculosis positive with 1 out of 19 (14.3%) females and 6 out of 131 (4.6%) males infected (p>0.05). Inmates in the age group ≥48 years were more infected (p>0.05). The results also revealed that prevalence of TB was insignificantly higher in convicted inmates (6.1%), students (33.3%), widows (20%), inmates with non-formal education (5.7%), rural inmates (8.2%), HIV positive inmates (25%), inmates that smoke (5.1%), inmates that consume alcohol (5.9%), inmates with abnormal nutrition (9.4%) and inmates that were not on drug abuse (4.9%) (p>0.05). The prevalence was also insignificantly higher among those inmates coughing between 2-4 weeks (6.1%), that have contact with TB inmate after incarceration (6.4%) that stayed in the prison for 25-30 months (25%) and 31-36 months (21.4%). Only 1 (14.3%) of the inmates infected with TB had multidrug resistant (MDR) TB. The study identifies the need for creation of TB diagnostic and treatment centers in prisons, with emphasis on screening of not only new prisoners for tuberculosis on entry, but the entire prison population including prison staffs periodically.
Authors: Chado, Y, M. and Aminu, A. I.
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Abstract
The occurrence of Tuberculosis (TB) in prisons is a major public health threat in Nigeria, where inadequate TB screening generates poor data of the infection. The study was aimed to determine the occurrence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis among inmates in Kurmawa prison, Kano, Nigeria. A cross- sectional study was conducted among 150 inmates and sputum samples were collected and examined using standard mycobacteriological procedures. Results revealed that out of the 150 sputum samples processed, 7 (4.7%) were identified as M. Tuberculosis positive with 1 out of 19 (14.3%) females and 6 out of 131 (4.6%) males infected (p>0.05). Inmates in the age group ≥48 years were more infected (p>0.05). The results also revealed that prevalence of TB was insignificantly higher in convicted inmates (6.1%), students (33.3%), widows (20%), inmates with non-formal education (5.7%), rural inmates (8.2%), HIV positive inmates (25%), inmates that smoke (5.1%), inmates that consume alcohol (5.9%), inmates with abnormal nutrition (9.4%) and inmates that were not on drug abuse (4.9%) (p>0.05). The prevalence was also insignificantly higher among those inmates coughing between 2-4 weeks (6.1%), that have contact with TB inmate after incarceration (6.4%) that stayed in the prison for 25-30 months (25%) and 31-36 months (21.4%). Only 1 (14.3%) of the inmates infected with TB had multidrug resistant (MDR) TB. The study identifies the need for creation of TB diagnostic and treatment centers in prisons, with emphasis on screening of not only new prisoners for tuberculosis on entry, but the entire prison population including prison staffs periodically.
The Impact of Gut Microbial Diversity in Preterm Infant Infections
Certain factors bring about microbial preterm infections, including mode of delivery, socio-economic/geographic factors, gut microbial diversity etc. Consequent colonization of the gut by these microorganisms can have malevolent aftermaths. In the same vein, premature infections such as necrotizing entero colitis (NEC) and sepsis are among the crucial infections causing morbidity and mortality among preterm infants. This review is aimed at highlighting the impact of gut microbial diversity in premature infections. During this review, we employed the use of online published articles from peer review journals, google scholar and other accepted published conference proceedings. The use of chemoprophylaxis, empirical chemotherapeutic regimens and the administration of probiotics are the ways put forward to manage the infections. Gut microbial diversity is one of the prime factors in preterm infections and subsequent neonatal death, and as such is an important checkpoint in preventing preterm infections. Identification of this microbial diversity and the environmental needs of microbes is hence paramount.
Authors: Abdulkadir, B., Abubakar, U., Mujahid H., M. S. Kaware, Baha’uddeen S. D. Abdulmalik Y., Abdullahi B., Mukhtar G.L. and Ibrahim, M. A.
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Abstract
Certain factors bring about microbial preterm infections, including mode of delivery, socio-economic/geographic factors, gut microbial diversity etc. Consequent colonization of the gut by these microorganisms can have malevolent aftermaths. In the same vein, premature infections such as necrotizing entero colitis (NEC) and sepsis are among the crucial infections causing morbidity and mortality among preterm infants. This review is aimed at highlighting the impact of gut microbial diversity in premature infections. During this review, we employed the use of online published articles from peer review journals, google scholar and other accepted published conference proceedings. The use of chemoprophylaxis, empirical chemotherapeutic regimens and the administration of probiotics are the ways put forward to manage the infections. Gut microbial diversity is one of the prime factors in preterm infections and subsequent neonatal death, and as such is an important checkpoint in preventing preterm infections. Identification of this microbial diversity and the environmental needs of microbes is hence paramount.
Starter Selection from Fermented Cereals for the Production of Weaning Blend
This study focused on the isolation and identification of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from fermented cereals and selection of the same with best technological properties as starter in the production of weaning blend. Yellow maize and sorghum were purchased at Atakunmosa market, Ilesa, Nigeria. The cereals were steeped in water for five days and were processed into Ogi . Lactic acid bacteria were isolated from the Ogi using de Mann Rogosa and Sharpe by pour plate techniques. The isolates were screened for desirable technological properties such as exopolysaccharide production, antagonistic properties against pathogenic organisms, inability to produce biogenic amines, production of ammonia from arginine, growth at different pH and production of antimicrobials and amylase enzyme using standard procedures. The results showed that a total of 10 lactic acid bacteria were isolated and were identified as Lactobacillus plantarum 4(40%), L. composti 2(20%), L. fermentum 2(20%), L. casei 1(10%) and L. delbrueckii 1(10%). L. plantarum and L. delbrueckii have the best technological properties with high exopolysaccharide production (3+), diacetyl, lactic acid and hydrogen peroxide production (0.2100, 0.3718 and 0.0008 g/mL) and (0.200, 0.3692 and 0.0007 g/mL) respectively. The two LAB also showed highest degree of antagonistic activities against pathogenic organisms (Staphylococcus aureus ATTC 43300 and Escherichia coli NCIB 86). The study evaluated the techniques that can be used to select starter culture for the production of weaning blends for infant. L. plantarum and L. delbrueckii showed the best technological properties with high antimicrobial and exopolysaccharide production.
Authors: Adeyemo, S. M. and Abimbola, O. G.
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Abstract
This study focused on the isolation and identification of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from fermented cereals and selection of the same with best technological properties as starter in the production of weaning blend. Yellow maize and sorghum were purchased at Atakunmosa market, Ilesa, Nigeria. The cereals were steeped in water for five days and were processed into Ogi . Lactic acid bacteria were isolated from the Ogi using de Mann Rogosa and Sharpe by pour plate techniques. The isolates were screened for desirable technological properties such as exopolysaccharide production, antagonistic properties against pathogenic organisms, inability to produce biogenic amines, production of ammonia from arginine, growth at different pH and production of antimicrobials and amylase enzyme using standard procedures. The results showed that a total of 10 lactic acid bacteria were isolated and were identified as Lactobacillus plantarum 4(40%), L. composti 2(20%), L. fermentum 2(20%), L. casei 1(10%) and L. delbrueckii 1(10%). L. plantarum and L. delbrueckii have the best technological properties with high exopolysaccharide production (3+), diacetyl, lactic acid and hydrogen peroxide production (0.2100, 0.3718 and 0.0008 g/mL) and (0.200, 0.3692 and 0.0007 g/mL) respectively. The two LAB also showed highest degree of antagonistic activities against pathogenic organisms (Staphylococcus aureus ATTC 43300 and Escherichia coli NCIB 86). The study evaluated the techniques that can be used to select starter culture for the production of weaning blends for infant. L. plantarum and L. delbrueckii showed the best technological properties with high antimicrobial and exopolysaccharide production.
Antimicrobial Activity of Jatropha curcas Extracts on Clinical Isolates from Wound Infection of Patients Attending Jahun General Hospital, Jigawa State, Nigeria
The study was aimed at evaluating phytochemical constituents and antimicrobial activities of Jatropha curcas extracts against patients with wound infections attending Jahun General Hospital, Jigawa State. The plant materials were sourced, identified and extracted using water and ethanol. Preliminary phytochemical screening of extracts was carried out using standard procedure. Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas sp. Staphylococcus aureus, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium sp. and Candida sp. were isolated and identified from ten (10) wound patients. Evaluation of antimicrobial activities of the extracts was also carried out. Results of phytochemical screening revealed the presence of saponins, tritepenes, anthraquinones, alkaloids, flavonoids and tannins in both seed and stem bark ethanol and aqueous extract with exception of flavonoids in stem bark extracts. The antimicrobial activities result shows that among the extracts, ethanol seed extracts has the highest antimicrobial activity compared with that of aqueous with the inhibition zone diameter of 15.0 ± 0.0mm and 13.0 ± 0.0mm respectively at 2000µg/ml concentration against E. coli and 13.0 ± 0.0mm and 12.0 ± 0.0mm against Staphylococcus aureus at 2000µg/ml concentration. Conclusively, ethanol could be considered as the best extracting solvent and Jatropha curcas seed extracts could be considered for further analysis on antimicrobial activity against pathogenic bacteria and fungi.
Authors: Ali, M., Saleh, A., Sabo, A. and Ibrahim, U. B.
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Abstract
The study was aimed at evaluating phytochemical constituents and antimicrobial activities of Jatropha curcas extracts against patients with wound infections attending Jahun General Hospital, Jigawa State. The plant materials were sourced, identified and extracted using water and ethanol. Preliminary phytochemical screening of extracts was carried out using standard procedure. Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas sp. Staphylococcus aureus, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium sp. and Candida sp. were isolated and identified from ten (10) wound patients. Evaluation of antimicrobial activities of the extracts was also carried out. Results of phytochemical screening revealed the presence of saponins, tritepenes, anthraquinones, alkaloids, flavonoids and tannins in both seed and stem bark ethanol and aqueous extract with exception of flavonoids in stem bark extracts. The antimicrobial activities result shows that among the extracts, ethanol seed extracts has the highest antimicrobial activity compared with that of aqueous with the inhibition zone diameter of 15.0 ± 0.0mm and 13.0 ± 0.0mm respectively at 2000µg/ml concentration against E. coli and 13.0 ± 0.0mm and 12.0 ± 0.0mm against Staphylococcus aureus at 2000µg/ml concentration. Conclusively, ethanol could be considered as the best extracting solvent and Jatropha curcas seed extracts could be considered for further analysis on antimicrobial activity against pathogenic bacteria and fungi.
Spatial Pattern of Acute Gastroenteritis and Isolation of Enterobacteria from Domestic Water in Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
Acute gastroenteritis (AGE) contributes significantly to the burden of illness from infectious diseases worldwide especially in developing countries. This study aims to determine the spatial pattern of AGE and isolate Enterobacteria from domestic water in Ile-Ife, a peri-urban community. The medical records of AGE cases between 2008-2012 with due ethical approval from a tertiary hospital in Ile-Ife were reviewed. Using a global positioning system (GPS), the coordinates of the residential addresses retrieved from the records were determined. One hundred residential houses were randomly selected, data on sources of water supply and sewage disposal systems were obtained. The microbial count and identification of the bacterial isolates cultured from the water samples collected were done. A total of 373 AGE cases were recorded in 21 administrative units (wards) within the study period. The occurrence of AGE was observed to increase as the year progresses and 6 (28.6%) of the AGE burden hotspots were identified. All the water samples analysed contained bacterial coliforms above the permissible level. Two hundred and one bacterial isolates were identified with the frequency of the isolates as follows: Shigella spp (19.9%), Serratia spp (13.4%), Aeromonas spp (10.5%), E. coli, Salmonella spp, Klebsiella spp (10%), and other Enterobacteria (26.2%). The spatial pattern and AGE burden hotspots identified could assist in the early detection of AGE outbreaks and intervention. This study shows the wide distribution of enteric bacteria in the water sources and suggests water treatment at the point of use to forestall AGE outbreaks in the community.
Authors: Torimiro, N., Ogunbodede, O. R., and Daramola O. B.
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Abstract
Acute gastroenteritis (AGE) contributes significantly to the burden of illness from infectious diseases worldwide especially in developing countries. This study aims to determine the spatial pattern of AGE and isolate Enterobacteria from domestic water in Ile-Ife, a peri-urban community. The medical records of AGE cases between 2008-2012 with due ethical approval from a tertiary hospital in Ile-Ife were reviewed. Using a global positioning system (GPS), the coordinates of the residential addresses retrieved from the records were determined. One hundred residential houses were randomly selected, data on sources of water supply and sewage disposal systems were obtained. The microbial count and identification of the bacterial isolates cultured from the water samples collected were done. A total of 373 AGE cases were recorded in 21 administrative units (wards) within the study period. The occurrence of AGE was observed to increase as the year progresses and 6 (28.6%) of the AGE burden hotspots were identified. All the water samples analysed contained bacterial coliforms above the permissible level. Two hundred and one bacterial isolates were identified with the frequency of the isolates as follows: Shigella spp (19.9%), Serratia spp (13.4%), Aeromonas spp (10.5%), E. coli, Salmonella spp, Klebsiella spp (10%), and other Enterobacteria (26.2%). The spatial pattern and AGE burden hotspots identified could assist in the early detection of AGE outbreaks and intervention. This study shows the wide distribution of enteric bacteria in the water sources and suggests water treatment at the point of use to forestall AGE outbreaks in the community.
Phytochemical and Antibacterial Properties of Moringa oleifera leaf extracts on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus
This present study was aimed to investigate the phytochemical constituents and antimicrobial properties of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of M. oleifera leaf on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The phytochemical analysis was carried out using standard methods. The antibacterial activity of the plant extracts was determined using agar well diffusion method. The Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the plant extracts on the test isolates were determined using micro broth dilution method. Phytochemical analysis showed that terpenoids, phenols, flavonoids, glycosides, tannin, saponin, alkaloids, steroids and anthraquinolones were present in varying concentrations of the different extracts. The antibacterial activities of the ethanol and aqueous extracts of M. oleifera leaf at concentrations of 200, 100, 50, 25,12.5mg/ml showed the zone diameter of inhibition for S. aureus in response to the different extracts ranged between 9mm to 20mm while that of E. coli was between 7mm to 19mm. The MIC of aqueous and ethanol leaf extract on S. aureus is 25mg/ml and 12.5mg/ml respectively while the MIC of aqueous and ethanol leaf extract on E. coli is 12.5mg/ml and 6.25mg/ml respectively. The MBC of aqueous and ethanol leaf extract on S. aureus is 25mg/ml and 12.5mg/ml respectively while the MBC of aqueous and ethanol leaf extract on E. coli is 50mg/ml and 25mg/ml respectively. It can be concluded that some secondary metabolites present in Moringa oleifera leaf may be responsible for the inhibition of the bacteria observed in this study; and the ethanol extract of M. oleifera leaf possesses more antimicrobial activity (10 – 20mm) in a concentration dependent manner than the aqueous extract (9 - 15mm). This could justify its use as an antimicrobial agent. Therefore, M. oleifera leaf could be a promising natural antimicrobial agent with potential applications in pharmaceutical industries for controlling the pathogenic bacteria used in this work.
Authors: Unegbu, V., Nkwoemeka, N., Okey-Ndeche, F. and Obum-Nnadi, C.
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Abstract
This present study was aimed to investigate the phytochemical constituents and antimicrobial properties of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of M. oleifera leaf on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The phytochemical analysis was carried out using standard methods. The antibacterial activity of the plant extracts was determined using agar well diffusion method. The Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the plant extracts on the test isolates were determined using micro broth dilution method. Phytochemical analysis showed that terpenoids, phenols, flavonoids, glycosides, tannin, saponin, alkaloids, steroids and anthraquinolones were present in varying concentrations of the different extracts. The antibacterial activities of the ethanol and aqueous extracts of M. oleifera leaf at concentrations of 200, 100, 50, 25,12.5mg/ml showed the zone diameter of inhibition for S. aureus in response to the different extracts ranged between 9mm to 20mm while that of E. coli was between 7mm to 19mm. The MIC of aqueous and ethanol leaf extract on S. aureus is 25mg/ml and 12.5mg/ml respectively while the MIC of aqueous and ethanol leaf extract on E. coli is 12.5mg/ml and 6.25mg/ml respectively. The MBC of aqueous and ethanol leaf extract on S. aureus is 25mg/ml and 12.5mg/ml respectively while the MBC of aqueous and ethanol leaf extract on E. coli is 50mg/ml and 25mg/ml respectively. It can be concluded that some secondary metabolites present in Moringa oleifera leaf may be responsible for the inhibition of the bacteria observed in this study; and the ethanol extract of M. oleifera leaf possesses more antimicrobial activity (10 – 20mm) in a concentration dependent manner than the aqueous extract (9 - 15mm). This could justify its use as an antimicrobial agent. Therefore, M. oleifera leaf could be a promising natural antimicrobial agent with potential applications in pharmaceutical industries for controlling the pathogenic bacteria used in this work.
Antibiotic Susceptibility and Phenotypic Plasmid Screening Among Escherichia coli Isolated from Abattoir Wastewater in Bauchi State, Nigeria
This study highlighted the antibiotic susceptibility and the emergence of multidrug resistance plasmids among Escherichia coli in abattoir wastewater in Bauchi state Nigeria. Isolation and characterization of E. coli was conducted from 150 samples using standard procedures. Antibiotic susceptibility testing and plasmid curing were done on the strains. Of these samples screened only 18 (12%) E. coli were recovered. Antibiotic susceptibility testing showed high resistance to Augmentin (77.7%) with a clear diameter of inhibition ranging between 8.0±0.0 – 17.3±1.4 mm, followed by amoxicillin (8.0±0.0 – 17.3±1.4) mm, streptomycin (8.0±00 – 10.0±2.6) mm and septrin (8.0±0.0 – 10.3±0.3) mm, with 61.1%, each, and gentamicin (8.0±0.0 – 17.3±0.0) mm and chloramphenicol (8.0±0.0 – 11.0±2.0) mm, each with 55.5% respectively. Ciprofloxacin (18.0±0.0 - 40.0±0.5) mm, was the most potent with 83.3% activity. Multiple antibiotic resistance was examined in 12 (66.6%) of the isolates. After curing, antibiotic susceptibility testing most of the isolates were observed to harbor plasmid-mediated resistance. This study has revealed the emergence of multidrug plasmids mediated resistance among Escherichia coli in abattoir wastewater in Bauchi State Nigeria.
Authors: Hassan, K. S., Bukar, A., Mohammed, B., Ishaq, S. A., Abubakar, A. I. and Yakubu, H.
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Abstract
This study highlighted the antibiotic susceptibility and the emergence of multidrug resistance plasmids among Escherichia coli in abattoir wastewater in Bauchi state Nigeria. Isolation and characterization of E. coli was conducted from 150 samples using standard procedures. Antibiotic susceptibility testing and plasmid curing were done on the strains. Of these samples screened only 18 (12%) E. coli were recovered. Antibiotic susceptibility testing showed high resistance to Augmentin (77.7%) with a clear diameter of inhibition ranging between 8.0±0.0 – 17.3±1.4 mm, followed by amoxicillin (8.0±0.0 – 17.3±1.4) mm, streptomycin (8.0±00 – 10.0±2.6) mm and septrin (8.0±0.0 – 10.3±0.3) mm, with 61.1%, each, and gentamicin (8.0±0.0 – 17.3±0.0) mm and chloramphenicol (8.0±0.0 – 11.0±2.0) mm, each with 55.5% respectively. Ciprofloxacin (18.0±0.0 - 40.0±0.5) mm, was the most potent with 83.3% activity. Multiple antibiotic resistance was examined in 12 (66.6%) of the isolates. After curing, antibiotic susceptibility testing most of the isolates were observed to harbor plasmid-mediated resistance. This study has revealed the emergence of multidrug plasmids mediated resistance among Escherichia coli in abattoir wastewater in Bauchi State Nigeria.
Microbial Diversity of Water Hyacinth and Cow Dung Bio-compost used for the Growth of Tomato Plant (Solanum lycopersicum L.)
Water hyacinth is an aquatic weed that is difficult to manage due to its rapid and extensive growth rate. Composting is a promising technique widely used for the management of organic wastes. This study evaluated the application of water hyacinth and cow dung composts as bio-fertiliser on tomato plant. Water hyacinth and cow dung were composted for 20 days in five different proportions of cow dung, water hyacinth, cow dung and water hyacinth (CW) at ratio (1:1, 1:2, 2:1) respectively. Physicochemical properties and microbial load of the composts were determined. Bacterial and fungi isolates were isolated and identified using standard methods. Composts were applied to sterile soil after which tomatoes were transplanted. Agronomic parameters such as plant height, number of leaves, stem girth and leaf area were determined after eight weeks of transplanting. Results showed that cow dung only had the highest total bacterial count of 27.2 x 106 cfu/g while water hyacinth only had the least bacterial count of 5.0 x 106 cfu/g. Cowdung and water hyacinth (1:1) and cowdung only recorded had the highest and lowest total fungal count of 12.8 x 106 cfu/g and 2.0 x 106, respectively. pH ranged from 5.8 – 7.8 while temperature ranged from 25.67-40.5°C. The isolated and identified bacteria were Bacillus subtilis, Campylobacter jejuni, Citrobacter koseri, Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella oxytoca, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus saprophyticus. The identified fungal isolates include: Aspergillus flavus, A. fumigatus, A. niger, Candida albicans, Penicillium sp. and Saccharomyces sp.Cowdung: water hyacinth at ratio 1 to 2and water hyacinth only showed the highest and least support for tomato plants, respectively. All the agronomic parameters analysed were significantly higher(P≤ 0.05)in all the treatments than the control. This study revealed that compost of cow dung and water hyacinth could be used to improve the growth of tomato.
Authors: Adebajo, S. O., Akintokun, P. O., Ojo, A. E., Akintokun, A. K., Sakariyau, A. O. and Britto, I. D.
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Abstract
Water hyacinth is an aquatic weed that is difficult to manage due to its rapid and extensive growth rate. Composting is a promising technique widely used for the management of organic wastes. This study evaluated the application of water hyacinth and cow dung composts as bio-fertiliser on tomato plant. Water hyacinth and cow dung were composted for 20 days in five different proportions of cow dung, water hyacinth, cow dung and water hyacinth (CW) at ratio (1:1, 1:2, 2:1) respectively. Physicochemical properties and microbial load of the composts were determined. Bacterial and fungi isolates were isolated and identified using standard methods. Composts were applied to sterile soil after which tomatoes were transplanted. Agronomic parameters such as plant height, number of leaves, stem girth and leaf area were determined after eight weeks of transplanting. Results showed that cow dung only had the highest total bacterial count of 27.2 x 106 cfu/g while water hyacinth only had the least bacterial count of 5.0 x 106 cfu/g. Cowdung and water hyacinth (1:1) and cowdung only recorded had the highest and lowest total fungal count of 12.8 x 106 cfu/g and 2.0 x 106, respectively. pH ranged from 5.8 – 7.8 while temperature ranged from 25.67-40.5°C. The isolated and identified bacteria were Bacillus subtilis, Campylobacter jejuni, Citrobacter koseri, Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella oxytoca, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus saprophyticus. The identified fungal isolates include: Aspergillus flavus, A. fumigatus, A. niger, Candida albicans, Penicillium sp. and Saccharomyces sp.Cowdung: water hyacinth at ratio 1 to 2and water hyacinth only showed the highest and least support for tomato plants, respectively. All the agronomic parameters analysed were significantly higher(P≤ 0.05)in all the treatments than the control. This study revealed that compost of cow dung and water hyacinth could be used to improve the growth of tomato.
Phytochemical Analysis and Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity of Bryophyllum pinnatum Leaf Extract against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from Patients with Otitis Media
Bryphyllum pinnatum is used in traditional medicine in various parts of the world as a remedy against numerous conditions like hypertension, skin disorders, cancer, diabetes, hepatitis, abscesses and ear infections. This study was carried out to evaluate the antibacterial potentials of the plant leaves against some bacteria isolated from patients with otitis media. Dried leaves of the plant were collected and subjected to cold maceration and Soxhlet extraction processes using water and ethanol to obtain aqueous and ethanolic extracts respectively. The extracts obtained were subjected to phytochemical screening and antibacterial activity against two clinical isolates; Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa associated with Otitis Media. The result of the phytochemical screening revealed the presence of Alkaloids, Flavonoids, Saponins, and Glycosides in both extracts whereas ethanolic extract has in addition Steroids and Tannins. The result of antibacterial activity showed that aqueous extract has activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa only at 500mg/ml concentration(zone of inhibition15.5mm) and against Staphylococcus aureus at 500, 250 and 125mg/ml with zone of inhibition 18, 14 and 11mm respectively. Similarly, ethanolic extract showed activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa at 500, 250 and 125mg/ml with inhibition zone 17, 12, and 11mm respectively. It shows significant activity on Staphylococcus aureus at concentrations 500, 250, 125 and 62.5mg/ml with inhibition zones 19, 15, 13, 12mm respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) recorded for aqueous extract is 500 mg/ml and 250mg/ml against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus respectively while for ethanolic extract, are 250 and 125mg/ml respectively. The minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the aqueous extract against Staphylococcus aureus is 250mg/ml and ethanolic extract against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus are 250 and 125mg/ml respectively. The result suggests that Bryophyllum pinnatum leaf could have potential application in the management of otitis media.
Authors: Sani, I. M., Helen, I. I., Abdulfatai, K., Agyigra, A. I., and Abdulrahman, I.
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Abstract
Bryphyllum pinnatum is used in traditional medicine in various parts of the world as a remedy against numerous conditions like hypertension, skin disorders, cancer, diabetes, hepatitis, abscesses and ear infections. This study was carried out to evaluate the antibacterial potentials of the plant leaves against some bacteria isolated from patients with otitis media. Dried leaves of the plant were collected and subjected to cold maceration and Soxhlet extraction processes using water and ethanol to obtain aqueous and ethanolic extracts respectively. The extracts obtained were subjected to phytochemical screening and antibacterial activity against two clinical isolates; Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa associated with Otitis Media. The result of the phytochemical screening revealed the presence of Alkaloids, Flavonoids, Saponins, and Glycosides in both extracts whereas ethanolic extract has in addition Steroids and Tannins. The result of antibacterial activity showed that aqueous extract has activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa only at 500mg/ml concentration(zone of inhibition15.5mm) and against Staphylococcus aureus at 500, 250 and 125mg/ml with zone of inhibition 18, 14 and 11mm respectively. Similarly, ethanolic extract showed activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa at 500, 250 and 125mg/ml with inhibition zone 17, 12, and 11mm respectively. It shows significant activity on Staphylococcus aureus at concentrations 500, 250, 125 and 62.5mg/ml with inhibition zones 19, 15, 13, 12mm respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) recorded for aqueous extract is 500 mg/ml and 250mg/ml against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus respectively while for ethanolic extract, are 250 and 125mg/ml respectively. The minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the aqueous extract against Staphylococcus aureus is 250mg/ml and ethanolic extract against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus are 250 and 125mg/ml respectively. The result suggests that Bryophyllum pinnatum leaf could have potential application in the management of otitis media.
Prevalence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection among Pregnant Women Attending General Hospital Kashere, Gombe State, Nigeria
Prevention of transmission of HIV from mother to child is a serious public health issues globally.There are approximately 1.4 million HIV positive women who become pregnant and contribute to more than 300,000 neonatal and foetal deaths each year. HIV in pregnancy is of concern because women with HIV/AIDS may transmit the infection to their child during pregnancy, delivery and while breastfeeding. This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of HIV infection in pregnant women attending antenatal clinic in Kashere General Hospital from 2015 to 2019. A total of 3,144 pregnant women were enrolled and screened for HIV infection during the antenatal visit, after collecting their socio demographic, gynecological and obstetric details. A one-step HIV-DETERMINE test kit was used to screen the blood samples collected by needle-prick on fingertip. The results revealed that out of the 3,144 pregnant women screened, only 41(1.30%) were found positive and 39 of the positive cases fall within 21 to 30 years age group. Highest rate (4.3%) was found in the year 2017, followed by 1.75% in 2015, with 0.60% in 2019 as the least. This study, therefore advocate advocated early antenatal visit, voluntary testing in pregnancy and improved girl-child education/awareness as an essential step in PMTCT programmes.
Authors: Iliyasu, M.Y., Shuaibu, H.M. and Galadima, U.I.
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Abstract
Prevention of transmission of HIV from mother to child is a serious public health issues globally.There are approximately 1.4 million HIV positive women who become pregnant and contribute to more than 300,000 neonatal and foetal deaths each year. HIV in pregnancy is of concern because women with HIV/AIDS may transmit the infection to their child during pregnancy, delivery and while breastfeeding. This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of HIV infection in pregnant women attending antenatal clinic in Kashere General Hospital from 2015 to 2019. A total of 3,144 pregnant women were enrolled and screened for HIV infection during the antenatal visit, after collecting their socio demographic, gynecological and obstetric details. A one-step HIV-DETERMINE test kit was used to screen the blood samples collected by needle-prick on fingertip. The results revealed that out of the 3,144 pregnant women screened, only 41(1.30%) were found positive and 39 of the positive cases fall within 21 to 30 years age group. Highest rate (4.3%) was found in the year 2017, followed by 1.75% in 2015, with 0.60% in 2019 as the least. This study, therefore advocate advocated early antenatal visit, voluntary testing in pregnancy and improved girl-child education/awareness as an essential step in PMTCT programmes.
Prevalence of Rifampicin Resistance among Presumptive Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients within Lagos and its Environs in South-Western Nigeria
Drug resistance (DR) is a major global health concern and currently implicated in fuelling the burden of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) in Nigeria. Overall, DR poses serious public health threat to TB control programmes particularly in TB endemic countries with limited resources. However, early and rapid detection of rifampicin resistance (RR), a surrogate marker for MDR-TB is important to reduce treatment period and transmission; with the overall goal of reducing the burden of the disease. The study successfully determined the prevalence of RR Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) among presumptive pulmonary TB patients in Lagos and its environs. A retrospective study involving 1,453 TB patients was conducted using data extracted from the clinical register of presumptive TB patients screened for MTB and RR-TB using Xpert MTB/RIF assay at the Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research (NIMR) between January, 2018 and August, 2019. The data was analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23. Result shows that the overall prevalence of TB was 15.3% (222/1453). MTB infection was detected in 79 locations out of which eight had a high prevalence (15.7%-26.1%) of the disease. Notably, from the patients, RR-TB was 5.9% (13/222) among all TB confirmed cases, with four (30.8%) being females and those infected ranging from 22 to 75 years (34.85±15.01) years; with one person (male) being co-infected with HIV. This study highlights the prevalence of 5.9% rifampicin-resistance among pulmonary TB patients in the urban and peri-urban areas of Lagos, South-Western Nigeria.
Authors: Davies-Bolorunduro O.F., Nduaga S.J., Abiodun A.T, Amuda, B.O., Osuolale, K.A, Atoe K. and Cadmus S.
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Abstract
Drug resistance (DR) is a major global health concern and currently implicated in fuelling the burden of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) in Nigeria. Overall, DR poses serious public health threat to TB control programmes particularly in TB endemic countries with limited resources. However, early and rapid detection of rifampicin resistance (RR), a surrogate marker for MDR-TB is important to reduce treatment period and transmission; with the overall goal of reducing the burden of the disease. The study successfully determined the prevalence of RR Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) among presumptive pulmonary TB patients in Lagos and its environs. A retrospective study involving 1,453 TB patients was conducted using data extracted from the clinical register of presumptive TB patients screened for MTB and RR-TB using Xpert MTB/RIF assay at the Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research (NIMR) between January, 2018 and August, 2019. The data was analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23. Result shows that the overall prevalence of TB was 15.3% (222/1453). MTB infection was detected in 79 locations out of which eight had a high prevalence (15.7%-26.1%) of the disease. Notably, from the patients, RR-TB was 5.9% (13/222) among all TB confirmed cases, with four (30.8%) being females and those infected ranging from 22 to 75 years (34.85±15.01) years; with one person (male) being co-infected with HIV. This study highlights the prevalence of 5.9% rifampicin-resistance among pulmonary TB patients in the urban and peri-urban areas of Lagos, South-Western Nigeria.
Molecular Detection of Hepatitis E Virus in Rattus norvegicus in Lagos, Nigeria
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an important cause of acute viral hepatitis globally which is mainly transmitted through fecal-oral routes. HEV has also been reported in animal hosts like swine, rabbit, mouse, and wild rodents from different parts of the world. Wild rodents trapped within human dwellings around Ikotun, Alimosho Local Government Area of Lagos State, Nigeria were screened to determine their contribution to HEV epidemiology in the country. In this cross-sectional study in an urban setting, twenty small mammals including, Rattus norvegicus (12) and Crocidura dolichura (8) were captured, anesthetized with chloroform and euthanized by cervical dislocation. Viral RNA was extracted from blood, liver, kidney, heart and lung tissues and amplified by Nested reverse transcription Polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and amplicons detected by 1.8% agarose gel electrophoresis. Eight out of twenty rodents (40%) identified as Rattus norvegicus were positive for HEV. The viral genome was detected in various organs of the rat including blood (50%), kidney (25%), lungs (33.3%), liver (50%), and heart (41.7%). Non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test shows no significant difference in HEV among the tissues (P=0.0790; α = 5%). HEV RNA was not detected from C. dolichura. The high prevalence (40%) of HEV RNA detected in R. norvegicus, makes rodents an obvious target for further investigations for their roles in HEV epidemiology in Nigeria. Genome sequencing and comparison with human HEV sequences will help explain whether these rodents pose zoonotic threats.
Authors: Osanyinlusi S. A., Salu O. B. James A. B., Orenolu R. M., Omilabu, S. A.
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Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an important cause of acute viral hepatitis globally which is mainly transmitted through fecal-oral routes. HEV has also been reported in animal hosts like swine, rabbit, mouse, and wild rodents from different parts of the world. Wild rodents trapped within human dwellings around Ikotun, Alimosho Local Government Area of Lagos State, Nigeria were screened to determine their contribution to HEV epidemiology in the country. In this cross-sectional study in an urban setting, twenty small mammals including, Rattus norvegicus (12) and Crocidura dolichura (8) were captured, anesthetized with chloroform and euthanized by cervical dislocation. Viral RNA was extracted from blood, liver, kidney, heart and lung tissues and amplified by Nested reverse transcription Polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and amplicons detected by 1.8% agarose gel electrophoresis. Eight out of twenty rodents (40%) identified as Rattus norvegicus were positive for HEV. The viral genome was detected in various organs of the rat including blood (50%), kidney (25%), lungs (33.3%), liver (50%), and heart (41.7%). Non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test shows no significant difference in HEV among the tissues (P=0.0790; α = 5%). HEV RNA was not detected from C. dolichura. The high prevalence (40%) of HEV RNA detected in R. norvegicus, makes rodents an obvious target for further investigations for their roles in HEV epidemiology in Nigeria. Genome sequencing and comparison with human HEV sequences will help explain whether these rodents pose zoonotic threats.
Microbiological Quality of Some Yoghurt Sold in Uwelu-Community, Edo State, Nigeria
Yoghurt is a dairy product generally consumed around the globe due to its energy content and health advantages. An investigation on the microbiological quality of sixteen yoghurt samples from eight different brands, four registered by NAFDAC and four unregistered were randomly obtained The pH and microbiological parameters were evaluated using standard methods. The pH readings of the yoghurt samples ranged from 4.00- 5.60. The total viable bacteria and fungi counts of the two groups of yoghurt ranged from 3.0 x 104 ± 1.00 to 28.0 x 104 ± 12.77 and 4.9 x 104 ± 6.24 to 10.9 x 104 ± 4.36 respectively. There was a significant difference (p<0.05) in the levels of the total viable bacteria counts. However, there was no statistically significant difference (P˃0.05) in the total fungi counts. Comparative assessment of pH with the total viable bacteria and fungi counts revealed a weak negative correlation with an R-value of 0.326 and -0.100. Consequently, the results obtained shows high levels of contamination by some medically important bacteria- Bacillus sp (100%), Staphylococcus aureus (63%), Klebsiella sp (50%), Streptococcus sp (38%) and Pseudomonas sp (25%) and fungi- Aspergillus sp (100%), Saccharomyces cerevisiae (63%), Rhizopus sp (50%) and Mucor sp (38%). These microbes may have contaminated the product during production, distribution and/or storage. It is therefore imperative to monitor the production process and sales of these products to protect the consumers from food-borne infection and intoxication.
Authors: Osatohanmwen, O. and Olisaka, N. F.
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Abstract
Yoghurt is a dairy product generally consumed around the globe due to its energy content and health advantages. An investigation on the microbiological quality of sixteen yoghurt samples from eight different brands, four registered by NAFDAC and four unregistered were randomly obtained The pH and microbiological parameters were evaluated using standard methods. The pH readings of the yoghurt samples ranged from 4.00- 5.60. The total viable bacteria and fungi counts of the two groups of yoghurt ranged from 3.0 x 104 ± 1.00 to 28.0 x 104 ± 12.77 and 4.9 x 104 ± 6.24 to 10.9 x 104 ± 4.36 respectively. There was a significant difference (p<0.05) in the levels of the total viable bacteria counts. However, there was no statistically significant difference (P˃0.05) in the total fungi counts. Comparative assessment of pH with the total viable bacteria and fungi counts revealed a weak negative correlation with an R-value of 0.326 and -0.100. Consequently, the results obtained shows high levels of contamination by some medically important bacteria- Bacillus sp (100%), Staphylococcus aureus (63%), Klebsiella sp (50%), Streptococcus sp (38%) and Pseudomonas sp (25%) and fungi- Aspergillus sp (100%), Saccharomyces cerevisiae (63%), Rhizopus sp (50%) and Mucor sp (38%). These microbes may have contaminated the product during production, distribution and/or storage. It is therefore imperative to monitor the production process and sales of these products to protect the consumers from food-borne infection and intoxication.
Monitoring of Metabolic Compounds from Degradation of Petrochemicals using Indigenous Consortium of Pseudomonas Strains
This study was performed to examine the potential of indigenous consortium of Pseudomonas strains by assessing the metabolic compounds from degradation of petrochemical contaminated soil. Native microorganisms were isolated using standard microbiological procedures and molecular identification technique. The physiochemical analysis was conducted using standard laboratory procedure of American Public Health Association (APHA). Bioremediation of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) and assessment of metabolic compounds from degradation of petrochemicals were by gravimetric technique. The identified bacteria were Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAER4 119, Pseudomonas mendocina strain NK-01 and Pseudomonas putida strain B6-2. Observations revealed that the physiochemical properties were affected due to high pollution level. Highest percentage reduction of the TPH was recorded at 74.5 9% by P. putida, 67.57 % by P. aeruginosa, 61.62 % by P. mendocina, and 80.81 % by consortium. Also highest percentage reduction of the metabolic compounds showed; 62%, 75 %, 68 %, and 81% for saturated hydrocarbon, 86.25 %, 87.50 %, 91 % and 92 % for phenolic compound, 94.06 %, 95.05 %, 96.53 %, and 97.03 % for asphaltene and polar compound, and 88.89 %, 94.44 %, 94.42%, and 97.22% for aromatic compound. The percentage reductions recorded were achieved by P. mendocina, P. putida, P. aeruginosa, and the consortium respectively. This study shows that the TPH and their metabolic compounds were highly degraded. These strains and the assessment technique can be employed in biodegradation of petrochemical contaminated environment and also in the monitoring of biodegradation studies
Authors: Ayogu, C.V., Ifeanyi, V.O. and Obasi, N.P.
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Abstract
This study was performed to examine the potential of indigenous consortium of Pseudomonas strains by assessing the metabolic compounds from degradation of petrochemical contaminated soil. Native microorganisms were isolated using standard microbiological procedures and molecular identification technique. The physiochemical analysis was conducted using standard laboratory procedure of American Public Health Association (APHA). Bioremediation of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) and assessment of metabolic compounds from degradation of petrochemicals were by gravimetric technique. The identified bacteria were Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAER4 119, Pseudomonas mendocina strain NK-01 and Pseudomonas putida strain B6-2. Observations revealed that the physiochemical properties were affected due to high pollution level. Highest percentage reduction of the TPH was recorded at 74.5 9% by P. putida, 67.57 % by P. aeruginosa, 61.62 % by P. mendocina, and 80.81 % by consortium. Also highest percentage reduction of the metabolic compounds showed; 62%, 75 %, 68 %, and 81% for saturated hydrocarbon, 86.25 %, 87.50 %, 91 % and 92 % for phenolic compound, 94.06 %, 95.05 %, 96.53 %, and 97.03 % for asphaltene and polar compound, and 88.89 %, 94.44 %, 94.42%, and 97.22% for aromatic compound. The percentage reductions recorded were achieved by P. mendocina, P. putida, P. aeruginosa, and the consortium respectively. This study shows that the TPH and their metabolic compounds were highly degraded. These strains and the assessment technique can be employed in biodegradation of petrochemical contaminated environment and also in the monitoring of biodegradation studies
Bioremediation of Crude Oil Contaminated Niger Delta Rainforest Soil: A Focus on Saccharum officinarum Rhizoremediation
Quite a minute number of plants have been investigated for rhizoremediation of crude oil contaminated rainforest soils in the Niger Delta in relation to the overwhelmingly large number of plants. S. officinarum, one of the world’s most propagated grasses was investigated by contaminating soils with oil at 3480 and 7050 mg/kg respectively and subjecting it to the following treatments: soil + oil [SO], soil + oil + fertilizer (NPK)[SOF], soil + oil + fertilizer + hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria and fungi [SOFM], Soil +oil + fertilizer + hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria and fungi + solarisation [SOFMS] (in triplicates). All contaminated soils were planted with S. officinarum (P) and monitored for 120 days to determine: population dynamics of culturable aerobic-mesophilic heterotrophic and hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria and fungi, and residual soil total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH). Results indicated that while bacterial and fungal populations increased, residual TPH decreased with time in the rhizosphere of the plant at both concentrations. Degradation efficiency for the applied treatments was in order: PSOFM ˃ PSOFMS ˃ PSOF ˃ PSO. Although, the highest attainable rates of degradation for PSOFM were 75.6 and 71.2 % within the study period, the cumulative TPH loss from soil were 2630 and 5020 mg/kg from the initial contamination levels of 3480 and 7050 mg/kg respectively. The occurrence of substantial remediation in the rhizosphere of S. officinarum indicates the plant holds enormous promise in the remediation of crude oil contaminated rainforest soils in the Niger Delta.
Authors: Ubogu, M., Akponah, E., and Odokuma. L.O.
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Abstract
Quite a minute number of plants have been investigated for rhizoremediation of crude oil contaminated rainforest soils in the Niger Delta in relation to the overwhelmingly large number of plants. S. officinarum, one of the world’s most propagated grasses was investigated by contaminating soils with oil at 3480 and 7050 mg/kg respectively and subjecting it to the following treatments: soil + oil [SO], soil + oil + fertilizer (NPK)[SOF], soil + oil + fertilizer + hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria and fungi [SOFM], Soil +oil + fertilizer + hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria and fungi + solarisation [SOFMS] (in triplicates). All contaminated soils were planted with S. officinarum (P) and monitored for 120 days to determine: population dynamics of culturable aerobic-mesophilic heterotrophic and hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria and fungi, and residual soil total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH). Results indicated that while bacterial and fungal populations increased, residual TPH decreased with time in the rhizosphere of the plant at both concentrations. Degradation efficiency for the applied treatments was in order: PSOFM ˃ PSOFMS ˃ PSOF ˃ PSO. Although, the highest attainable rates of degradation for PSOFM were 75.6 and 71.2 % within the study period, the cumulative TPH loss from soil were 2630 and 5020 mg/kg from the initial contamination levels of 3480 and 7050 mg/kg respectively. The occurrence of substantial remediation in the rhizosphere of S. officinarum indicates the plant holds enormous promise in the remediation of crude oil contaminated rainforest soils in the Niger Delta.
Determination of the Growth Rate and Susceptibility Pattern of Fungi Using Agro Waste Formulated Media
Management of wastes especially agro wastes has been a major problem experienced in developed and developing countries. There is a serious need to convert these agro-wastes into useful forms. This study was undertaken to determine the growth rate and susceptibility pattern of fungi using agro-waste formulated media. Sweet Potato and Watermelon peel wastes were used to formulate SPDA and WDA media respectively and their performance compared with Potato Dextrose agar (PDA). The proximate analysis of the peel wastes was done using standard methods. The methods used for fungi isolation, cultivation and susceptibility testing were spread plate, agar plug diffusion and agar well diffusion techniques respectively. Solvent extraction of scent leaf and Ginger was done using ethanol and the extracts were used for the susceptibility testing. The result of the proximate analysis of the agro wastes revealed the presence of carbohydrate, protein, crude fibre, moisture and ash. Nine fungal species were isolated and used for growth rate and susceptibility testing. The result showed that PDA (0.14- 0.44h-1) performed better than the formulated media (0.14- 0.18h-1 and 0.13-0.22h-1)in growth rate of the isolates with a significant p value of 0.0020, while the formulated media(14- 41mm and 14-34mm; 0-25mm and 0 25mm) performed far better than the PDA(0-15mm and 0-16mm)in susceptibility testing with p values of 0.0028 and 0.0007 for Scent leaf ethanol extract and Ginger ethanol extract respectively. Thus the formulated media can be utilized as alternative cheap sources of culture media for antifungal screening and other mycological assays.
Authors: Okoye, E. L., Uba, B. O. and Ugwuoke, C. J.
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Abstract
Management of wastes especially agro wastes has been a major problem experienced in developed and developing countries. There is a serious need to convert these agro-wastes into useful forms. This study was undertaken to determine the growth rate and susceptibility pattern of fungi using agro-waste formulated media. Sweet Potato and Watermelon peel wastes were used to formulate SPDA and WDA media respectively and their performance compared with Potato Dextrose agar (PDA). The proximate analysis of the peel wastes was done using standard methods. The methods used for fungi isolation, cultivation and susceptibility testing were spread plate, agar plug diffusion and agar well diffusion techniques respectively. Solvent extraction of scent leaf and Ginger was done using ethanol and the extracts were used for the susceptibility testing. The result of the proximate analysis of the agro wastes revealed the presence of carbohydrate, protein, crude fibre, moisture and ash. Nine fungal species were isolated and used for growth rate and susceptibility testing. The result showed that PDA (0.14- 0.44h-1) performed better than the formulated media (0.14- 0.18h-1 and 0.13-0.22h-1)in growth rate of the isolates with a significant p value of 0.0020, while the formulated media(14- 41mm and 14-34mm; 0-25mm and 0 25mm) performed far better than the PDA(0-15mm and 0-16mm)in susceptibility testing with p values of 0.0028 and 0.0007 for Scent leaf ethanol extract and Ginger ethanol extract respectively. Thus the formulated media can be utilized as alternative cheap sources of culture media for antifungal screening and other mycological assays.
Seroprevalence of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen amongst Patients in Selected Hospitals in Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection has been identified as one of the most common infectious diseases of major health concern globally. The common method for detecting hepatitis B infection is to detect the presence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg).This research work was undertaken to determine the seroprevalence and possible risk factors of hepatitis B surface antigen amongst patients in selected hospitals in Kaduna metropolis, Kaduna State, Nigeria. Two hundred (200) blood samples were collected from patients who presented themselves for HBV screening and tests were carried out for one hepatitis B virus serological marker: HBsAg using Agary HBsAg test kits. Information was obtained for risk factors using structured questionnaire. There was an increased number of females (55.5%) compared to males (44.5%) recruited for this study. An overall seroprevalence of 9.5% for HBV infection was obtained from this study. About 5.4% and 14.6%of the female and male patients respectively were HBsAg positive. There was significant association between patients with hepatitis B family history ( ᵪ 2 =25.319;p=0.001), intravenous drug use (ᵪ2=7.707;p=0.006), tribal marks/ tattoos (ᵪ2 =3.879;p=0.049) and traditional barbers (ᵪ2 =12.604;p=0.001). Other risk factors studied were not significantly associated with HBsAg seropositivity. The highest and lowest frequency of HBsAg infection was observed in age group; 35-44 years (19.2%) and 15-24 years (5.3%) respectively. The high occurrence of HBsAg in this study calls for an urgent intervention strategy that place emphasizes on the need for enlightenment and massive vaccination against HBV
Authors: Yaki, L. M.,Idam, S. B. and Chock, J.J.
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Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection has been identified as one of the most common infectious diseases of major health concern globally. The common method for detecting hepatitis B infection is to detect the presence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg).This research work was undertaken to determine the seroprevalence and possible risk factors of hepatitis B surface antigen amongst patients in selected hospitals in Kaduna metropolis, Kaduna State, Nigeria. Two hundred (200) blood samples were collected from patients who presented themselves for HBV screening and tests were carried out for one hepatitis B virus serological marker: HBsAg using Agary HBsAg test kits. Information was obtained for risk factors using structured questionnaire. There was an increased number of females (55.5%) compared to males (44.5%) recruited for this study. An overall seroprevalence of 9.5% for HBV infection was obtained from this study. About 5.4% and 14.6%of the female and male patients respectively were HBsAg positive. There was significant association between patients with hepatitis B family history ( ᵪ 2 =25.319;p=0.001), intravenous drug use (ᵪ2=7.707;p=0.006), tribal marks/ tattoos (ᵪ2 =3.879;p=0.049) and traditional barbers (ᵪ2 =12.604;p=0.001). Other risk factors studied were not significantly associated with HBsAg seropositivity. The highest and lowest frequency of HBsAg infection was observed in age group; 35-44 years (19.2%) and 15-24 years (5.3%) respectively. The high occurrence of HBsAg in this study calls for an urgent intervention strategy that place emphasizes on the need for enlightenment and massive vaccination against HBV
In-vitro Antibacterial Effect of Honey against Selected Clinical Isolates from Wound of Patients Attending Dutse General Hospital, Jigawa State – Nigeria
In an era of multidrug resistant bacteria, evaluation of more natural therapeutic options becomes necessary. This study was conducted to determine the antibacterial activity of honey on some clinical bacterial isolates from wound of patients attending Dutse General Hospital. Forty (40) wound swab samples were collected and analyzed out of which 33 demonstrated the growth of organisms. These were identified using morphologic characteristics on selective and differential media, as well as Gram’s and biochemical reaction. Several organisms were isolated including; Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli, Proteus spp, Klebsiella spp and Pseudomonas spp. S. aureus is the most predominant organism isolated (34%). The antibacterial assay was determined using disk diffusion method with four different concentrations of two honey samples viz: 100% (v/v), 70% (v/v), 50% (v/v) and 30% (v/v). The tested organisms were sensitive to the different concentrations of honey used; however the highest activity was observed in 100% (v/v), the zone of inhibition ranges from 15 19mm in diameter. The highest zone of inhibition was observed in S. aureus (19mm) while Pseudomonas spp had the least (15mm). The antibacterial activity increased with increase in concentration. The MIC of the honey sample 1 and 2 were 1.25v/v for S. aureus, E. coli, Klebsiella spp and 2.5v/v for pseudomonas spp respectively. The MBC of the honey samples (1&2) were 2.5v/v for S. aureus, E. coli, Klebsiella spp and 5.0v/v for Pseudomonas spp respectively. The results of the study revealed that honey has a good antibacterial activity and as such can be used to treat wound infections.
Authors: Sani, N.M, Abdulganiyu, F., Mujahid, N.S., Ado, A.,Okoroiwu, I.A.G. and Uchendu, F.N.
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Abstract
In an era of multidrug resistant bacteria, evaluation of more natural therapeutic options becomes necessary. This study was conducted to determine the antibacterial activity of honey on some clinical bacterial isolates from wound of patients attending Dutse General Hospital. Forty (40) wound swab samples were collected and analyzed out of which 33 demonstrated the growth of organisms. These were identified using morphologic characteristics on selective and differential media, as well as Gram’s and biochemical reaction. Several organisms were isolated including; Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli, Proteus spp, Klebsiella spp and Pseudomonas spp. S. aureus is the most predominant organism isolated (34%). The antibacterial assay was determined using disk diffusion method with four different concentrations of two honey samples viz: 100% (v/v), 70% (v/v), 50% (v/v) and 30% (v/v). The tested organisms were sensitive to the different concentrations of honey used; however the highest activity was observed in 100% (v/v), the zone of inhibition ranges from 15 19mm in diameter. The highest zone of inhibition was observed in S. aureus (19mm) while Pseudomonas spp had the least (15mm). The antibacterial activity increased with increase in concentration. The MIC of the honey sample 1 and 2 were 1.25v/v for S. aureus, E. coli, Klebsiella spp and 2.5v/v for pseudomonas spp respectively. The MBC of the honey samples (1&2) were 2.5v/v for S. aureus, E. coli, Klebsiella spp and 5.0v/v for Pseudomonas spp respectively. The results of the study revealed that honey has a good antibacterial activity and as such can be used to treat wound infections.
Isolation and Identification of Escherichia coli O157:H7 from Raw Salad Vegetables Sold in Sokoto Metropolis, Nigeria
The presence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in fresh salad vegetables was evaluated in this study. One hundred and fifty (150) Salad vegetable samples (lettuce, cabbage and spring onion) were aseptically collected from two different markets (Ramin Kura and Meat and vegetables market) in Sokoto metropolis. Isolates from the samples were fully characterized by using standard methods. Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of seven (7) E. coli O157H7 isolates were investigated using 8 commonly used antibiotic, showed level of antimicrobial resistance. Out of the 19 E. coli identified only 7 were E. coli O157:H7. The occurrence of E. coli O157:H7 in lettuce, cabbage and spring onion were 2 (1.33%), 3(2.00%) and 2(1.33%) respectively. The highest occurrence rate observed from this study was in cabbage 3(2.00%). Samples obtained from Meat and vegetables market have more occurrence of E. coli O157:H7 than samples obtained from the Ramin kura market. Oflaxacin 40(mm), ciprofloxacin 33 (mm) and nitrofurantoin 32 (mm) showed high antibacterial activity while Augmentin did not show any activity. Presence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in salad vegetables serve as potential risk of infection to the consumers.
Authors: Bahira, B. Y, Muhammad, U-1 , Baki, A. S, and Gambo, S.
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Abstract
The presence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in fresh salad vegetables was evaluated in this study. One hundred and fifty (150) Salad vegetable samples (lettuce, cabbage and spring onion) were aseptically collected from two different markets (Ramin Kura and Meat and vegetables market) in Sokoto metropolis. Isolates from the samples were fully characterized by using standard methods. Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of seven (7) E. coli O157H7 isolates were investigated using 8 commonly used antibiotic, showed level of antimicrobial resistance. Out of the 19 E. coli identified only 7 were E. coli O157:H7. The occurrence of E. coli O157:H7 in lettuce, cabbage and spring onion were 2 (1.33%), 3(2.00%) and 2(1.33%) respectively. The highest occurrence rate observed from this study was in cabbage 3(2.00%). Samples obtained from Meat and vegetables market have more occurrence of E. coli O157:H7 than samples obtained from the Ramin kura market. Oflaxacin 40(mm), ciprofloxacin 33 (mm) and nitrofurantoin 32 (mm) showed high antibacterial activity while Augmentin did not show any activity. Presence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in salad vegetables serve as potential risk of infection to the consumers.
Molecular Characterization of Bacteria Associated with a Dumpsite Soil in University of Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria
This study identified the bacterial species associated with dumpsite soil using both cultural and molecular techniques. Soil samples were obtained from the University of Port Harcourt, Rivers State. Bacteria associated with dumpsite soil were isolated using both Nutrient agar and serial dilution method. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was extracted from pure cultures of bacterial isolates using Quick-DNA Fungal/Bacterial MiniPrepTM Kit and the concentration determined using Nanadrop 2000c Spectrophotometer. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of I6S rRNA gene of the extracted DNA was carried out using bacteria universal primer pair; 16SF and 16SR. Sequencing was performed in an ABI3500 Genetic analyzer. The sequences were aligned and compared with some sequences on the National Centre for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database for species identification and evolutionary trend. Four bacterial species were obtained. The result of the nucleotide sequence analysis revealed that isolate 1 with 1129bp had a 100% similarity to Enterobacter ludwigii; isolate 2 with 1235bp had a 91% similarity to Acinetobacter baumannii; isolate 3 having 1033bp had a 98% similarity to Lysinibacillus fusiformis; while isolate 4 with 1129bp had a 95% similarity to Burkholderia latens. The accession numbers MN310508, MK719842, MN396184 and MN207011 were assigned to isolates 1 to 4 respectively. This study provided more information on the bacteria species associated with dumpsite soils.
Authors: Iyanyi, N. G., Ataga, A. E. , Soala, M. and Jumbo, J.
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Abstract
This study identified the bacterial species associated with dumpsite soil using both cultural and molecular techniques. Soil samples were obtained from the University of Port Harcourt, Rivers State. Bacteria associated with dumpsite soil were isolated using both Nutrient agar and serial dilution method. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was extracted from pure cultures of bacterial isolates using Quick-DNA Fungal/Bacterial MiniPrepTM Kit and the concentration determined using Nanadrop 2000c Spectrophotometer. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of I6S rRNA gene of the extracted DNA was carried out using bacteria universal primer pair; 16SF and 16SR. Sequencing was performed in an ABI3500 Genetic analyzer. The sequences were aligned and compared with some sequences on the National Centre for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database for species identification and evolutionary trend. Four bacterial species were obtained. The result of the nucleotide sequence analysis revealed that isolate 1 with 1129bp had a 100% similarity to Enterobacter ludwigii; isolate 2 with 1235bp had a 91% similarity to Acinetobacter baumannii; isolate 3 having 1033bp had a 98% similarity to Lysinibacillus fusiformis; while isolate 4 with 1129bp had a 95% similarity to Burkholderia latens. The accession numbers MN310508, MK719842, MN396184 and MN207011 were assigned to isolates 1 to 4 respectively. This study provided more information on the bacteria species associated with dumpsite soils.
Pathogenicity of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Strains: Molecular and Genetic Perspectives: A Review
Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a pathogenic bacterium of significant importance that causes most of the hospital and community acquired infections associated with S. aureus. Methicillin resistance in strains of S. aureus is due to possession of the mecA gene or mecC gene found on a mobile genetic element (SCCmec). The virulence of MRSA is multifactorial because of the combined action of numerous virulence factors that facilitate tissue adhesion, immune evasion, and host cell injury. These virulence determinants involve both structural factors, such as surface adhesins that mediate adherence to host tissues, and secreted factors, such as enzymes, which convert host tissue into nutrients. The virulence factors of MRSA include PVL, TSST-1, Staphylococcus protein A (spa). The quorum sensing together with the global accessory regulator of Staphylococcus aureus helps control the expression of virulence gene as some are up-regulated during exponential phase of growth and down-regulated during stationary phase and vice-versa. MRSA is versatile and unpredictable. Its capacity for genetic adaptation and the serial emergence of successful epidemic strains cause it to remain a major threat to human health, further understanding of its pathogenicity trends and epidemiology will give an insight on how to tackle it’s spread.
Authors: Tukur, A. M., Dutsinma, U.A. and Kawo, A. H.
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Abstract
Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a pathogenic bacterium of significant importance that causes most of the hospital and community acquired infections associated with S. aureus. Methicillin resistance in strains of S. aureus is due to possession of the mecA gene or mecC gene found on a mobile genetic element (SCCmec). The virulence of MRSA is multifactorial because of the combined action of numerous virulence factors that facilitate tissue adhesion, immune evasion, and host cell injury. These virulence determinants involve both structural factors, such as surface adhesins that mediate adherence to host tissues, and secreted factors, such as enzymes, which convert host tissue into nutrients. The virulence factors of MRSA include PVL, TSST-1, Staphylococcus protein A (spa). The quorum sensing together with the global accessory regulator of Staphylococcus aureus helps control the expression of virulence gene as some are up-regulated during exponential phase of growth and down-regulated during stationary phase and vice-versa. MRSA is versatile and unpredictable. Its capacity for genetic adaptation and the serial emergence of successful epidemic strains cause it to remain a major threat to human health, further understanding of its pathogenicity trends and epidemiology will give an insight on how to tackle it’s spread.
Isolation and Growth Trend of Selected Strains of Pseudomonas in Petrochemical Contaminated Soil
Some toxic chemicals from petroleum products constitute environmental pollutants which are considered threats to ecological system. This study was performed to monitor the survival growth of some selected indigenous Pseudomonas strains isolated from petrochemical contaminated soil. Standard microbiological procedures and 16S rRNA technique were employed during isolation and identification of the strains. The physiochemical characteristics of the soil sample were conducted using standard laboratory procedure. Optimization of culture conditions were carried out under varying pH concentrations, moisture content, temperature and nutrients (N:P). The identified strains were P. aeruginosa PAER4 119, P. putida B6-2 and P. mendocina NK-01. The result of the soil physiochemical properties showed particle size distribution of 70.60 % for sand, 21.40 % for loam and 8.00 % for clay. The recorded pH value of 5.8, moisture content of 12.5 % and total petroleum hydrocarbons of 7.4 % were observed. The results of the optimization showed highest cell growth at temperature of 30 oC, pH value of 7, moisture content of 20 %, and nitrogen phosphorus ratio of 10:1. Maximum growth recorded during bioremediation by the strains were 2.90 x 1010 cfu/g for P. putida B6-2, 2.86 x 1010 cfu/g for P. aeruginosa PAER4 119 and 2.84 x 1010 cfu/g for P. mendocina NK-01. Cell growth increased with time. This study revealed the ability of Pseudomonas strains to grow and survive in the petrochemical contaminated soil. Hence, this study can be employed for successful bioremediation studies
Authors: Ayogu, C.V., Ifeanyi, V. O. and Obasi, N. P.
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Abstract
Some toxic chemicals from petroleum products constitute environmental pollutants which are considered threats to ecological system. This study was performed to monitor the survival growth of some selected indigenous Pseudomonas strains isolated from petrochemical contaminated soil. Standard microbiological procedures and 16S rRNA technique were employed during isolation and identification of the strains. The physiochemical characteristics of the soil sample were conducted using standard laboratory procedure. Optimization of culture conditions were carried out under varying pH concentrations, moisture content, temperature and nutrients (N:P). The identified strains were P. aeruginosa PAER4 119, P. putida B6-2 and P. mendocina NK-01. The result of the soil physiochemical properties showed particle size distribution of 70.60 % for sand, 21.40 % for loam and 8.00 % for clay. The recorded pH value of 5.8, moisture content of 12.5 % and total petroleum hydrocarbons of 7.4 % were observed. The results of the optimization showed highest cell growth at temperature of 30 oC, pH value of 7, moisture content of 20 %, and nitrogen phosphorus ratio of 10:1. Maximum growth recorded during bioremediation by the strains were 2.90 x 1010 cfu/g for P. putida B6-2, 2.86 x 1010 cfu/g for P. aeruginosa PAER4 119 and 2.84 x 1010 cfu/g for P. mendocina NK-01. Cell growth increased with time. This study revealed the ability of Pseudomonas strains to grow and survive in the petrochemical contaminated soil. Hence, this study can be employed for successful bioremediation studies
Prevalence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in North Central Nigeria
Prevalence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is on the increase in developing countries especially in Nigeria despite the availability of short course therapy that are inexpensive and effective. This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of M. tuberculosis in North central Nigeria. A total of 2800 sputum samples from suspected pulmonary TB patients attending secondary health care facilities across North central, Nigeria were collected and processed for the presence of M. tuberculosis using Gene Xpert. The result revealed a prevalence of M. tuberculosis of 13.25% among the studied patients. Patients aged 30-39 years had the highest prevalence of 39.08% with male respondents having 13.88% while females had 12.56%. Also, 20.6% of PTB patients were co-infected HIV. The prevalence of TB was 13.24% and 13.26% among alcoholic consumers and non-alcoholic consumers respectively and 14.2% and 12.8% among smokers and non-smokers respectively. The importance of education with regard to the occurrence of PTB in this study shows that respondent with secondary and primary education had the highest prevalence of 13.6%, followed closely by those with tertiary education (13.4%), the least were participants with no formal education (12.4%). Base on the quality of sputum as a reservoir for MTB, bloody stained sputum showed the highest prevalence of 19.90 % of PTB as compare to mucoid showing 12.50 % as the lowest. The study detected high prevalence of M tuberculosis causing PTB among new cases across the North Central states of Nigeria, and this could serve as a wakeup call to put more effort and channel resources that will lead to reduction of the prevalence of PTB.
Authors: Ajide, B., Chuku, A., Lawson, L., Orole, K. and Adogo, L.
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Abstract
Prevalence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is on the increase in developing countries especially in Nigeria despite the availability of short course therapy that are inexpensive and effective. This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of M. tuberculosis in North central Nigeria. A total of 2800 sputum samples from suspected pulmonary TB patients attending secondary health care facilities across North central, Nigeria were collected and processed for the presence of M. tuberculosis using Gene Xpert. The result revealed a prevalence of M. tuberculosis of 13.25% among the studied patients. Patients aged 30-39 years had the highest prevalence of 39.08% with male respondents having 13.88% while females had 12.56%. Also, 20.6% of PTB patients were co-infected HIV. The prevalence of TB was 13.24% and 13.26% among alcoholic consumers and non-alcoholic consumers respectively and 14.2% and 12.8% among smokers and non-smokers respectively. The importance of education with regard to the occurrence of PTB in this study shows that respondent with secondary and primary education had the highest prevalence of 13.6%, followed closely by those with tertiary education (13.4%), the least were participants with no formal education (12.4%). Base on the quality of sputum as a reservoir for MTB, bloody stained sputum showed the highest prevalence of 19.90 % of PTB as compare to mucoid showing 12.50 % as the lowest. The study detected high prevalence of M tuberculosis causing PTB among new cases across the North Central states of Nigeria, and this could serve as a wakeup call to put more effort and channel resources that will lead to reduction of the prevalence of PTB.
Incidence, Virulence Markers and Antifungal Susceptibility Profile of Candida Species among Contraceptive Users in Benue and Niger States, Nigeria
Candida species are responsible for vulvovaginal candidiasis and resistance to antifungal drugs is a challenge. This study determined the incidence of vaginal candidiasis, antifungal susceptibility pattern and virulence markers of Candida species among contraceptive users. A total of 800 High Vaginal Swabs (HVS) were collected from women using contraceptive devices and inoculated onto Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) medium and CHROM agar. Candidal colonies were examined using lactophenol cotton blue and Germ tube test. The isolates were then subjected to a disc diffusion method using voriconazole, nystatin, and fluconazole on Mueller-Hinton agar to determine the susceptibility pattern of the isolates. Virulence markers which include heamolytic activity, coagulase production and biofilm formation were determined using standard microbiological methods. The incidence of vulvovaginal candidiasis in the study area is 44.88%. Candida albicans (33.98%) was the most frequent isolate while a preponderance of C. glabrata (16.99%) was observed among non-albicans Candida species. All the Candida species demonstrated at least one of the virulence markers, except C. parapsilosis which did not produce biofilm. Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis were 100% susceptible to nystatin, voriconazole and fluconazole. All the Candida glabrata isolates were susceptible (100%) to the three antifungal drugs. Candida parapsilosis and Candida krusei were 100% susceptible to nystatin. This current study revealed the incidence and the distribution of Candida species among contraceptive users. The isolates showed varying susceptibility patterns to the drugs except Candida krusei which was 100% resistant to voriconazole and fluconazole.
Authors: Adogo, L.Y., Aleruchi, C. and Nfongeh, J.F.
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Abstract
Candida species are responsible for vulvovaginal candidiasis and resistance to antifungal drugs is a challenge. This study determined the incidence of vaginal candidiasis, antifungal susceptibility pattern and virulence markers of Candida species among contraceptive users. A total of 800 High Vaginal Swabs (HVS) were collected from women using contraceptive devices and inoculated onto Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) medium and CHROM agar. Candidal colonies were examined using lactophenol cotton blue and Germ tube test. The isolates were then subjected to a disc diffusion method using voriconazole, nystatin, and fluconazole on Mueller-Hinton agar to determine the susceptibility pattern of the isolates. Virulence markers which include heamolytic activity, coagulase production and biofilm formation were determined using standard microbiological methods. The incidence of vulvovaginal candidiasis in the study area is 44.88%. Candida albicans (33.98%) was the most frequent isolate while a preponderance of C. glabrata (16.99%) was observed among non-albicans Candida species. All the Candida species demonstrated at least one of the virulence markers, except C. parapsilosis which did not produce biofilm. Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis were 100% susceptible to nystatin, voriconazole and fluconazole. All the Candida glabrata isolates were susceptible (100%) to the three antifungal drugs. Candida parapsilosis and Candida krusei were 100% susceptible to nystatin. This current study revealed the incidence and the distribution of Candida species among contraceptive users. The isolates showed varying susceptibility patterns to the drugs except Candida krusei which was 100% resistant to voriconazole and fluconazole.
Susceptibility Pattern of Bacteria Isolated from Postoperative Wounds of Hysterectomy Patients in Catholic Hospitals at Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria
The study identified the bacterial isolates associated with the postoperative wound of women that underwent a hysterectomy and determined their susceptibility pattern to some antibiotics. Sixty (60) specimens of a postoperative wound from patients that underwent hysterectomy were aseptically collected and cultured using standard microbiological procedures. The isolates were identified using Gram stain and biochemical methods, and disc diffusion method was used to test for the susceptibility pattern of the isolates. Six bacterial isolates, namely Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus specie, Klebsiella species, and Proteus species, were isolated. Amongst the six isolates, Pseudomonas aeruginosa had the highest frequency of occurrence 12(29.3%), followed by Staphylococcus aureus 10(24.4%), Klebsiella specie 8(19.5%), Escherichia coli, 5(12.5%) while the least was recorded against Proteus specie 2(4.9%). Among the Gram-positive bacteria, the high level of resistance was recorded by Streptococcus specie (80%) against penicillin, followed by Staphylococcus aureus (70%). In comparison, the least level of resistance was observed with ampicillin (25%) against Streptococcus specie. The zone of inhibition of the antibiotics against the isolates ranges from 8.7–17.3mm for the Gram negative and 8.2-17.6mm for Gram-positive isolates. Streptomycin and Gentamicin had the highest inhibition (17.3mm) against Gram-negative, while penicillin produces the highest zone of inhibition against the Gram-positive isolates. The study identifies the pronounce resistance of isolates to commonly used antibiotics, which suggested the need for rational use of the drugs to prevent the emergence of multi drug resistant strains. Appropriate infection control measures and sound antibiotic policy are necessary to reduce postoperative wound infections.
Authors: Nwankwo I.U, Edward K.C, Nwoba, C.N and Nwaka, S.O.
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Abstract
The study identified the bacterial isolates associated with the postoperative wound of women that underwent a hysterectomy and determined their susceptibility pattern to some antibiotics. Sixty (60) specimens of a postoperative wound from patients that underwent hysterectomy were aseptically collected and cultured using standard microbiological procedures. The isolates were identified using Gram stain and biochemical methods, and disc diffusion method was used to test for the susceptibility pattern of the isolates. Six bacterial isolates, namely Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus specie, Klebsiella species, and Proteus species, were isolated. Amongst the six isolates, Pseudomonas aeruginosa had the highest frequency of occurrence 12(29.3%), followed by Staphylococcus aureus 10(24.4%), Klebsiella specie 8(19.5%), Escherichia coli, 5(12.5%) while the least was recorded against Proteus specie 2(4.9%). Among the Gram-positive bacteria, the high level of resistance was recorded by Streptococcus specie (80%) against penicillin, followed by Staphylococcus aureus (70%). In comparison, the least level of resistance was observed with ampicillin (25%) against Streptococcus specie. The zone of inhibition of the antibiotics against the isolates ranges from 8.7–17.3mm for the Gram negative and 8.2-17.6mm for Gram-positive isolates. Streptomycin and Gentamicin had the highest inhibition (17.3mm) against Gram-negative, while penicillin produces the highest zone of inhibition against the Gram-positive isolates. The study identifies the pronounce resistance of isolates to commonly used antibiotics, which suggested the need for rational use of the drugs to prevent the emergence of multi drug resistant strains. Appropriate infection control measures and sound antibiotic policy are necessary to reduce postoperative wound infections.
Multiple Antibiotic Resistance among Escherichia coli Isolated from Selected Abattoirs in Northwestern Nigeria
Escherichia coli is one of the major contaminants in the abattoir because of its frequent association with both living and cattle carcasses. It is used as indicator for both contamination and prevalence of antibiotic resistance. Samples were collected from water, effluent and swabs of various surfaces from selected abattoirs in northwestern Nigeria. They were analyzed using microbiological techniques for isolation of E. coli. Fifty of these bacteria were randomly selected and tested against nine selected antibiotics: amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (30 µg), cefoxitin (30 µg), gentamicin (10 µg), tetracycline (30 µg), ciprofloxacin (5 µg), sulfonamides and trimethroprim (25 µg), chloramphenicol (30 µg), vancomycin (30 µg) and erythromycin (15 µg)to determine their level of resistance to each of the antibiotics using disc diffusion method. The results showed highest resistance of E. coli isolates to vancomycin (92%), followed by amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (76%) and erythromycin (76%). None of the isolates was resistant to gentamicin and ciprofloxacin. However, resistance against chloramphenicol (8%), sulfonamides and trimethroprim (16%), and cefoxitin(24%) were low. Multiple antibiotic resistant index (MARI) was determined and 46 (92%) of the isolates were found to be multi-drug resistant. Indiscriminate use of antibiotics for treatment, as growth promoter in animal foods and poor hygiene practices could be responsible for this level of resistance. The high resistant E. coli could be a significant threat to public health due to the risk of transferring the bacteria into food chain hence, monitoring antimicrobial resistance and virulence is indispensable.
Authors: Shiaka, G.P. ,Yakubu, S.E., Aminu-Mukhtar, M., Whong, C.M.Z., Adeleye, A.O and Dashen, M.M.
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Abstract
Escherichia coli is one of the major contaminants in the abattoir because of its frequent association with both living and cattle carcasses. It is used as indicator for both contamination and prevalence of antibiotic resistance. Samples were collected from water, effluent and swabs of various surfaces from selected abattoirs in northwestern Nigeria. They were analyzed using microbiological techniques for isolation of E. coli. Fifty of these bacteria were randomly selected and tested against nine selected antibiotics: amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (30 µg), cefoxitin (30 µg), gentamicin (10 µg), tetracycline (30 µg), ciprofloxacin (5 µg), sulfonamides and trimethroprim (25 µg), chloramphenicol (30 µg), vancomycin (30 µg) and erythromycin (15 µg)to determine their level of resistance to each of the antibiotics using disc diffusion method. The results showed highest resistance of E. coli isolates to vancomycin (92%), followed by amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (76%) and erythromycin (76%). None of the isolates was resistant to gentamicin and ciprofloxacin. However, resistance against chloramphenicol (8%), sulfonamides and trimethroprim (16%), and cefoxitin(24%) were low. Multiple antibiotic resistant index (MARI) was determined and 46 (92%) of the isolates were found to be multi-drug resistant. Indiscriminate use of antibiotics for treatment, as growth promoter in animal foods and poor hygiene practices could be responsible for this level of resistance. The high resistant E. coli could be a significant threat to public health due to the risk of transferring the bacteria into food chain hence, monitoring antimicrobial resistance and virulence is indispensable.
Assessment of the Probiotic Potential of Lactobacillus species Isolated from Selected Brands of Yoghurt sold in Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria
Probiotics are non-pathogenic and non-toxigenic bacteria that serve as a natural barrier against pathogenic enteric bacteria. Yoghurt and other fermented dairy products are the most common source of probiotics.This study was carried out to assess the probiotic potential of Lactobacillus species isolated from different brands of yoghurt. Nine(9) yoghurt samples consisting of three (3) different brands were purchased from local vendors. The samples were serially diluted, inoculated onto De Man Rogosa and Sharpe(MRS) Agar and incubated anaerobically using a candle jar at 37oC for 24 hrs. Colonies with characteristics colonial morphology of Lactobacillus species on MRS agar were sub-cultured fresh MRS agar. The isolates were further identified and characterized microscopically and biochemically. The isolates were screened for their ability to tolerate low pH, tolerate bile and exhibit antibacterial activity. The nine (9) isolates of Lactobacillus species obtained consist of 7(77.78%) L. plantarum, 1(11.11%) L. bulgaricus and 1(11.11%) L. salivarius. All the isolates tolerated low pH and bile salt at different concentrations. Two (2) of the isolates had antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, however none of the isolates had antibacterial activity against Salmonella Typhi. Of the three Lactobacillus species isolated from yoghurt, L. plantarum had the highest occurrence with 77.78%.Two of the Lactobacillus species isolated from yoghurt tolerated low pH, bile salt at different concentrations and exhibited antibacterial activity hence possesses probiotic potential.
Authors: Hussaini, I.M., Isah, A., Gide, S., Sherif, W. and Anas, G.
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Abstract
Probiotics are non-pathogenic and non-toxigenic bacteria that serve as a natural barrier against pathogenic enteric bacteria. Yoghurt and other fermented dairy products are the most common source of probiotics.This study was carried out to assess the probiotic potential of Lactobacillus species isolated from different brands of yoghurt. Nine(9) yoghurt samples consisting of three (3) different brands were purchased from local vendors. The samples were serially diluted, inoculated onto De Man Rogosa and Sharpe(MRS) Agar and incubated anaerobically using a candle jar at 37oC for 24 hrs. Colonies with characteristics colonial morphology of Lactobacillus species on MRS agar were sub-cultured fresh MRS agar. The isolates were further identified and characterized microscopically and biochemically. The isolates were screened for their ability to tolerate low pH, tolerate bile and exhibit antibacterial activity. The nine (9) isolates of Lactobacillus species obtained consist of 7(77.78%) L. plantarum, 1(11.11%) L. bulgaricus and 1(11.11%) L. salivarius. All the isolates tolerated low pH and bile salt at different concentrations. Two (2) of the isolates had antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, however none of the isolates had antibacterial activity against Salmonella Typhi. Of the three Lactobacillus species isolated from yoghurt, L. plantarum had the highest occurrence with 77.78%.Two of the Lactobacillus species isolated from yoghurt tolerated low pH, bile salt at different concentrations and exhibited antibacterial activity hence possesses probiotic potential.
ffect of Chemical Peeling on Microbiological Quality, Functional Characteristics and Yield of Some Fermented Cassava Products
Cassava roots peeling remains a serious global challenge due to their varying sizes and shapes. This results in over or under-peeling during mechanized and automated operations. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of chemical peeling on physiochemical, microbiological and functional characteristics of some cassava products. Yellow-fleshed cassava (IITA-TMS-IBA070593) was peeled by immersing the roots in 15% NaOH solution (lye) for 5 minutes. Softened peels were removed with brush under running water and neutralized with 3% citric acid solution at 30oC. Cassava peeled with sharp stainless steel knife was used as control. Peeled roots were fermented into stiff dough mill known as Gari and Fufu after 72 and 96 hours respectively. pH, total titratable acidity (TTA) and total plate count (TPC), bacterial and fungal counts were determined on fermenting mash at 0, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours respectively. Results showed that pH of submerged state fermenting mash for fufu and solid state fermenting mash for gari decreased as TTA increased during fermentation. pH decreased from 8.29 at 0 hour to 5.34 at 96 hours, while TTA increased from 0.20 at 0 hour to 1.60 at 96 hours. TPC increased from 0.5x 104CFU/g to 1.7x 104CFU/g, lactic acid bacteria count (LABC) increased from 1.9 x 104CFU/g to 20.8 x 104CFU/g, while fungal count increased from 1.8 x 104 CFU /g to 8.4 x 104 CFU /g. Dispersibility ranged from 40.50% to 75.50%, bulk density ranged from 0.59g/ml3 to 0.78g/ml3, water absorption capacity varied between 1.80g/g and 6.00g/g, while swelling power ranged from 14.39% to 15.50%. Products made from chemically peeled cassava compared favourably with knife peeled ones
Authors: Arisa, N. U. and Daramola, B. E.
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Abstract
Cassava roots peeling remains a serious global challenge due to their varying sizes and shapes. This results in over or under-peeling during mechanized and automated operations. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of chemical peeling on physiochemical, microbiological and functional characteristics of some cassava products. Yellow-fleshed cassava (IITA-TMS-IBA070593) was peeled by immersing the roots in 15% NaOH solution (lye) for 5 minutes. Softened peels were removed with brush under running water and neutralized with 3% citric acid solution at 30oC. Cassava peeled with sharp stainless steel knife was used as control. Peeled roots were fermented into stiff dough mill known as Gari and Fufu after 72 and 96 hours respectively. pH, total titratable acidity (TTA) and total plate count (TPC), bacterial and fungal counts were determined on fermenting mash at 0, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours respectively. Results showed that pH of submerged state fermenting mash for fufu and solid state fermenting mash for gari decreased as TTA increased during fermentation. pH decreased from 8.29 at 0 hour to 5.34 at 96 hours, while TTA increased from 0.20 at 0 hour to 1.60 at 96 hours. TPC increased from 0.5x 104CFU/g to 1.7x 104CFU/g, lactic acid bacteria count (LABC) increased from 1.9 x 104CFU/g to 20.8 x 104CFU/g, while fungal count increased from 1.8 x 104 CFU /g to 8.4 x 104 CFU /g. Dispersibility ranged from 40.50% to 75.50%, bulk density ranged from 0.59g/ml3 to 0.78g/ml3, water absorption capacity varied between 1.80g/g and 6.00g/g, while swelling power ranged from 14.39% to 15.50%. Products made from chemically peeled cassava compared favourably with knife peeled ones
Seroprevalence of Rubella Virus Among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Clinic at Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano State, Nigeria
Rubella is an acute infectious disease caused by rubella virus (RUBV). Rubella virus infection remains one of the major global public health problems, especially in developing countries causing 100 000 cases of congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) every year. However, data on this subject matter is scarce in the study area. This study was aimed at determining the seroprevalence of rubella virus among pregnant women attending antenatal clinic at Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano State. It was a descriptive, cross sectional and hospital based study. A total of 276 pregnant women participated in the study. Information on bio-data, socio-demographic characteristics and medical history of the participants and risk factors were obtained via a structured questionnaire and hospital records. Blood samples were analysed for RUBV IgG and IgM antibody using ELISA method. The data generated were analysed using SPSS for window version 20.0. An overall rubella IgM prevalence of 32.25% was obtained in the study. Two (0.73%) participants were positive to only rubella IgM antibody, 58.33% to only rubella IgG antibody and 31.52% to both IgM and IgG antibodies. The result of the study showed that there was no statistical relationship between the tested socio-demographical parameters and reproductive characters. Rubella virus incidence among pregnant women in this study area was high; this indicates the need for public enlightenment campaign on possible mode of prevention and control to limit the spread of the disease and its associated morbidity and mortality.
Authors: Rabiu, M. Y, Mohammed, Y, Akande, A. O., Idris, A. M., Umar, A. A, Ibrahim, A. M and Amadu, M
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Abstract
Rubella is an acute infectious disease caused by rubella virus (RUBV). Rubella virus infection remains one of the major global public health problems, especially in developing countries causing 100 000 cases of congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) every year. However, data on this subject matter is scarce in the study area. This study was aimed at determining the seroprevalence of rubella virus among pregnant women attending antenatal clinic at Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano State. It was a descriptive, cross sectional and hospital based study. A total of 276 pregnant women participated in the study. Information on bio-data, socio-demographic characteristics and medical history of the participants and risk factors were obtained via a structured questionnaire and hospital records. Blood samples were analysed for RUBV IgG and IgM antibody using ELISA method. The data generated were analysed using SPSS for window version 20.0. An overall rubella IgM prevalence of 32.25% was obtained in the study. Two (0.73%) participants were positive to only rubella IgM antibody, 58.33% to only rubella IgG antibody and 31.52% to both IgM and IgG antibodies. The result of the study showed that there was no statistical relationship between the tested socio-demographical parameters and reproductive characters. Rubella virus incidence among pregnant women in this study area was high; this indicates the need for public enlightenment campaign on possible mode of prevention and control to limit the spread of the disease and its associated morbidity and mortality.
A Survey on Tuberculosis and HIV Co-Infection among Presumptive Tuberculosis Patients within Zuru Emirate Council, Kebbi State, Nigeria
Tuberculosis (TB) and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) are among the leading causes of death in Nigeria and Africa with HIV increasing the TB epidemic. This study aimed to determine the Prevalence of HIV among TB patients attending Martha Bamaiyi General Hospital (MBGH) Zuru Kebbi State, Nigeria. It was a cross-sectional study that involved 185 presumptive TB patients that attended MBGH Tuberculosis Laboratory Zuru. Sputum samples were collected from the patients and their TB status was determined using Gene Xpert (MTB/RIF). Demographic information and patients’ HIV status was also documented from their medical record. The result revealed that the prevalence of TB among the studied patients was 17.3% (32/185) and 0% prevalence for RR-TB. The HIV prevalence was found to be 21.62% (40/185) while HIV-TB co-infection was 12.5% (4/185). Males had higher TB prevalence rate of 59.4% while more females (75%) were infected with HIV and had higher HIV-TB co-infection of 100%. Patients aged 25-34 years old had higher HIV infection rate of 38.89%. Based on settlements, the HIV-TB co-infected patients in semi-urban settlement had the highest co-infection rate (50%) while those in urban settlement were more infected with HIV (38.89%). Among the local governments, Danko-Wasagu had the highest HIV prevalence of 58.33% and higher HIV co-infected patients (75%) respectively. Hence, for effective TB control and to minimize the rate of transmission and acquisition of new infections there is the need for quick response and intervention by the appropriate agencies.
Authors: Ibrahim, M. A., Abdulkadir, B., Y. Y. Riko, Farida, A. T., Mujahid, H., Ezekiel, B. K., Usman, A., Ahmad, M. A., Isah, M. G. and Murtala, S.
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Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) are among the leading causes of death in Nigeria and Africa with HIV increasing the TB epidemic. This study aimed to determine the Prevalence of HIV among TB patients attending Martha Bamaiyi General Hospital (MBGH) Zuru Kebbi State, Nigeria. It was a cross-sectional study that involved 185 presumptive TB patients that attended MBGH Tuberculosis Laboratory Zuru. Sputum samples were collected from the patients and their TB status was determined using Gene Xpert (MTB/RIF). Demographic information and patients’ HIV status was also documented from their medical record. The result revealed that the prevalence of TB among the studied patients was 17.3% (32/185) and 0% prevalence for RR-TB. The HIV prevalence was found to be 21.62% (40/185) while HIV-TB co-infection was 12.5% (4/185). Males had higher TB prevalence rate of 59.4% while more females (75%) were infected with HIV and had higher HIV-TB co-infection of 100%. Patients aged 25-34 years old had higher HIV infection rate of 38.89%. Based on settlements, the HIV-TB co-infected patients in semi-urban settlement had the highest co-infection rate (50%) while those in urban settlement were more infected with HIV (38.89%). Among the local governments, Danko-Wasagu had the highest HIV prevalence of 58.33% and higher HIV co-infected patients (75%) respectively. Hence, for effective TB control and to minimize the rate of transmission and acquisition of new infections there is the need for quick response and intervention by the appropriate agencies.
Microbial Assessment of Leafy and Salad Vegetables Sold in Five Different Markets in Lagos State, Nigeria
Vegetables are essential protective food for good health and are also potential reservoir of microbial contaminants. Intake of raw vegetables contaminated with detrimental microorganisms may result in food poisoning. Thus this study assessed the microbial loads of leafy and salad vegetables from five different markets in Lagos State. Macerated samples of the vegetables were analyzed for microbial load using pour plate method. Bacteria were putatively identified on the basis of their phenotypic and biochemical characteristics and fungal isolates were identified by lactophenol-in cotton blue staining. The total viable counts recorded in the vegetables samples ranged from 2.2x104-14.8 x 104cfu/g, coliform counts show 1.0 x104–5.6 x 104cfu/g, while Salmonella-Shigella count ranged from0.2 x 104–8.5 x 104cfu/g, and fungal count ranged from 0.6 x 104 – 7.5 x104cfu/g. A total of 145 bacterial and 26fungal isolates were identified from this study. Among the bacterial isolates, Staphylococcus spp(26.21%) were the most predominant bacteria associated with leafy and vegetable salad in the five markets assessed. This was followed by Micrococcus spp (13.8%), Bacillus spp (12.42%), Lactobacillus spp. (8.28%), Pseudomonas spp (3.45%) and E. coli (3.45%) recorded highest percentage of occurrence for the coliform. Among the fungal isolates, highest percentage of occurrence was recorded for Saccharomyces spp (33.33%) followed by Candida spp (28.56%), while other bacterial and fungal species were low in their percentage of occurrence. This study showed that vegetables sold in open market are potential source of pathogenic microorganisms and may present health risk to humans when consumed, thus the need for consistent hygienic practices
Authors: Opere, B.O., Fashola, M.O., Adebiyi, K.O. and Abiala, M. A.
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Abstract
Vegetables are essential protective food for good health and are also potential reservoir of microbial contaminants. Intake of raw vegetables contaminated with detrimental microorganisms may result in food poisoning. Thus this study assessed the microbial loads of leafy and salad vegetables from five different markets in Lagos State. Macerated samples of the vegetables were analyzed for microbial load using pour plate method. Bacteria were putatively identified on the basis of their phenotypic and biochemical characteristics and fungal isolates were identified by lactophenol-in cotton blue staining. The total viable counts recorded in the vegetables samples ranged from 2.2x104-14.8 x 104cfu/g, coliform counts show 1.0 x104–5.6 x 104cfu/g, while Salmonella-Shigella count ranged from0.2 x 104–8.5 x 104cfu/g, and fungal count ranged from 0.6 x 104 – 7.5 x104cfu/g. A total of 145 bacterial and 26fungal isolates were identified from this study. Among the bacterial isolates, Staphylococcus spp(26.21%) were the most predominant bacteria associated with leafy and vegetable salad in the five markets assessed. This was followed by Micrococcus spp (13.8%), Bacillus spp (12.42%), Lactobacillus spp. (8.28%), Pseudomonas spp (3.45%) and E. coli (3.45%) recorded highest percentage of occurrence for the coliform. Among the fungal isolates, highest percentage of occurrence was recorded for Saccharomyces spp (33.33%) followed by Candida spp (28.56%), while other bacterial and fungal species were low in their percentage of occurrence. This study showed that vegetables sold in open market are potential source of pathogenic microorganisms and may present health risk to humans when consumed, thus the need for consistent hygienic practices
Occurrence of Integron Genes in Multiple Drug Resistant Strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Benin City, Nigeria
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen with the ability to cause severe surgical wound infections and remains a problem. This microorganism commonly shows resistance to several antibiotics. Integron a mobile genetic elements are playing important functions in the wide spread of P. aeruginosa antibiotic resistance. This study is aimed at investigating the occurrence of class 1, 2 and 3 integron genes (int1, int2, int3) among P. aeruginosa strains. For this purpose, a total of 284 wound swabs were collected using sterile swab sticks. Isolated P. aeruginosa were screened with 8 routinely used antibiotics by means of disk diffusion method. Polymerase chain reaction amplification was carried out on extracted DNAs from P. aeruginosa for the detection of integron and subsequent classification into int1, int2 and int3 genes using different set of specific primers. Out of the 99 isolates seen, 62 (66.7%) were P. aeruginosa. Most isolates that harbors integron genes showed notable resistance to antibiotics with highest resistance against Ceftazidime, Augmentin, Cefixime and Gentamicin (54.8%). PCR amplification showed that 16 (47.1%) P. aeruginosa strains harbors integron genes of which 13 (81.3%) isolates carried int1gene, 8 (50.0%) and 6 (37.5%) harbored int2 and int3 genes respectively. High antibiotic resistance amongst P. aeruginosa isolates were demonstrated in our study, int1 gene was prevalent followed by int2 then int3 and integrons has been reported to play an important role in multiple drug resistance among bacteria isolates.
Authors: Eremwanarue, A. O., Shittu, H. O., Ogefere, H.O., Igiehon, E. and Oijagbe, R. E.
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Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen with the ability to cause severe surgical wound infections and remains a problem. This microorganism commonly shows resistance to several antibiotics. Integron a mobile genetic elements are playing important functions in the wide spread of P. aeruginosa antibiotic resistance. This study is aimed at investigating the occurrence of class 1, 2 and 3 integron genes (int1, int2, int3) among P. aeruginosa strains. For this purpose, a total of 284 wound swabs were collected using sterile swab sticks. Isolated P. aeruginosa were screened with 8 routinely used antibiotics by means of disk diffusion method. Polymerase chain reaction amplification was carried out on extracted DNAs from P. aeruginosa for the detection of integron and subsequent classification into int1, int2 and int3 genes using different set of specific primers. Out of the 99 isolates seen, 62 (66.7%) were P. aeruginosa. Most isolates that harbors integron genes showed notable resistance to antibiotics with highest resistance against Ceftazidime, Augmentin, Cefixime and Gentamicin (54.8%). PCR amplification showed that 16 (47.1%) P. aeruginosa strains harbors integron genes of which 13 (81.3%) isolates carried int1gene, 8 (50.0%) and 6 (37.5%) harbored int2 and int3 genes respectively. High antibiotic resistance amongst P. aeruginosa isolates were demonstrated in our study, int1 gene was prevalent followed by int2 then int3 and integrons has been reported to play an important role in multiple drug resistance among bacteria isolates.
Impact of Some Pretreatment Clinical Factors on Artemether - Lumefantrine Treatment Failure in Malaria Patients attending some Health Care Centres in Kano State, Nigeria
The efficacy of antimalarial drugs may be influenced by other factors independent of the parasite susceptibility to the drugs. This study aimed at evaluating the effect of some clinical factors on Arthemeter – Lumefantrine (AL) treatment failure in patients with uncomplicated malaria receiving care in selected community pharmaceutical shops and hospitals from Kano Municipal, Gwale, Tarauni and Kura Local Government Area. Four hundred (400) consenting patients with AL prescription were randomly selected for the study. Plasmodium falciparum positive subjects were confirmed by microscopic examination using Giemsa stained blood films techniques. Clinical and parasitological responses of the enrolled patients were evaluated using 28 days follow up according to WHO protocols for therapeutic efficacy. Structured questionnaire was used to record clinical details of each of the patients. Hematological parameters were assessed using automated hematology analyzer and blood group using antisera agglutination test kit. Among the 400 subjects enrolled, 220 (55%) completed the 28 days follow-up, out of which 170 (77.3%) had adequate clinical and parasitological response (ACPR) and 50 (22.7%) had treatment failure. The mean duration of symptoms before treatment, pre-treatment parasite density, parked cell volume(PCV),erythrocyte sedimentation rate(ESR) and white blood cell count (WBC) of patients with ACPR (4.3+2.1 days, 8,300+3,250/µl, 36+8.2%, 10.9+2.9mm/H and 5.8+2.5.1x109/L) were found to be significantly different (P<0.05) from that of patients with treatment failure (6.7+4.2days, 12,210+2,160/µL, 24+6.1%, 14.1+5.3mm/H and 8.4+4.1x109/L) respectively. Treatment failure was found to be more common among patients suffering from malaria and other diseases such as typhoid and hypertension (36%) when compared to those with malaria only (20.8%).It was also found to be less common among patients with O blood group (11.8%) when compared with those of AB, A and B blood groups with treatment failure rate of 27%, 31% and 29% respectively (P<0.05). Treatment failure was found to be not significantly associated with pretreatment body temperature (P>0.05).This study revealed that some pretreatment clinical factors such as high parasitaemia level, long duration of symptoms and abnormal hematological parameters could predispose individual to failed treatment and consequently increases the risk of developing antimalarial drug resistance in a population.
Authors: Aminu, B.M. and Mukhtar, M.D.
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Abstract
The efficacy of antimalarial drugs may be influenced by other factors independent of the parasite susceptibility to the drugs. This study aimed at evaluating the effect of some clinical factors on Arthemeter – Lumefantrine (AL) treatment failure in patients with uncomplicated malaria receiving care in selected community pharmaceutical shops and hospitals from Kano Municipal, Gwale, Tarauni and Kura Local Government Area. Four hundred (400) consenting patients with AL prescription were randomly selected for the study. Plasmodium falciparum positive subjects were confirmed by microscopic examination using Giemsa stained blood films techniques. Clinical and parasitological responses of the enrolled patients were evaluated using 28 days follow up according to WHO protocols for therapeutic efficacy. Structured questionnaire was used to record clinical details of each of the patients. Hematological parameters were assessed using automated hematology analyzer and blood group using antisera agglutination test kit. Among the 400 subjects enrolled, 220 (55%) completed the 28 days follow-up, out of which 170 (77.3%) had adequate clinical and parasitological response (ACPR) and 50 (22.7%) had treatment failure. The mean duration of symptoms before treatment, pre-treatment parasite density, parked cell volume(PCV),erythrocyte sedimentation rate(ESR) and white blood cell count (WBC) of patients with ACPR (4.3+2.1 days, 8,300+3,250/µl, 36+8.2%, 10.9+2.9mm/H and 5.8+2.5.1x109/L) were found to be significantly different (P<0.05) from that of patients with treatment failure (6.7+4.2days, 12,210+2,160/µL, 24+6.1%, 14.1+5.3mm/H and 8.4+4.1x109/L) respectively. Treatment failure was found to be more common among patients suffering from malaria and other diseases such as typhoid and hypertension (36%) when compared to those with malaria only (20.8%).It was also found to be less common among patients with O blood group (11.8%) when compared with those of AB, A and B blood groups with treatment failure rate of 27%, 31% and 29% respectively (P<0.05). Treatment failure was found to be not significantly associated with pretreatment body temperature (P>0.05).This study revealed that some pretreatment clinical factors such as high parasitaemia level, long duration of symptoms and abnormal hematological parameters could predispose individual to failed treatment and consequently increases the risk of developing antimalarial drug resistance in a population.
Production of Citric Acid by Local Strains of Aspergillus niger using Pineapple Peels as Substrate
This study was conducted to screen for citric acid production by local strains of Aspergillus niger isolated from soils of four locations within Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria namely: botanical garden, refuse dumpsite, flower bed and sheep pen sites. Proximate compositions of the pineapple peel were determined using standard procedures described by the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC). A total of sixteen (16) soil samples were collected from the different locations and stock suspensions were prepared before being separately diluted serially from 10-1 to 104. Aliquots of each suspension were separately inoculated onto Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) and incubated at room temperature (25°C) for seven (7) days for the isolation of Aspergillus niger. Colonies suspected to be Aspergillus niger were characterized macroscopically and then microscopically using lactophenol cotton blue-staining preparations. The seven isolates identified were then screened on a Czapek-Dox agar medium for potential citric acid production. The isolates were further subjected to citric acid production by submerged fermentation using pineapple peels as the substrate. The isolates confirmed to be Aspergillus niger had percentage occurrences of 25%, 100% and 50% from sheep pen, flower bed and botanical garden sites respectively. No Aspergillus niger was isolated from refuse dumpsite soil. Isolate BGS3 (from botanical garden soil) produced the highest yellow zone of citric acid production (78.5mm) during screening, whereas, isolate SPS (from sheep pen soil) showed the lowest (41.5mm) potential. During production, an overall yield of 0.76g/100ml was obtained using pineapple peel as substrate. Aspergillus niger can be easily isolated from various soil types with highest frequency in soils from sheep pen. The research revealed the potential of various Aspergillus niger isolates from different soil to produced citric acid using pineapple peels (agricultural waste) as substrate.
Authors: Musa, B, Ado, S.A., Sidi, S.Y., Hussaini, I.M., Madika, A., Sulaiman, M.A., and Charanchi, A.S.
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Abstract
This study was conducted to screen for citric acid production by local strains of Aspergillus niger isolated from soils of four locations within Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria namely: botanical garden, refuse dumpsite, flower bed and sheep pen sites. Proximate compositions of the pineapple peel were determined using standard procedures described by the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC). A total of sixteen (16) soil samples were collected from the different locations and stock suspensions were prepared before being separately diluted serially from 10-1 to 104. Aliquots of each suspension were separately inoculated onto Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) and incubated at room temperature (25°C) for seven (7) days for the isolation of Aspergillus niger. Colonies suspected to be Aspergillus niger were characterized macroscopically and then microscopically using lactophenol cotton blue-staining preparations. The seven isolates identified were then screened on a Czapek-Dox agar medium for potential citric acid production. The isolates were further subjected to citric acid production by submerged fermentation using pineapple peels as the substrate. The isolates confirmed to be Aspergillus niger had percentage occurrences of 25%, 100% and 50% from sheep pen, flower bed and botanical garden sites respectively. No Aspergillus niger was isolated from refuse dumpsite soil. Isolate BGS3 (from botanical garden soil) produced the highest yellow zone of citric acid production (78.5mm) during screening, whereas, isolate SPS (from sheep pen soil) showed the lowest (41.5mm) potential. During production, an overall yield of 0.76g/100ml was obtained using pineapple peel as substrate. Aspergillus niger can be easily isolated from various soil types with highest frequency in soils from sheep pen. The research revealed the potential of various Aspergillus niger isolates from different soil to produced citric acid using pineapple peels (agricultural waste) as substrate.
Assessment of Cytological Features of Sputum Samples Obtained From Immunocompromised Patients Coinfected with Some Pulmonary Pathogens in Kano State, Nigeria
Patients with advanced stages of Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, or Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), are vulnerable to secondary opportunistic infections. The aim of the study was to assess the cytological features of sputum samples obtained from patients co-infected with pulmonary pathogens in Kano. Sputum samples were collected from HIV infected patients attending Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital and digested using potassium hydroxide and epithelial and non-epithelial cells were harvested, smeared and fixed using alcohol for Papanicolaou staining method for cellular morphology. The sputum samples were also smeared using Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) stain for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and another smear was stained using Grocott’s Methanamine Silver (GMS) staining method for fungi. A total of 65 HIV infected patients were studied. Majority (53.8%) of the participants, were males and 46.2% were females. Cellular features of the sputum samples revealed the presences of mild inflammatory changes in 21.5% of patients, moderate inflammation in 1.5%, negative findings in 61.5%% and unsatisfactory smears in 15.4%. The commonest opportunistic pathogens detected were Candida species (24.5%), Mycobacterium species (20%) and Aspergillus species (9.2%). The study identified that majority of the cytological changes observed in the sputum samples of the HIV infected patients studied were inflammatory changes, which might be due to the presence of Mycobacterium turberculosis, Candida species and Aspergillus species. Hence, the cytological features of the sputum samples could play an important role in detecting the pulmonary pathogens.
Authors: Shema, F.B, Bello, Z.M, Hamisu, A.Y and Ayuba G.I.
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Abstract
Patients with advanced stages of Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, or Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), are vulnerable to secondary opportunistic infections. The aim of the study was to assess the cytological features of sputum samples obtained from patients co-infected with pulmonary pathogens in Kano. Sputum samples were collected from HIV infected patients attending Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital and digested using potassium hydroxide and epithelial and non-epithelial cells were harvested, smeared and fixed using alcohol for Papanicolaou staining method for cellular morphology. The sputum samples were also smeared using Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) stain for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and another smear was stained using Grocott’s Methanamine Silver (GMS) staining method for fungi. A total of 65 HIV infected patients were studied. Majority (53.8%) of the participants, were males and 46.2% were females. Cellular features of the sputum samples revealed the presences of mild inflammatory changes in 21.5% of patients, moderate inflammation in 1.5%, negative findings in 61.5%% and unsatisfactory smears in 15.4%. The commonest opportunistic pathogens detected were Candida species (24.5%), Mycobacterium species (20%) and Aspergillus species (9.2%). The study identified that majority of the cytological changes observed in the sputum samples of the HIV infected patients studied were inflammatory changes, which might be due to the presence of Mycobacterium turberculosis, Candida species and Aspergillus species. Hence, the cytological features of the sputum samples could play an important role in detecting the pulmonary pathogens.
Age-stratified Sero-prevalence and Risk factors of Human Papillomavirus (HPV): Implications for Vaccination in Nigeria
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a naked, double-stranded DNA virus that is often responsible for benign lesions of the skin and mucous membranes. Certain strains of HPV have also been implicated in the development of epithelial malignancies. In this study, we investigated age prevalence of IgG antibodies to human papillomavirus16 and 18 among patients of age 1-65 years attending Family Medicine Department of the University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin using ELISA techniques. Out of the 174 consented participants, the prevalence of IgG antibodies to HPV, HPV16 and HPV18 in this study is 3.4%, 0.6% and 1.7% respectively. A seroprevalence of 7.1% in the under 5 age-group was found in this cross sectional study. The correlation between the risk factors and HPV seroprevalence were however not statistically significant. The prevalence of IgG antibody observed also shows that majority of the subjects are still at risk of HPV infection and this highlights the potential roles of massive vaccination to provide herd immunity. Seroprevalence among under-5 class calls for inclusion of HPV vaccination among this age group as against current older vaccination age.
Authors: Ajayi, E.O., Agbede, O.O. and Odeigha, L.O.
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Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a naked, double-stranded DNA virus that is often responsible for benign lesions of the skin and mucous membranes. Certain strains of HPV have also been implicated in the development of epithelial malignancies. In this study, we investigated age prevalence of IgG antibodies to human papillomavirus16 and 18 among patients of age 1-65 years attending Family Medicine Department of the University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin using ELISA techniques. Out of the 174 consented participants, the prevalence of IgG antibodies to HPV, HPV16 and HPV18 in this study is 3.4%, 0.6% and 1.7% respectively. A seroprevalence of 7.1% in the under 5 age-group was found in this cross sectional study. The correlation between the risk factors and HPV seroprevalence were however not statistically significant. The prevalence of IgG antibody observed also shows that majority of the subjects are still at risk of HPV infection and this highlights the potential roles of massive vaccination to provide herd immunity. Seroprevalence among under-5 class calls for inclusion of HPV vaccination among this age group as against current older vaccination age.
Detection of Amylolytic Bacteria from Starch-Based Agro Wastes and Optimisation of Culture Conditions for Enhanced Production of Extracellular Amylase
The search for novel microorganisms with enhanced amylase production is a continuous process, and the starch-based agrowastes (SBAW) hold such potential. This study investigated the ability of bacteria isolated from SBAW obtained locally to produce extracellular amylase with varying cultural conditions. A total of 41 bacteria isolated by spread-plate from the SBAW samples were identified using their morphological, biochemical and 16S rRNA gene characteristics. Preliminary screening by starch hydrolysis revealed three most-promising amylolytic isolates with 5.0 – 6.0 mm clear zone diameter. They were Myroides odoratimimus BY-F1, Enterobacter asburiae YP-F1 and Bacillus cereus CP-A4 with the amylase production of 308.75 ± 1.41 U/ml, 274.44 ± 0.68 U/ml and 205.83 ± 0.18 U/ml respectively. Their optimal culture conditions were BY-F1 [pH 7.0 at 40°C for 72 h], YP-F1 [pH 9.0 at 40°C for 24 h] and CP-A4 [pH 9.0 at 35°C for 72 h]. The FTIR characterisation of the amylase purified by Calotropis procera latex and activated charcoal revealed the presence of -OH, -COOH and -NH2 group, which are essential for amylase activity. The findings suggest the exploitation of Myroides odoratimimusBY-F1, Enterobacter asburiae YP-F1 and Bacillus cereusCP-A4 for industrial-scale production of extracellular amylase.
Authors: Sunday Babatunde Akinde, Deborah Adepeju Ojewande and Janet Olubukola Olaitan
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Abstract
The search for novel microorganisms with enhanced amylase production is a continuous process, and the starch-based agrowastes (SBAW) hold such potential. This study investigated the ability of bacteria isolated from SBAW obtained locally to produce extracellular amylase with varying cultural conditions. A total of 41 bacteria isolated by spread-plate from the SBAW samples were identified using their morphological, biochemical and 16S rRNA gene characteristics. Preliminary screening by starch hydrolysis revealed three most-promising amylolytic isolates with 5.0 – 6.0 mm clear zone diameter. They were Myroides odoratimimus BY-F1, Enterobacter asburiae YP-F1 and Bacillus cereus CP-A4 with the amylase production of 308.75 ± 1.41 U/ml, 274.44 ± 0.68 U/ml and 205.83 ± 0.18 U/ml respectively. Their optimal culture conditions were BY-F1 [pH 7.0 at 40°C for 72 h], YP-F1 [pH 9.0 at 40°C for 24 h] and CP-A4 [pH 9.0 at 35°C for 72 h]. The FTIR characterisation of the amylase purified by Calotropis procera latex and activated charcoal revealed the presence of -OH, -COOH and -NH2 group, which are essential for amylase activity. The findings suggest the exploitation of Myroides odoratimimusBY-F1, Enterobacter asburiae YP-F1 and Bacillus cereusCP-A4 for industrial-scale production of extracellular amylase.
Hygiene Status of Disinfecting Solutions Used in Floor Cleaning of Five Selected Hospitals in Ogun State, South Western, Nigeria
Poorly disinfected hospital floors are likely reservoir of infectious agents. The in use disinfecting solutions and complete disinfection outfit of five hospitals’ floors were quantitatively assessed in this study. Bacterial burden of regularly used mop heads and buckets used for wet mopping were determined on nutrient agar by pour plate method. Following disinfectant addition, in use disinfecting solution were examined quantitatively for bacterial bioburden (reception and wards) at 5 and 15min into cleaning. Isolation of bacteria was done using Centrimide, Eosine methylene blue, Xylose lysine deoxycholate and Mannitol salt agar. Identification was by Standard biochemical tests. The mean and standard deviations for bacterial burden in the wards and the reception mops ranged from 1.09 x 102 ± 62.7 to 2.51 x 104 ± 2.3 x 104 and 64.7 ± 20.1 to 7.9 x 103 ± 30.6 respectively. A reduction in bacterial count ranging from 85% to 96% in wards and 66% to 100% in reception sites of studied hospitals was observed 5minutes into disinfectant addition. Counts at 15min were generally higher in comparison to counts at 5min but remained constant at Hospital A. Decontamination of the cleaning materials caused a substantial decline in counts at all sites, significant at P=0.05. Staphylocccus aureus was isolated from four of the sites and other Gram negative bacteria (Serratia, Citrobacter, Escherichia, Enterobacter, Salmonella, Pseudomonas) were widely distributed, indicative of hygiene failure.
Authors: Banjo, O.A., Egberongbe, H.O. and Onajobi, I.B.
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Abstract
Poorly disinfected hospital floors are likely reservoir of infectious agents. The in use disinfecting solutions and complete disinfection outfit of five hospitals’ floors were quantitatively assessed in this study. Bacterial burden of regularly used mop heads and buckets used for wet mopping were determined on nutrient agar by pour plate method. Following disinfectant addition, in use disinfecting solution were examined quantitatively for bacterial bioburden (reception and wards) at 5 and 15min into cleaning. Isolation of bacteria was done using Centrimide, Eosine methylene blue, Xylose lysine deoxycholate and Mannitol salt agar. Identification was by Standard biochemical tests. The mean and standard deviations for bacterial burden in the wards and the reception mops ranged from 1.09 x 102 ± 62.7 to 2.51 x 104 ± 2.3 x 104 and 64.7 ± 20.1 to 7.9 x 103 ± 30.6 respectively. A reduction in bacterial count ranging from 85% to 96% in wards and 66% to 100% in reception sites of studied hospitals was observed 5minutes into disinfectant addition. Counts at 15min were generally higher in comparison to counts at 5min but remained constant at Hospital A. Decontamination of the cleaning materials caused a substantial decline in counts at all sites, significant at P=0.05. Staphylocccus aureus was isolated from four of the sites and other Gram negative bacteria (Serratia, Citrobacter, Escherichia, Enterobacter, Salmonella, Pseudomonas) were widely distributed, indicative of hygiene failure.
Incidence of Mycoflora and Mycotoxin Contamination in Pupuru; a locally Fermented Cassava Flour Sold in Okitipupa, Ondo State, Nigeria
This study estimated the mycoflora and mycotoxins (aflatoxin and fumonisin) contamination of Pupuru; a locally fermented cassava flour sold in four markets (Okitipupa, Ilutitun, Igodan and Ikoya) in Okitipupa, Ondo state, southwestern Nigeria. Sixty (60) samples gotten from the markets were found to be lightly contaminated with aflatoxin (P<0.05) and fumonisin (p<0.05) using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) respectively, although one of the samples from Okitipupa market had an undetectable level of fumonisin (>REF). The aflatoxin concentration in the samples ranged from 0.00096 to 0.0081 ppm while the fumonisin concentrations in the samples were between 0.08 and 0.68 ppb. Fungi species isolated from samples are Penicillium chrysogenum, Penicillium italicum, Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium moniliforme, Rhizopus stolonifer and Aspergillus niger. It is recommended that proper care should be taken during handling and storage of cassava used in the production of Pupuru to prevent the infestation microorganisms so as to ultimately reduce mycotoxin levels in the Pupuru..
Authors: Adeyemo, I.A. and Olaribigbe, O
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Abstract
This study estimated the mycoflora and mycotoxins (aflatoxin and fumonisin) contamination of Pupuru; a locally fermented cassava flour sold in four markets (Okitipupa, Ilutitun, Igodan and Ikoya) in Okitipupa, Ondo state, southwestern Nigeria. Sixty (60) samples gotten from the markets were found to be lightly contaminated with aflatoxin (P<0.05) and fumonisin (p<0.05) using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) respectively, although one of the samples from Okitipupa market had an undetectable level of fumonisin (>REF). The aflatoxin concentration in the samples ranged from 0.00096 to 0.0081 ppm while the fumonisin concentrations in the samples were between 0.08 and 0.68 ppb. Fungi species isolated from samples are Penicillium chrysogenum, Penicillium italicum, Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium moniliforme, Rhizopus stolonifer and Aspergillus niger. It is recommended that proper care should be taken during handling and storage of cassava used in the production of Pupuru to prevent the infestation microorganisms so as to ultimately reduce mycotoxin levels in the Pupuru..
Detection of Amylolytic Bacteria from Starch-Based Agro Wastes and Optimisation of Culture Conditions for Enhanced Production of Extracellular Amylase
The search for novel microorganisms with enhanced amylase production is a continuous process, and the starch-based agrowastes (SBAW) hold such potential. This study investigated the ability of bacteria isolated from SBAW obtained locally to produce extracellular amylase with varying cultural conditions. A total of 41 bacteria isolated by spread-plate from the SBAW samples were identified using their morphological, biochemical and 16S rRNA gene characteristics. Preliminary screening by starch hydrolysis revealed three most-promising amylolytic isolates with 5.0 – 6.0 mm clear zone diameter. They were Myroides odoratimimus BY-F1, Enterobacter asburiae YP-F1 and Bacillus cereus CP-A4 with the amylase production of 308.75 ± 1.41 U/ml, 274.44 ± 0.68 U/ml and 205.83 ± 0.18 U/ml respectively. Their optimal culture conditions were BY-F1 [pH 7.0 at 40°C for 72 h], YP-F1 [pH 9.0 at 40°C for 24 h] and CP-A4 [pH 9.0 at 35°C for 72 h]. The FTIR characterisation of the amylase purified by Calotropis procera latex and activated charcoal revealed the presence of -OH, -COOH and -NH2 group, which are essential for amylase activity. The findings suggest the exploitation of Myroides odoratimimusBY-F1, Enterobacter asburiae YP-F1 and Bacillus cereusCP-A4 for industrial-scale production of extracellular amylase.
Authors: Sunday Babatunde Akinde, Deborah Adepeju Ojewande and Janet Olubukola Olaitan
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Abstract
The search for novel microorganisms with enhanced amylase production is a continuous process, and the starch-based agrowastes (SBAW) hold such potential. This study investigated the ability of bacteria isolated from SBAW obtained locally to produce extracellular amylase with varying cultural conditions. A total of 41 bacteria isolated by spread-plate from the SBAW samples were identified using their morphological, biochemical and 16S rRNA gene characteristics. Preliminary screening by starch hydrolysis revealed three most-promising amylolytic isolates with 5.0 – 6.0 mm clear zone diameter. They were Myroides odoratimimus BY-F1, Enterobacter asburiae YP-F1 and Bacillus cereus CP-A4 with the amylase production of 308.75 ± 1.41 U/ml, 274.44 ± 0.68 U/ml and 205.83 ± 0.18 U/ml respectively. Their optimal culture conditions were BY-F1 [pH 7.0 at 40°C for 72 h], YP-F1 [pH 9.0 at 40°C for 24 h] and CP-A4 [pH 9.0 at 35°C for 72 h]. The FTIR characterisation of the amylase purified by Calotropis procera latex and activated charcoal revealed the presence of -OH, -COOH and -NH2 group, which are essential for amylase activity. The findings suggest the exploitation of Myroides odoratimimusBY-F1, Enterobacter asburiae YP-F1 and Bacillus cereusCP-A4 for industrial-scale production of extracellular amylase.
Hygiene Status of Disinfecting Solutions Used in Floor Cleaning of Five Selected Hospitals in Ogun State, South Western, Nigeria
Poorly disinfected hospital floors are likely reservoir of infectious agents. The in use disinfecting solutions and complete disinfection outfit of five hospitals’ floors were quantitatively assessed in this study. Bacterial burden of regularly used mop heads and buckets used for wet mopping were determined on nutrient agar by pour plate method. Following disinfectant addition, in use disinfecting solution were examined quantitatively for bacterial bioburden (reception and wards) at 5 and 15min into cleaning. Isolation of bacteria was done using Centrimide, Eosine methylene blue, Xylose lysine deoxycholate and Mannitol salt agar. Identification was by Standard biochemical tests. The mean and standard deviations for bacterial burden in the wards and the reception mops ranged from 1.09 x 102 ± 62.7 to 2.51 x 104 ± 2.3 x 104 and 64.7 ± 20.1 to 7.9 x 103 ± 30.6 respectively. A reduction in bacterial count ranging from 85% to 96% in wards and 66% to 100% in reception sites of studied hospitals was observed 5minutes into disinfectant addition. Counts at 15min were generally higher in comparison to counts at 5min but remained constant at Hospital A. Decontamination of the cleaning materials caused a substantial decline in counts at all sites, significant at P=0.05. Staphylocccus aureus was isolated from four of the sites and other Gram negative bacteria (Serratia, Citrobacter, Escherichia, Enterobacter, Salmonella, Pseudomonas) were widely distributed, indicative of hygiene failure.
Authors: Banjo, O.A., Egberongbe, H.O. and Onajobi, I.B
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Abstract
Poorly disinfected hospital floors are likely reservoir of infectious agents. The in use disinfecting solutions and complete disinfection outfit of five hospitals’ floors were quantitatively assessed in this study. Bacterial burden of regularly used mop heads and buckets used for wet mopping were determined on nutrient agar by pour plate method. Following disinfectant addition, in use disinfecting solution were examined quantitatively for bacterial bioburden (reception and wards) at 5 and 15min into cleaning. Isolation of bacteria was done using Centrimide, Eosine methylene blue, Xylose lysine deoxycholate and Mannitol salt agar. Identification was by Standard biochemical tests. The mean and standard deviations for bacterial burden in the wards and the reception mops ranged from 1.09 x 102 ± 62.7 to 2.51 x 104 ± 2.3 x 104 and 64.7 ± 20.1 to 7.9 x 103 ± 30.6 respectively. A reduction in bacterial count ranging from 85% to 96% in wards and 66% to 100% in reception sites of studied hospitals was observed 5minutes into disinfectant addition. Counts at 15min were generally higher in comparison to counts at 5min but remained constant at Hospital A. Decontamination of the cleaning materials caused a substantial decline in counts at all sites, significant at P=0.05. Staphylocccus aureus was isolated from four of the sites and other Gram negative bacteria (Serratia, Citrobacter, Escherichia, Enterobacter, Salmonella, Pseudomonas) were widely distributed, indicative of hygiene failure.
Incidence of Mycoflora and Mycotoxin Contamination in Pupuru; a locally Fermented Cassava Flour Sold in Okitipupa, Ondo State, Nigeria
This study estimated the mycoflora and mycotoxins (aflatoxin and fumonisin) contamination of Pupuru; a locally fermented cassava flour sold in four markets (Okitipupa, Ilutitun, Igodan and Ikoya) in Okitipupa, Ondo state, southwestern Nigeria. Sixty (60) samples gotten from the markets were found to be lightly contaminated with aflatoxin (P<0.05) and fumonisin (p<0.05) using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) respectively, although one of the samples from Okitipupa market had an undetectable level of fumonisin (>REF). The aflatoxin concentration in the samples ranged from 0.00096 to 0.0081 ppm while the fumonisin concentrations in the samples were between 0.08 and 0.68 ppb. Fungi species isolated from samples are Penicillium chrysogenum, Penicillium italicum, Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium moniliforme, Rhizopus stolonifer and Aspergillus niger. It is recommended that proper care should be taken during handling and storage of cassava used in the production of Pupuru to prevent the infestation microorganisms so as to ultimately reduce mycotoxin levels in the Pupuru.
Authors: Adeyemo, I.A. and Olaribigbe, O.
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Abstract
This study estimated the mycoflora and mycotoxins (aflatoxin and fumonisin) contamination of Pupuru; a locally fermented cassava flour sold in four markets (Okitipupa, Ilutitun, Igodan and Ikoya) in Okitipupa, Ondo state, southwestern Nigeria. Sixty (60) samples gotten from the markets were found to be lightly contaminated with aflatoxin (P<0.05) and fumonisin (p<0.05) using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) respectively, although one of the samples from Okitipupa market had an undetectable level of fumonisin (>REF). The aflatoxin concentration in the samples ranged from 0.00096 to 0.0081 ppm while the fumonisin concentrations in the samples were between 0.08 and 0.68 ppb. Fungi species isolated from samples are Penicillium chrysogenum, Penicillium italicum, Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium moniliforme, Rhizopus stolonifer and Aspergillus niger. It is recommended that proper care should be taken during handling and storage of cassava used in the production of Pupuru to prevent the infestation microorganisms so as to ultimately reduce mycotoxin levels in the Pupuru.
Production of Bacteriocins by Lactobacillus plantarum and Pediococcus acidilactici Isolated from Cow Milk
A dramatic increase in bacterial resistance towards currently available antibiotics has raised worldwide concerns for public health. Therefore, bacteriocins which are antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have emerged as a promisingly new group of therapeutic agents for managing infectious diseases and possibly in food preservation. The present study focusses on the isolation of novel bacteriocins from an indigenous sample of cow milk and testing of its antimicrobial activity. Two bacteria isolates (Pediococcus acidilactici and Lactobacillus plantarum) isolated from raw cow milk gotten from Yenegoa, Bayelsa state, Nigeria produced potent bacteriocins on De-Mann Rogosa and Sharpe agar and these were shown to have inhibitory activity against the pathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli. The bacteriocins were heat stable, remaining active at temperatures up to 100°C and functioned well over a wide pH range of 0-10. There was a reduction in activity of the bacteriocins after treatment with proteinase K and peptidase, thus confirming the proteinaceous nature of the compounds. These bacteriocins displayed bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity against E. coli, with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 12.5 μg/ml and minimum bactericidal concentration of 25μg/ml which is lower than that of the conventional antibiotics chloramphenicol (50μg/ml) used as positive control. The bacteriocins produced by lactic acid bacteria isolated from cow milk in this work is effective in inhibiting the growth of E. coli and thus may be of use as a food preservative in the storage of food or as therapeutic agent for the treatment of infections caused by multi-drug resistant E. coli.
Authors: Anumudu, Christian K., Ikimi, Charles G., Zige, Douye Victor, Omeje, Faith I, and Gbodo, Edoama E.
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Abstract
A dramatic increase in bacterial resistance towards currently available antibiotics has raised worldwide concerns for public health. Therefore, bacteriocins which are antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have emerged as a promisingly new group of therapeutic agents for managing infectious diseases and possibly in food preservation. The present study focusses on the isolation of novel bacteriocins from an indigenous sample of cow milk and testing of its antimicrobial activity. Two bacteria isolates (Pediococcus acidilactici and Lactobacillus plantarum) isolated from raw cow milk gotten from Yenegoa, Bayelsa state, Nigeria produced potent bacteriocins on De-Mann Rogosa and Sharpe agar and these were shown to have inhibitory activity against the pathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli. The bacteriocins were heat stable, remaining active at temperatures up to 100°C and functioned well over a wide pH range of 0-10. There was a reduction in activity of the bacteriocins after treatment with proteinase K and peptidase, thus confirming the proteinaceous nature of the compounds. These bacteriocins displayed bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity against E. coli, with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 12.5 μg/ml and minimum bactericidal concentration of 25μg/ml which is lower than that of the conventional antibiotics chloramphenicol (50μg/ml) used as positive control. The bacteriocins produced by lactic acid bacteria isolated from cow milk in this work is effective in inhibiting the growth of E. coli and thus may be of use as a food preservative in the storage of food or as therapeutic agent for the treatment of infections caused by multi-drug resistant E. coli.
Risk Factors Associated with Tinea capitis among Pupils in Lagos, Ekiti and Ogun States, Nigeria
Dermatophytes, the aetiological factor of Tinea capitis are pathogens causing infections of various courses. Limited studies of Tinea capitis have been carried out in Nigeria. This study therefore is aimed at determining the risk factors associated with this infection in Ado-odo Ota (Ogun State), Somolu, (Lagos State) and Oye-Ekiti, (Ekiti State). Scalp lesions of 102 primary school children were aseptically collected, after which questionnaires were used to collect their bio/socio-demographic data. The samples were analysed using microscopic, cultural, biochemical and molecular techniques, while the data was statistically analysed. In a total of one hundred and two (102) children aged between 1-14 years consisting of 73 (71.6 %) males and 29 (28.4%) females, 75 (73.5 %) were infected with dermatophytes. The dermatophytes consist of 29.3% Trichophyton, 65.3% Microsporum and 5.3 % Epidermophyton. Blasting of the sequenced Intraspacial (‘ITS’) genes confirmed the presence of the isolates. Males were most affected with socio-economic factors such as employment status of the parents, influencing infections (P<0.001). Other factors that facilitated transmission include: knowledge of mode of transmission, sharing of combs and towels, place of hair shaving-barbing, and age (5-10 most vulnerable, 4 and 11-14 less vulnerable). Number of children in the family and school location were discovered not to be risk factors. Health education is paramount in eradicating this infection, hence the introduction of hygiene policy into educational curricular, will ultimately help to reduce the menace of Tinea capitis
Authors: Egwuatu, T. O., Ukhureigbe, O. M., Ojo, S.K.S., Ogeneh, B.O., Osanyinlusi, S.A. and Ajayi, O.E.
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Abstract
Dermatophytes, the aetiological factor of Tinea capitis are pathogens causing infections of various courses. Limited studies of Tinea capitis have been carried out in Nigeria. This study therefore is aimed at determining the risk factors associated with this infection in Ado-odo Ota (Ogun State), Somolu, (Lagos State) and Oye-Ekiti, (Ekiti State). Scalp lesions of 102 primary school children were aseptically collected, after which questionnaires were used to collect their bio/socio-demographic data. The samples were analysed using microscopic, cultural, biochemical and molecular techniques, while the data was statistically analysed. In a total of one hundred and two (102) children aged between 1-14 years consisting of 73 (71.6 %) males and 29 (28.4%) females, 75 (73.5 %) were infected with dermatophytes. The dermatophytes consist of 29.3% Trichophyton, 65.3% Microsporum and 5.3 % Epidermophyton. Blasting of the sequenced Intraspacial (‘ITS’) genes confirmed the presence of the isolates. Males were most affected with socio-economic factors such as employment status of the parents, influencing infections (P<0.001). Other factors that facilitated transmission include: knowledge of mode of transmission, sharing of combs and towels, place of hair shaving-barbing, and age (5-10 most vulnerable, 4 and 11-14 less vulnerable). Number of children in the family and school location were discovered not to be risk factors. Health education is paramount in eradicating this infection, hence the introduction of hygiene policy into educational curricular, will ultimately help to reduce the menace of Tinea capitis
High Burden of On-Going HSV-1 and -2 Infections in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Individuals in a Secondary Healthcare Facility in Imo State, Nigeria
Because of shared route of transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), herpes simplex virus type 1(HSV-I) and type 2 (HSV-2), HIV-1-infected persons are also susceptible to infection by HSV-1 and HSV-2. This study aimed at determining the prevalence of HSV-1 and HSV-2 IgM antibodies among HIV-infected individuals accessing healthcare at General Hospital, Awo-Omamma Imo state, Nigeria. This is a hospital-based cross-sectional study. Blood samples were collected from 182 (38 males and 144 females: age range 3-72 years; mean age 36.5 years) HIV-infected participants on ART after collecting pertinent socio-demographic data using questionnaires. Serum from each sample was tested for the presence of IgM antibodies against HSV-1 and -2 using ELISA. Data were analysed using Chi-squared test and binary logistic regression analysis with SPSS 15.0 for Windows. Of the 182 samples tested, 166 (91.2%) and 156 (85.7%) were respectively positive for HSV-1 and HSV-2 while 148 (81.3%) were positive for both HSV-1 and HSV-2 IgM antibodies. These respectively represented dual HIV/HSV-1, HIV/HSV-2 and triple HIV/HSV-1/HSV-2 infection rates. Variables analysed as risk factors include patients’ gender, age group, marital status, educational status and CD4+ cell count. Age was predictive of HIV/HSV-1 dual infection while gender and age were both predictive of HIV/HSV-2 dual infection rates among the participants. This study reports high seroprevalence of both HSV-1 and HSV-2 IgM antibodies among this cohort. Mass education targeted especially at the most vulnerable groups on the dangers and ways of preventing these infections is recommended.
Authors: Udeze A.O, Adeoti O.T, Ogunrinola O.T, and Sule W.F.
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Abstract
Because of shared route of transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), herpes simplex virus type 1(HSV-I) and type 2 (HSV-2), HIV-1-infected persons are also susceptible to infection by HSV-1 and HSV-2. This study aimed at determining the prevalence of HSV-1 and HSV-2 IgM antibodies among HIV-infected individuals accessing healthcare at General Hospital, Awo-Omamma Imo state, Nigeria. This is a hospital-based cross-sectional study. Blood samples were collected from 182 (38 males and 144 females: age range 3-72 years; mean age 36.5 years) HIV-infected participants on ART after collecting pertinent socio-demographic data using questionnaires. Serum from each sample was tested for the presence of IgM antibodies against HSV-1 and -2 using ELISA. Data were analysed using Chi-squared test and binary logistic regression analysis with SPSS 15.0 for Windows. Of the 182 samples tested, 166 (91.2%) and 156 (85.7%) were respectively positive for HSV-1 and HSV-2 while 148 (81.3%) were positive for both HSV-1 and HSV-2 IgM antibodies. These respectively represented dual HIV/HSV-1, HIV/HSV-2 and triple HIV/HSV-1/HSV-2 infection rates. Variables analysed as risk factors include patients’ gender, age group, marital status, educational status and CD4+ cell count. Age was predictive of HIV/HSV-1 dual infection while gender and age were both predictive of HIV/HSV-2 dual infection rates among the participants. This study reports high seroprevalence of both HSV-1 and HSV-2 IgM antibodies among this cohort. Mass education targeted especially at the most vulnerable groups on the dangers and ways of preventing these infections is recommended.
The Role of MTBDR plus ver 2.0 in the Detection of Drug Resistant Tuberculosis in Smear-Negative Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Kano, Nigeria
The development of multidrug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and extensively drug resistant tuberculosis XDR-TB coupled with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Co-infection with TB has brought a major setback in the tuberculosis control strategies worldwide including Nigeria. The Genotype MTBDR plus VER 2.0 is widely recognized for its excellent performance due to its rapid detection of drug resistant tuberculosis especially from acid fast bacilli (AFB) smear-positive pulmonary TB cases which has brought much hope towards reversing the spread of all forms of tuberculosis. The study aimed at evaluating Genotype MTBDR plus VER 2.0 for detection of Drug Resistant-TB from sputum samples of smear-negative pulmonary TB cases. A total of 175 smear-positive and 278 AFB smear-negative sputum samples were purposely selected from sputum samples that were referred to North West Zonal Tuberculosis Reference laboratory. All the samples were rifampicin resistant cases (confirmed by Genxpert) from their respective health centers across North-Western Zone of Nigeria and were then subjected to Line Probe Assay (LPA) using Genotype MTBDR plusver 2.0. The result shows that 87% of the AFB smear-positive samples were identified as positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) by the LPA and 13.7% were negative. Whereas 79%of the AFB smear-negative samples were also detected as negative for MTBC by the LPA and 21% were positive for MTBC. The study further revealed that 44.7% of the AFB smear-positive and 46.5% of AFB smear-negative samples were found to be rifampicin resistant by LPA. Also 36.4% of AFB smear-positive and 34.5% of the AFB smear-negative sample were found to be MDR-TB by the LPA. Most importantly, 15.1% of the smear-positive samples and 17.2% of AFB smear-negative samples were found to be susceptible to both rifampicin and isoniazid by the LPA. The study demonstrated that the Genotype MTBDR plusVer 2.0 detects 87% of the positive smears and 79% of the negative smears as positive and negative for MTBC respectively. Most importantly, it detects 21% of the AFB smear negative samples as positive for MTBC with some of them identified as rifampicin resistant and MDR-TB respectively. This therefore reveals the excellent performance of Genotype MTBDRplusVer 2.0 in the diagnosis of DR-TB both in smear positive samples and smear-negative samples within a short turnaround time.
Authors: Abubakar D. Tukur., Aishatu I. Aminu., Abdulhadi K. Sale., Jamiu O. Olabamiji.,Umar A. Aliyu., Aminu M. Bashir., Bashir R. Usaini., Murtala Rabiu., and Nafisatu Bello
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Abstract
The development of multidrug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and extensively drug resistant tuberculosis XDR-TB coupled with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Co-infection with TB has brought a major setback in the tuberculosis control strategies worldwide including Nigeria. The Genotype MTBDR plus VER 2.0 is widely recognized for its excellent performance due to its rapid detection of drug resistant tuberculosis especially from acid fast bacilli (AFB) smear-positive pulmonary TB cases which has brought much hope towards reversing the spread of all forms of tuberculosis. The study aimed at evaluating Genotype MTBDR plus VER 2.0 for detection of Drug Resistant-TB from sputum samples of smear-negative pulmonary TB cases. A total of 175 smear-positive and 278 AFB smear-negative sputum samples were purposely selected from sputum samples that were referred to North West Zonal Tuberculosis Reference laboratory. All the samples were rifampicin resistant cases (confirmed by Genxpert) from their respective health centers across North-Western Zone of Nigeria and were then subjected to Line Probe Assay (LPA) using Genotype MTBDR plusver 2.0. The result shows that 87% of the AFB smear-positive samples were identified as positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) by the LPA and 13.7% were negative. Whereas 79%of the AFB smear-negative samples were also detected as negative for MTBC by the LPA and 21% were positive for MTBC. The study further revealed that 44.7% of the AFB smear-positive and 46.5% of AFB smear-negative samples were found to be rifampicin resistant by LPA. Also 36.4% of AFB smear-positive and 34.5% of the AFB smear-negative sample were found to be MDR-TB by the LPA. Most importantly, 15.1% of the smear-positive samples and 17.2% of AFB smear-negative samples were found to be susceptible to both rifampicin and isoniazid by the LPA. The study demonstrated that the Genotype MTBDR plusVer 2.0 detects 87% of the positive smears and 79% of the negative smears as positive and negative for MTBC respectively. Most importantly, it detects 21% of the AFB smear negative samples as positive for MTBC with some of them identified as rifampicin resistant and MDR-TB respectively. This therefore reveals the excellent performance of Genotype MTBDRplusVer 2.0 in the diagnosis of DR-TB both in smear positive samples and smear-negative samples within a short turnaround time.
Investigation of Escherichia coli Distribution in Drinking Water Wells Close to Septic Tanks in Densely Populated Areas of Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria
Groundwater, which serves as the major drinking water source to densely populated areas in Osogbo metropolis, are usually in close proximity to defective septic tanks. Faecal contamination of such water system is inevitable. This work investigated the faecal contaminants in eighty wells from five locations. Total coliform count (TCC) was determined using Most Probable Number (MPN) and membrane filtration; Escherichia coli was recovered using chromogenic media. Antibiotic susceptibility profile was obtained for E. coli isolates. All wells were > 15.24m from nearest septic tank; averaging 78m. Depth to water surface ranged between 9ft and 48ft with a mean of 23.8ft while 16.2% were deeper than 30ft to water surface. All samples (100%) had coliforms. TCC ranged between 1.0 x 102 and 4.0 x 105 cfu/ml (except Kasmo); with a mean 3.8 x 104 cfu/ml. Mean TCC for wells was highest in Igbona area and lowest for Oke-baale. Escherichia coli was isolated from 48.8% of samples. Five samples had two strains of E. coli as revealed on chromogenic media. The study recorded 100% resistance to ticarcillin and meropenem; 52.3% to tigecycline. Aztreonam and Colistin inhibited 92.6% and 91.0% of isolates respectively. Multidrug resistance was evident in 79.5% of isolates. The well water samples analyzed were neither safe for drinking nor put into such uses that may facilitate ingestion by humans. E. coli was most susceptible in-vitro to aztreonam and colistin, thus suggesting their use in the treatment of gastrointestinal syndromes resulting from consumption of contaminated groundwater.
Authors: Adeyemi F.M., Akinde S.B., Oyedara O.O.,Wahab A.A. and Jimoh S.O.
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Abstract
Groundwater, which serves as the major drinking water source to densely populated areas in Osogbo metropolis, are usually in close proximity to defective septic tanks. Faecal contamination of such water system is inevitable. This work investigated the faecal contaminants in eighty wells from five locations. Total coliform count (TCC) was determined using Most Probable Number (MPN) and membrane filtration; Escherichia coli was recovered using chromogenic media. Antibiotic susceptibility profile was obtained for E. coli isolates. All wells were > 15.24m from nearest septic tank; averaging 78m. Depth to water surface ranged between 9ft and 48ft with a mean of 23.8ft while 16.2% were deeper than 30ft to water surface. All samples (100%) had coliforms. TCC ranged between 1.0 x 102 and 4.0 x 105 cfu/ml (except Kasmo); with a mean 3.8 x 104 cfu/ml. Mean TCC for wells was highest in Igbona area and lowest for Oke-baale. Escherichia coli was isolated from 48.8% of samples. Five samples had two strains of E. coli as revealed on chromogenic media. The study recorded 100% resistance to ticarcillin and meropenem; 52.3% to tigecycline. Aztreonam and Colistin inhibited 92.6% and 91.0% of isolates respectively. Multidrug resistance was evident in 79.5% of isolates. The well water samples analyzed were neither safe for drinking nor put into such uses that may facilitate ingestion by humans. E. coli was most susceptible in-vitro to aztreonam and colistin, thus suggesting their use in the treatment of gastrointestinal syndromes resulting from consumption of contaminated groundwater.
Microbiological Analysis and Nutritional Constituents of Achatina achatina Subjected to various Cooking Methods
Achatina achatina harbours many microorganisms which may cause diseases or spoil the snail if not properly cooked. The study investigated the effect of some methods of cooking; frying, boiling, smoke-drying and oven-drying on the nutritional constituents and microorganisms isolated from snail to ascertain the best method which can reduce the or eliminate the unwanted organisms. Microorganisms were isolated from the snail samples using pour plate technique and identified by cultural, morphological and biochemical characterization. Proximate analysis of the snail samples was determined. The bacteria isolated were Bacillus sp, Escherichia coli, Proteus sp, Vibro sp, Salmonella sp, Staphylococcus sp, Pseudomonas sp, Shigella sp, Klebsiella sp, Streptococcus sp and Citrobacter sp while Mucor sp, Aspergillus sp and Rhizopus sp. were the fungal isolates. Salmonella sp, Vibrio sp and Escherichia coli were present in all the snail samples whereas Proteus sp was inhibited by all the cooking methods. Bacillus sp was sensitive to all the cooking treatments except boiling. Salmonella sp, Vibrio sp and E. coli had very high counts. However, the cooking treatments reduced the bacterial and fungal counts appreciably with smoke-drying having the least counts ranging from 1.20x101- 2.80x101cfu/g respectively. The fat and moisture contents were reduced but reduction of protein and energy contents was minimal. There were varying degrees of reduction in both number and type of organisms inhibited by the different cooking methods. Smoked-drying exhibited the highest potential for the control of microorganisms and still maintained a healthy nutritional composition.
Authors: Akpomie, O.O., Akponah, E., Onoharigho, I., Isiakpere, O.P. and Adewuyi, I. S.
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Abstract
Achatina achatina harbours many microorganisms which may cause diseases or spoil the snail if not properly cooked. The study investigated the effect of some methods of cooking; frying, boiling, smoke-drying and oven-drying on the nutritional constituents and microorganisms isolated from snail to ascertain the best method which can reduce the or eliminate the unwanted organisms. Microorganisms were isolated from the snail samples using pour plate technique and identified by cultural, morphological and biochemical characterization. Proximate analysis of the snail samples was determined. The bacteria isolated were Bacillus sp, Escherichia coli, Proteus sp, Vibro sp, Salmonella sp, Staphylococcus sp, Pseudomonas sp, Shigella sp, Klebsiella sp, Streptococcus sp and Citrobacter sp while Mucor sp, Aspergillus sp and Rhizopus sp. were the fungal isolates. Salmonella sp, Vibrio sp and Escherichia coli were present in all the snail samples whereas Proteus sp was inhibited by all the cooking methods. Bacillus sp was sensitive to all the cooking treatments except boiling. Salmonella sp, Vibrio sp and E. coli had very high counts. However, the cooking treatments reduced the bacterial and fungal counts appreciably with smoke-drying having the least counts ranging from 1.20x101- 2.80x101cfu/g respectively. The fat and moisture contents were reduced but reduction of protein and energy contents was minimal. There were varying degrees of reduction in both number and type of organisms inhibited by the different cooking methods. Smoked-drying exhibited the highest potential for the control of microorganisms and still maintained a healthy nutritional composition.
Assessment of Biodegradation Potential on Different Soil Particles
An explosion in the world’s population has led to an increase in the demand for crude oil and its products resulting in an increased environmental pollution and thus leading to loss in biodiversity. Environmental reclamation by natural technique is believed to be eco-friendly and cost effective. This research investigated the biodegradation of crude oil supported on different soil particle sizes. Soil samples were randomly collected from different locations within Botanical garden of BUK and sieved into four (4) different particle sizes (0.6mm, 0.3mm, 0.15mm and 0.075mm) 200g of each of the sieved soil particle sizes were weighed and introduced into masonjar bottle. These were then uniformly contaminated with 60ml of crude oil. The set up were replicated in triplicate with each having two (2) controls. They were incubated aerobically at 37oC for 56 days. Enumeration of total aerobic heterotrophic bacteria (TAHB) was done on Nutrient agar (NA) and hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria (HUB) on Bushnell’Haas medium (BHM) supplemented with crude oil. The bacterial isolates were identified based on Grams reaction and biochemical tests. The degradation efficiency was confirmed by GC-MS analysis, which indicated that the microbial isolates utilized most of the crude oil components. The result shows that the mean microbial counts for both TAHB decrease from 5.93 ± 0.1 to 5.38 ± 0.08 x105cfu/g during 56 days period of the study. The result also shows an increase in the mean counts of HUB from 0.00 ± 0.0x103 to 3.74 ± 0.03x103 cfu/g. Particle size A has the highest increase. The HUB identified were Bacillus spp., Pseudomonas spp., Staphylococcus spp., Escherichia coli and Proteus spp. The results indicate that larger particle size favors faster hydrocarbon biodegradation.
Authors: Yahaya, S. and Bappa, A.M.
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Abstract
An explosion in the world’s population has led to an increase in the demand for crude oil and its products resulting in an increased environmental pollution and thus leading to loss in biodiversity. Environmental reclamation by natural technique is believed to be eco-friendly and cost effective. This research investigated the biodegradation of crude oil supported on different soil particle sizes. Soil samples were randomly collected from different locations within Botanical garden of BUK and sieved into four (4) different particle sizes (0.6mm, 0.3mm, 0.15mm and 0.075mm) 200g of each of the sieved soil particle sizes were weighed and introduced into masonjar bottle. These were then uniformly contaminated with 60ml of crude oil. The set up were replicated in triplicate with each having two (2) controls. They were incubated aerobically at 37oC for 56 days. Enumeration of total aerobic heterotrophic bacteria (TAHB) was done on Nutrient agar (NA) and hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria (HUB) on Bushnell’Haas medium (BHM) supplemented with crude oil. The bacterial isolates were identified based on Grams reaction and biochemical tests. The degradation efficiency was confirmed by GC-MS analysis, which indicated that the microbial isolates utilized most of the crude oil components. The result shows that the mean microbial counts for both TAHB decrease from 5.93 ± 0.1 to 5.38 ± 0.08 x105cfu/g during 56 days period of the study. The result also shows an increase in the mean counts of HUB from 0.00 ± 0.0x103 to 3.74 ± 0.03x103 cfu/g. Particle size A has the highest increase. The HUB identified were Bacillus spp., Pseudomonas spp., Staphylococcus spp., Escherichia coli and Proteus spp. The results indicate that larger particle size favors faster hydrocarbon biodegradation.
Detection of Chikungunya Virus among Febrile Patients in Lagos
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an alphavirus transmitted by culicine mosquitoes and causes Chikungunya fever, a febrile illness usually with concomitant rash and arthralgia. Having spread to over 40 countries worldwide and classified as a class B priority pathogen, CHIKV is an important threat to public health but has poor surveillance as with other viral haemorrhagic fevers (VHF) in Nigeria. The epidemiology of CHIKV in Nigeria is vague, thus, this study was designed to determine the current prevalence of CHIKV infection among febrile patients in Lagos. This was a cross-sectional study in which samples were collected from April to July 2018 at two General hospitals in Lagos. A total of 130 blood samples of febrile patients aged 1-60 years including 56 (43.1%) males and 74 (56.9%) females were collected and RNA was extracted from the serum samples. The extracted RNA was amplified using one-step RT-PCR with the specific CHIKV primers. The resulting amplicons (427bp) were run on 2% agarose gel and viewed on gel imager for the presence of CHIKV. A total of 9 out of 130 (6.9%) serum samples were positive for CHIKV RNA. The positive samples consist of 4 out of 56 (7.1%) males and 5 of 74 (6.8%) females (P>0.05). The age group 11-20 years had the highest prevalence of 14.3% whereas age groups 41-50 years and 51-60 years were both CHIKV RNA negative. This study shows a plausible circulation of CHIKV among febrile patients in Lagos with a prevalence of 6.9%. It also revealed that CHIKV, which is not generally suspected or diagnosed by physicians, may have contributed to the burden of febrile cases in Lagos
Authors: Ayolabi Christianah Idowu*, bemgbo Sylvester Agha, Olusola Babatunde Adebiyi
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Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an alphavirus transmitted by culicine mosquitoes and causes Chikungunya fever, a febrile illness usually with concomitant rash and arthralgia. Having spread to over 40 countries worldwide and classified as a class B priority pathogen, CHIKV is an important threat to public health but has poor surveillance as with other viral haemorrhagic fevers (VHF) in Nigeria. The epidemiology of CHIKV in Nigeria is vague, thus, this study was designed to determine the current prevalence of CHIKV infection among febrile patients in Lagos. This was a cross-sectional study in which samples were collected from April to July 2018 at two General hospitals in Lagos. A total of 130 blood samples of febrile patients aged 1-60 years including 56 (43.1%) males and 74 (56.9%) females were collected and RNA was extracted from the serum samples. The extracted RNA was amplified using one-step RT-PCR with the specific CHIKV primers. The resulting amplicons (427bp) were run on 2% agarose gel and viewed on gel imager for the presence of CHIKV. A total of 9 out of 130 (6.9%) serum samples were positive for CHIKV RNA. The positive samples consist of 4 out of 56 (7.1%) males and 5 of 74 (6.8%) females (P>0.05). The age group 11-20 years had the highest prevalence of 14.3% whereas age groups 41-50 years and 51-60 years were both CHIKV RNA negative. This study shows a plausible circulation of CHIKV among febrile patients in Lagos with a prevalence of 6.9%. It also revealed that CHIKV, which is not generally suspected or diagnosed by physicians, may have contributed to the burden of febrile cases in Lagos
Synergistic Effect of some Selected Antibiotics with Terminalia catappa Leaves Extract against the Multi-Drug Resistant ETEC Isolated from Vegetables Sold within Kano metropolis, Kano State, Nigeria
This study was carried out in order to isolate and identify MDRs ETEC from vegetable samples, and test for the synergistic effect of umbrella leaves extract with some selected antibiotics on the resistant strains. Fifty (50) vegetables samples were collected which includes Cabbage, Lettuce, Spinach, Cucumber and Carrots, (10 samples each). Samples were chopped into smaller pieces using a sterile stainless steel knife prior to weighing and were then vigorously shaken in sterile peptone water in order to dislodged the bacteria cells from the vegetables samples; the suspension was spread-plated on both Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB) and MacConkey agars. The plates were incubated. Colonies exhibited metallic sheen on EMB agar and pink color on MacConkey agar were sub cultured to obtain pure culture, which were then subjected to Gram staining technique and biochemical tests prior to antibiotic sensitivity testing using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique. The isolates were then inoculated in skimmed milk media and was sent for Molecular detection of ETEC toxins. The results obtained showed that out of the 50 samples collected from different markets within Kano metropolis, Escherichia coli was isolated from 23 isolates representing 46% of the samples. Out of the 23 isolates of E. coli, (11) samples were found to be MDRs out of which seven (7) ETEC toxigenic genes were detected. With which two isolates responded to the synergistic activity of resisted antibiotics with the plant extract. The plant extract was screened for the presence of active secondary metabolites where: Alkaloid, Flavanoid, Steroid, Tannin were present and Saponins was absent.
Authors: Shamsuddeen, U. Gurama, A. G. and Dahiru, A. T.
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Abstract
This study was carried out in order to isolate and identify MDRs ETEC from vegetable samples, and test for the synergistic effect of umbrella leaves extract with some selected antibiotics on the resistant strains. Fifty (50) vegetables samples were collected which includes Cabbage, Lettuce, Spinach, Cucumber and Carrots, (10 samples each). Samples were chopped into smaller pieces using a sterile stainless steel knife prior to weighing and were then vigorously shaken in sterile peptone water in order to dislodged the bacteria cells from the vegetables samples; the suspension was spread-plated on both Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB) and MacConkey agars. The plates were incubated. Colonies exhibited metallic sheen on EMB agar and pink color on MacConkey agar were sub cultured to obtain pure culture, which were then subjected to Gram staining technique and biochemical tests prior to antibiotic sensitivity testing using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique. The isolates were then inoculated in skimmed milk media and was sent for Molecular detection of ETEC toxins. The results obtained showed that out of the 50 samples collected from different markets within Kano metropolis, Escherichia coli was isolated from 23 isolates representing 46% of the samples. Out of the 23 isolates of E. coli, (11) samples were found to be MDRs out of which seven (7) ETEC toxigenic genes were detected. With which two isolates responded to the synergistic activity of resisted antibiotics with the plant extract. The plant extract was screened for the presence of active secondary metabolites where: Alkaloid, Flavanoid, Steroid, Tannin were present and Saponins was absent.
Seroprevalence of Measles Specific IgG Antibody among Children in Adamawa State Nigeria
Measles account for nearly half of the 1.7 million annual deaths due to childhood vaccine-preventable diseases. Presence of measles specific IgG antibodies has been proven to correlate with protection (immunity) to natural measles infection. This study was therefore designed to determine the seroprevalence of measles specific IgG in relation to vaccination status, types of settlement and parents’ occupation among children aged 0-14 years in Adamawa State. The research was carried out within the three senatorial districts of the State. Three hundred and sixty eight (368) serum samples collected from children were used to determine the prevalence using ELISA technique. Questionnaire was used to obtain demographic data of the children. The study revealed that 227 (61.6%) of the children had protective measles IgG antibody, while 141 (38.4%) had unprotective or no measles IgG antibody. Statistical analysis revealed that there was significant association between prevalence of measles specific IgG antibody and vaccination status against measles, types of settlement and parents’ occupation (p-value < 0.05).
Authors: Isa, H., Ja’afaru, M. I., Bashir, M. and Suleiman, Y. A.
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Abstract
Measles account for nearly half of the 1.7 million annual deaths due to childhood vaccine-preventable diseases. Presence of measles specific IgG antibodies has been proven to correlate with protection (immunity) to natural measles infection. This study was therefore designed to determine the seroprevalence of measles specific IgG in relation to vaccination status, types of settlement and parents’ occupation among children aged 0-14 years in Adamawa State. The research was carried out within the three senatorial districts of the State. Three hundred and sixty eight (368) serum samples collected from children were used to determine the prevalence using ELISA technique. Questionnaire was used to obtain demographic data of the children. The study revealed that 227 (61.6%) of the children had protective measles IgG antibody, while 141 (38.4%) had unprotective or no measles IgG antibody. Statistical analysis revealed that there was significant association between prevalence of measles specific IgG antibody and vaccination status against measles, types of settlement and parents’ occupation (p-value < 0.05).
Thermal Adaptation and Inactivation of Vegetable and Environmental isolates of Listeria monocytogenes in Fish Soup Model
All over the world, vegetables are routinely eaten raw or partially exposed to heat as part of food garnishing. Used in these ways, these vegetables can become sources of infection with various food borne pathogenic organisms. This study assessed the contamination of vegetables and related environmental materials with L. monocytogenes and the thermal adaptive responses, heat resistance (D-values) and antibiotic resistance profile of the isolates. The bacterium was present in 92% of 250 vegetable and 65.52% of 290 environmental samples. Highest incidence occurred in leafy vegetables (100%) which also bore the heaviest load (>5log cfu g1). Among the environmental samples, highest incidence was found in soil (100%) with contamination load greater than 6log cfu g-1. These indicate that raw vegetables are of public health interest for transmission of L. monocytogenes and genesis of listeriosis. The mean thermal death times (D-value) of representative isolates were 1.82 min, 1.27 min and 56.4 sec at 60o, 65o and 70oC respectively in fish soup. Heat shocking L. monocytogenes cells at 45oC / 30 min resulted in significant increase in D-value at 60oC but not 65o and 70oC. Antimicrobial susceptibility profile of the isolates showed resistance to two or more antibiotics suggesting prior exposure of the organisms to antimicrobial agents. The public health implications of the findings are discussed.
Authors: Ogechukwu P. Onwuazor and Jerry Obeta Ugwuanyi
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Abstract
All over the world, vegetables are routinely eaten raw or partially exposed to heat as part of food garnishing. Used in these ways, these vegetables can become sources of infection with various food borne pathogenic organisms. This study assessed the contamination of vegetables and related environmental materials with L. monocytogenes and the thermal adaptive responses, heat resistance (D-values) and antibiotic resistance profile of the isolates. The bacterium was present in 92% of 250 vegetable and 65.52% of 290 environmental samples. Highest incidence occurred in leafy vegetables (100%) which also bore the heaviest load (>5log cfu g1). Among the environmental samples, highest incidence was found in soil (100%) with contamination load greater than 6log cfu g-1. These indicate that raw vegetables are of public health interest for transmission of L. monocytogenes and genesis of listeriosis. The mean thermal death times (D-value) of representative isolates were 1.82 min, 1.27 min and 56.4 sec at 60o, 65o and 70oC respectively in fish soup. Heat shocking L. monocytogenes cells at 45oC / 30 min resulted in significant increase in D-value at 60oC but not 65o and 70oC. Antimicrobial susceptibility profile of the isolates showed resistance to two or more antibiotics suggesting prior exposure of the organisms to antimicrobial agents. The public health implications of the findings are discussed.
Occult Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Previously Screened Blood from Blood Banks in Kaduna Metropolis
Hepatitis refers to an inflammatory condition of the liver. It is commonly caused by a viral infection, but there are other possible causes of hepatitis. This study sought to determine the prevalence of Occult hepatitis B virus infection in previously screened blood from blood banks in Kaduna metropolis. The method involved collection of 2.0 ml of blood from donor’s pilot sample and re-testing the blood by another rapid test kit, Lab ACON (Hangzhou Biotest Biotech Co. Ltd. China). Those found negative were then tested for HBV-DNA by PCR. The PCR product was Sequenced using Sanger’s method to determine its variant. Structured questionnaire was also administered to blood bank facilities for the study. The result showed that all blood banks used employed rapid test kit method only for donors screening. There was a prevalence of 0.5% Occult hepatitis B virus infection in previously screened blood from blood banks in Kaduna metropolis. Statistical measure using Chi – square to compare the difference between use of Rapid test strip method and the PCR method shows that there is no significant difference at P < 0.01, but the PCR method is more sensitive than the rapid test strip method. Blast of the sequence shows 92% identity to Hepatitis B V2. Occult HBV infection exists in previously screened blood from blood banks in Kaduna metropolis and the use of rapid test kit alone for screening prospective donors will not eliminate the risk of HBV transmission in blood transfusion. Blood donor samples in Kaduna state should be tested for OBI by Nucleic acid testing (NAT) prior to transfusion to minimize the HBV infection risk.
Authors: Jolayemi Bashir A.D., Abdulsalami M.S. and Egbe N.E.
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Abstract
Hepatitis refers to an inflammatory condition of the liver. It is commonly caused by a viral infection, but there are other possible causes of hepatitis. This study sought to determine the prevalence of Occult hepatitis B virus infection in previously screened blood from blood banks in Kaduna metropolis. The method involved collection of 2.0 ml of blood from donor’s pilot sample and re-testing the blood by another rapid test kit, Lab ACON (Hangzhou Biotest Biotech Co. Ltd. China). Those found negative were then tested for HBV-DNA by PCR. The PCR product was Sequenced using Sanger’s method to determine its variant. Structured questionnaire was also administered to blood bank facilities for the study. The result showed that all blood banks used employed rapid test kit method only for donors screening. There was a prevalence of 0.5% Occult hepatitis B virus infection in previously screened blood from blood banks in Kaduna metropolis. Statistical measure using Chi – square to compare the difference between use of Rapid test strip method and the PCR method shows that there is no significant difference at P < 0.01, but the PCR method is more sensitive than the rapid test strip method. Blast of the sequence shows 92% identity to Hepatitis B V2. Occult HBV infection exists in previously screened blood from blood banks in Kaduna metropolis and the use of rapid test kit alone for screening prospective donors will not eliminate the risk of HBV transmission in blood transfusion. Blood donor samples in Kaduna state should be tested for OBI by Nucleic acid testing (NAT) prior to transfusion to minimize the HBV infection risk.
Effects of Fermentation on the Nutritional and Anti-Nutritional Components of Cooked/Boiled Water Melon (Citrullus lanatus) Seed
Watermelon is a commonly consumed fruit. However, only the fleshy pulp is usually consumed leaving the seed and rind to be discarded. The effects of processing (heat treatment and fermentation) on the proximate composition and anti-nutrient components of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus var. lanatus) seeds were investigated. Fermentation was carried out by first boiling seeds for 3h, wrapped in clean plantain (Musa sapientum var. paradisiaca Linn.) leaves and allowed to ferment for 96h. Proximate and phytochemical screenings were carried out on the raw and processed seeds. Microbial analyses were also carried out daily on the fermenting seeds. Results of proximate analysis revealed a significant difference (p<0.05) in contents of protein, crude fat, ash, moisture content and carbohydrate of the raw, cooked and fermented seeds while there was no significant difference in the crude fibre content of the raw and cooked seeds. Protein, crude fat and carbohydrate ranged from 8.55-13.14%, 4.64-9.76% and 49.78-60.29% respectively with the highest values (except for carbohydrate) in fermented seeds while the raw seeds had the least. The anti-nutrient investigation showed that oxalate was present in raw seeds but absent in the cooked and fermented seeds. Anti-nutrients present in the raw seeds showed variable reductions after processing. Nine bacterial genera identified as Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, Bacillus, Lactobacillus, Micrococcus, Proteus, Pediococcus, Klebsiella and Serratia with one fungal genera identified as Aspergillus were recovered from the fermenting seeds. The pH, titratable acidity and temperature of the seeds at the end of fermentation were 8.02, 0.20 and 28℃ respectively. The study showed that cooking and fermentation of watermelon seeds have direct relationships on its proximate and anti-nutrient compositions. The cooked and fermented watermelon seeds could be used in food and feeds formulation.
Authors: Makinde O.A.
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Abstract
Watermelon is a commonly consumed fruit. However, only the fleshy pulp is usually consumed leaving the seed and rind to be discarded. The effects of processing (heat treatment and fermentation) on the proximate composition and anti-nutrient components of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus var. lanatus) seeds were investigated. Fermentation was carried out by first boiling seeds for 3h, wrapped in clean plantain (Musa sapientum var. paradisiaca Linn.) leaves and allowed to ferment for 96h. Proximate and phytochemical screenings were carried out on the raw and processed seeds. Microbial analyses were also carried out daily on the fermenting seeds. Results of proximate analysis revealed a significant difference (p<0.05) in contents of protein, crude fat, ash, moisture content and carbohydrate of the raw, cooked and fermented seeds while there was no significant difference in the crude fibre content of the raw and cooked seeds. Protein, crude fat and carbohydrate ranged from 8.55-13.14%, 4.64-9.76% and 49.78-60.29% respectively with the highest values (except for carbohydrate) in fermented seeds while the raw seeds had the least. The anti-nutrient investigation showed that oxalate was present in raw seeds but absent in the cooked and fermented seeds. Anti-nutrients present in the raw seeds showed variable reductions after processing. Nine bacterial genera identified as Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, Bacillus, Lactobacillus, Micrococcus, Proteus, Pediococcus, Klebsiella and Serratia with one fungal genera identified as Aspergillus were recovered from the fermenting seeds. The pH, titratable acidity and temperature of the seeds at the end of fermentation were 8.02, 0.20 and 28℃ respectively. The study showed that cooking and fermentation of watermelon seeds have direct relationships on its proximate and anti-nutrient compositions. The cooked and fermented watermelon seeds could be used in food and feeds formulation.
Mycoremediation of Benzene, Toluene, Ethyl benzene and Xylene (BTEX) Compounds by Fungi Isolated from Hydrocarbon-contaminated Soil
Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene and xylene(BTEX)are the most commonly cited monoaromatic compounds in environmental pollution in recent years due to their high solubility and toxicity in ground water and soils. This studywas conducted in order to isolate and enumerate fungi in soils heavily polluted with petroleum hydrocarbons, and to select those with BTEX degrading abilities. Screening of the fungi isolated on Mineral Salt Media (MSM) supplemented with BTEX showed Aspergillus terreus DMW-5 and Gliocladium spp. had the highest colony diameter while Penicillium spp. has the lowest colony diameter. The highest BTEX weight loss and increase in spore size was also observed with Aspergillus terreus DMW-5 and Gliocladium spp. which degraded 240mg/mL BTEXand 220mg/mL BTEX while the lowest was with Aspergillus flavus which degraded 190mg/mL BTEX. The hydrocarbon utilizing fungal (HUF) counts revealed Aspergillus terreus DMW-5 and Gliocladium spp. as having the highest number of spores (8.2 x 107 and6.3 x 107 spores/mL) and Aspergillus flavus with the lowest number of spores (1.2 x 107 spores/mL). Thus, Gliocladium spp.and Aspergillus terreus DMW 5 are potential candidates for the mycoremediation studies of BTEX.
Authors: Usman, N., Tijjani, M.B. and Atta, H.I.
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Abstract
Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene and xylene(BTEX)are the most commonly cited monoaromatic compounds in environmental pollution in recent years due to their high solubility and toxicity in ground water and soils. This studywas conducted in order to isolate and enumerate fungi in soils heavily polluted with petroleum hydrocarbons, and to select those with BTEX degrading abilities. Screening of the fungi isolated on Mineral Salt Media (MSM) supplemented with BTEX showed Aspergillus terreus DMW-5 and Gliocladium spp. had the highest colony diameter while Penicillium spp. has the lowest colony diameter. The highest BTEX weight loss and increase in spore size was also observed with Aspergillus terreus DMW-5 and Gliocladium spp. which degraded 240mg/mL BTEXand 220mg/mL BTEX while the lowest was with Aspergillus flavus which degraded 190mg/mL BTEX. The hydrocarbon utilizing fungal (HUF) counts revealed Aspergillus terreus DMW-5 and Gliocladium spp. as having the highest number of spores (8.2 x 107 and6.3 x 107 spores/mL) and Aspergillus flavus with the lowest number of spores (1.2 x 107 spores/mL). Thus, Gliocladium spp.and Aspergillus terreus DMW 5 are potential candidates for the mycoremediation studies of BTEX.
Effects of Microbial Fermentation on Cyanide Contents and Proximate Composition of Cassava Tubers
Yellow and white varieties of cassava (Manihot esculenta) tubers were fermented for the reduction of cyanide content and nutritional improvement. The samples were steeped separately in rain water and allowed to ferment spontaneously for 4 days. The fermenting steep water was inoculated by Spread Plate method on Nutrient, De Man Rogosa Sharpe and McConkey Agar for bacterial isolation and on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar for isolation of fungi in triplicates and incubated. The isolates include: Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus spp, Lactobacillus spp, Enterobacter spp, Aspergillus spp, Candida spp, and Saccharomyces spp. Fermentation caused a reduction in the cyanide content from 9.24±0.01 to 2.93±0.02 mg/100g and 9.85±0.03 to 3.15±0.04 mg/100g in the yellow and white cassava varieties respectively. The pH decreased in value while the titratable acidity increased in value for both cassava varieties. Proximate analyses showed significant increase in protein, crude fibre and moisture values in both cassava varieties but a decrease in ash and carbohydrate contents. Fermentation significantly reduced the cyanide contents (p ≤ 0.05) and improved nutritional status of the fermented cassava tubers. The fermented food was found pathogen-free thus safe for consumption.
Authors: Obi C. N and Ugwu C. J.
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Abstract
Yellow and white varieties of cassava (Manihot esculenta) tubers were fermented for the reduction of cyanide content and nutritional improvement. The samples were steeped separately in rain water and allowed to ferment spontaneously for 4 days. The fermenting steep water was inoculated by Spread Plate method on Nutrient, De Man Rogosa Sharpe and McConkey Agar for bacterial isolation and on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar for isolation of fungi in triplicates and incubated. The isolates include: Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus spp, Lactobacillus spp, Enterobacter spp, Aspergillus spp, Candida spp, and Saccharomyces spp. Fermentation caused a reduction in the cyanide content from 9.24±0.01 to 2.93±0.02 mg/100g and 9.85±0.03 to 3.15±0.04 mg/100g in the yellow and white cassava varieties respectively. The pH decreased in value while the titratable acidity increased in value for both cassava varieties. Proximate analyses showed significant increase in protein, crude fibre and moisture values in both cassava varieties but a decrease in ash and carbohydrate contents. Fermentation significantly reduced the cyanide contents (p ≤ 0.05) and improved nutritional status of the fermented cassava tubers. The fermented food was found pathogen-free thus safe for consumption.
Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Colonization in Egg – laying Chickens and Poultry Workers in Selected Farms in Odeda Local Government Area, Ogun-state, Nigeria
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) remains a growing public health challenge. Although MRSA has been detected in pigs and other livestock in Nigeria, there are few reports on the prevalence and public health implications of MRSA in chickens. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence and antibiotic resistance patterns of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in selected poultry farms in Odeda local government area of Ogun state. Nasal and cloacal swab samples were collected from one hundred and fifty egg-laying birds from ten poultry farms within the local government area. Swab samples were also collected from nasal and hands of twenty-five poultry workers. All samples were screened for the presence of MRSA. Antibiotic susceptibility patterns of the MRSA isolates was determined using disc diffusion method. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from 86 (57.3%) of the birds, and 19 (76%) of the farm workers. The prevalence of MRSA in layers and workers were 16.0% and 20.0% respectively. The prevalence of MRSA in the layers in different farms ranged from 0% to 33.3%. The MRSA isolates showed high level of resistance to oxacillin (100%), cefuroxime (79%), streptomycin (72%), erythromycin (72%), amoxicillin (72%), gentamycin (65%) and tetracycline (62%). The study further revealed the irrational usage of antimicrobials and poor hygienic practices in most of the poultry farms. The presence of multi-drug resistant MRSA in poultry farms therefore poses a risk not only to the birds, but also the farm workers, consumers and community.
Authors: Adejare R. Oloyede, Adediwura O. Arowosegbe and Ayomikun E. Aderounmu
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Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) remains a growing public health challenge. Although MRSA has been detected in pigs and other livestock in Nigeria, there are few reports on the prevalence and public health implications of MRSA in chickens. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence and antibiotic resistance patterns of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in selected poultry farms in Odeda local government area of Ogun state. Nasal and cloacal swab samples were collected from one hundred and fifty egg-laying birds from ten poultry farms within the local government area. Swab samples were also collected from nasal and hands of twenty-five poultry workers. All samples were screened for the presence of MRSA. Antibiotic susceptibility patterns of the MRSA isolates was determined using disc diffusion method. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from 86 (57.3%) of the birds, and 19 (76%) of the farm workers. The prevalence of MRSA in layers and workers were 16.0% and 20.0% respectively. The prevalence of MRSA in the layers in different farms ranged from 0% to 33.3%. The MRSA isolates showed high level of resistance to oxacillin (100%), cefuroxime (79%), streptomycin (72%), erythromycin (72%), amoxicillin (72%), gentamycin (65%) and tetracycline (62%). The study further revealed the irrational usage of antimicrobials and poor hygienic practices in most of the poultry farms. The presence of multi-drug resistant MRSA in poultry farms therefore poses a risk not only to the birds, but also the farm workers, consumers and community.
Prevalence of Dengue Virus Antibody among Residents of a Rural Community in Southwestern, Nigeria
Dengue is an endemic mosquito borne viral disease which is sparingly considered during routine screening for agents of febrile illnesses in Nigeria even though it has been reported across major cities in the country. We investigated the prevalence of dengue virus infection among dwellers of a rural community in Osun State, Southwestern Nigeria. Whole blood samples were collected from consenting participants in Hospitals and clinics within the community and tested for DENV IgM antibody using an ELISA (Wkea Medical Supplies, Guanzou China) technique. Out of a total number of 120 serum samples screened, 57.50% tested positive for dengue IgM while 42.50% were negative. Female samples recorded highest positivity of 37.5% compared to males having 20%. There was a statistically significant difference in the prevalence of dengue IgM antibody by gender (X2= 8.89, df= 1, &p= 0.003). There exist a statistical association between dengue IgM antibody and length of stay in the community (p<0.001); occupation (p=0.0175); travel history (p=0.003) as well as use of mosquito nets and insecticides (p<0.001). Our findings show a relatively high prevalence of recent dengue viral infection within the rural community which needs to be studied further. Hence, there is the need to constantly screen for dengue during all cases of febrile conditions
Authors: Okoror L. E, Osanyinlusi S. A., Ukhureigbe O.M and Udenze D. O.
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Abstract
Dengue is an endemic mosquito borne viral disease which is sparingly considered during routine screening for agents of febrile illnesses in Nigeria even though it has been reported across major cities in the country. We investigated the prevalence of dengue virus infection among dwellers of a rural community in Osun State, Southwestern Nigeria. Whole blood samples were collected from consenting participants in Hospitals and clinics within the community and tested for DENV IgM antibody using an ELISA (Wkea Medical Supplies, Guanzou China) technique. Out of a total number of 120 serum samples screened, 57.50% tested positive for dengue IgM while 42.50% were negative. Female samples recorded highest positivity of 37.5% compared to males having 20%. There was a statistically significant difference in the prevalence of dengue IgM antibody by gender (X2= 8.89, df= 1, &p= 0.003). There exist a statistical association between dengue IgM antibody and length of stay in the community (p<0.001); occupation (p=0.0175); travel history (p=0.003) as well as use of mosquito nets and insecticides (p<0.001). Our findings show a relatively high prevalence of recent dengue viral infection within the rural community which needs to be studied further. Hence, there is the need to constantly screen for dengue during all cases of febrile conditions
Eggshell Wastes as Potential Protein Supplement in the Production of Cellulase by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus cereus
e challenges with eggshell wastes management are disposal cost, availability of dumpsite, flies and odour. However, this waste can be converted to useful materials. In this study, different gram of eggshell was substituted for proteins in nutrient broth to grow cellulase-producing bacteria. Crude and pretreated eggshell were added to 100ml of bacteriological media. Filter paper assay was used to determine cellulase activity produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus cereus. From the results, highest cellulase activity of 28.80IU was observed from cellulase produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa supplemented with 0.5g of the crude eggshell, assayed at 50oC for 60 minutes while the least activity of 2.50 IU was observed in cellulase produced by Bacillus cereus in 2.0g pretreated (15% HCl) eggshell supplemented medium at 40oC for 60 minutes. In the control (Nutrient broth), cellulase produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed the highest activity of 42.20 IU at 50oC for 60 minutes while the least activity of 7.50IU was observed in cellulase produced by Bacillus cereus at 50oC for 60 minutes. Cellulase activity was low for 120 minutes at 50oC. This research findings show that eggshells contain protein which can be metabolized by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus cereus. The enzyme cellulase acts best at an optimum temperature of 50oC for 60 minutes, it also shows that media supplemented with crude eggshell gave better yield than those of HCl pretreatment. Higher activities were observed in cellulase produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa than those produced by Bacillus cereus.
Authors: Olukunle, Oluwatoyin Folake and Falayi, Micheal Abiodun
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Abstract
e challenges with eggshell wastes management are disposal cost, availability of dumpsite, flies and odour. However, this waste can be converted to useful materials. In this study, different gram of eggshell was substituted for proteins in nutrient broth to grow cellulase-producing bacteria. Crude and pretreated eggshell were added to 100ml of bacteriological media. Filter paper assay was used to determine cellulase activity produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus cereus. From the results, highest cellulase activity of 28.80IU was observed from cellulase produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa supplemented with 0.5g of the crude eggshell, assayed at 50oC for 60 minutes while the least activity of 2.50 IU was observed in cellulase produced by Bacillus cereus in 2.0g pretreated (15% HCl) eggshell supplemented medium at 40oC for 60 minutes. In the control (Nutrient broth), cellulase produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed the highest activity of 42.20 IU at 50oC for 60 minutes while the least activity of 7.50IU was observed in cellulase produced by Bacillus cereus at 50oC for 60 minutes. Cellulase activity was low for 120 minutes at 50oC. This research findings show that eggshells contain protein which can be metabolized by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus cereus. The enzyme cellulase acts best at an optimum temperature of 50oC for 60 minutes, it also shows that media supplemented with crude eggshell gave better yield than those of HCl pretreatment. Higher activities were observed in cellulase produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa than those produced by Bacillus cereus.
Evaluation of Bacterial Load and Occurrence of enterotoxigenic coagulase Positive Staphylococcus aureus in ready-to-eat foods sold in Benin City
Ready-to-eat foods are easily recontaminated by microbes during post processing and may be the cause of food borne diseases. Food samples analyzed were Doughnut, Fried snail, Boiled yam/stew, Smoked fish, Moi-moi, Jollof rice, Eba and Gala obtained from vendors in Egor, Ikpoba Okha, Ovia North-East and Oredo Local Government Area (LGA) all in Benin City. The collected ready-to-eat foods were taken to the laboratory and analyzed immediately as 0 h and the other part was stored in a cool box for 8 hr. Pour-plated method was used for heterotrophic bacterial and Staphylococcal count on nutrient agar and mannitol salt agar respectively. Polymerase chain reaction assay was employed for the detection of femA and Staphylococcal enterotoxin (A, B, C, D and E) genes. The heterotrophic bacterial and Staphylococcal counts of the food samples increased after 8hr of storage. The highest bacterial count of 10.30±0.05 x106cfu/ml was from doughnut obtained from Ikpoba Okha LGA and the least was 1.90±0.10x106cfu/ml from fried snail obtained from Egor LGA. The highest Staphylococcal count was 4.00±0.20x106cfu/ml from doughnut obtained from Ikpoba Okha LGA and the least was 0.75±0.05x106cfu/ml from fried snail obtained from Ovia N/E LGA. The identified bacterial isolates were Bacillus cereus, B. subtilis, Corynebacterium kustcheri, C. xerosis, Escherichia coli, Micrococcus varians, Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, and S. intermidius. Micrococcus varians had the highest frequency of occurrence (11.75%). All the S. aureus isolated from the food samples obtained from the four LGAs harboured 100% femA and 75% SEE genes. The study showed that ready-to-eat foods are prone to serious contamination by potentially hazardous organisms whose population and toxigenicity increases with time.
Authors: Oshoma C.E, Igwenwanne A.E. and Omorotionwan B.B
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Abstract
Ready-to-eat foods are easily recontaminated by microbes during post processing and may be the cause of food borne diseases. Food samples analyzed were Doughnut, Fried snail, Boiled yam/stew, Smoked fish, Moi-moi, Jollof rice, Eba and Gala obtained from vendors in Egor, Ikpoba Okha, Ovia North-East and Oredo Local Government Area (LGA) all in Benin City. The collected ready-to-eat foods were taken to the laboratory and analyzed immediately as 0 h and the other part was stored in a cool box for 8 hr. Pour-plated method was used for heterotrophic bacterial and Staphylococcal count on nutrient agar and mannitol salt agar respectively. Polymerase chain reaction assay was employed for the detection of femA and Staphylococcal enterotoxin (A, B, C, D and E) genes. The heterotrophic bacterial and Staphylococcal counts of the food samples increased after 8hr of storage. The highest bacterial count of 10.30±0.05 x106cfu/ml was from doughnut obtained from Ikpoba Okha LGA and the least was 1.90±0.10x106cfu/ml from fried snail obtained from Egor LGA. The highest Staphylococcal count was 4.00±0.20x106cfu/ml from doughnut obtained from Ikpoba Okha LGA and the least was 0.75±0.05x106cfu/ml from fried snail obtained from Ovia N/E LGA. The identified bacterial isolates were Bacillus cereus, B. subtilis, Corynebacterium kustcheri, C. xerosis, Escherichia coli, Micrococcus varians, Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, and S. intermidius. Micrococcus varians had the highest frequency of occurrence (11.75%). All the S. aureus isolated from the food samples obtained from the four LGAs harboured 100% femA and 75% SEE genes. The study showed that ready-to-eat foods are prone to serious contamination by potentially hazardous organisms whose population and toxigenicity increases with time.
Phytochemicals Screening and Antibacterial activity of Ethanolic leaf extracts of Terminalia catappa on some clinical bacterial isolates
This study is aimed at evaluating the antimicrobial activity of ethanolic leaves extract of Terminalia catappa on some clinical bacterial isolates. The extracts were tested in vitro on Gram negative bacteria, it was obtained from ethanol using percolation method. The sensitivity of four clinical isolates of Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Morganella morganiis, Yersina enterocolitic was tested. The extract demonstrated strong in vitro antibacterial activity against these organisms at all concentration used (20μg/disc, 40μg/disc, 80μg/disc and 160μg/disc). Of these bacteria screened for antibacterial activity Morganella morganiis appeared to be the most sensitive organism exhibiting growth inhibition zone diameter of 15mm (160μg/disc), 14mm (80μg/disc), 12mm (40μg/disc), and 9mm (20μg/disc). While the least sensitive organism was observed on Escherichia coli 14mm (160μg/disc), 11mm (80μg/disc), 10mm (40μg/disc), 9mm (20μg/disc). Minimum Inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extract was determined at 25ug/ml for the entire test organism. Although the extract revealed a strong inhibitory activity against the test organisms, growth was observed when test-tubes which showed absence of growth at MIC were sub-cultured on solid media to determine Minimum Bacterial Concentration (MBC) meaning that the extract was only Bacteriostatic at these concentration
Authors: Gurama, A. G., Shamsuddeen,. U. Dahiru, A. T.
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Abstract
This study is aimed at evaluating the antimicrobial activity of ethanolic leaves extract of Terminalia catappa on some clinical bacterial isolates. The extracts were tested in vitro on Gram negative bacteria, it was obtained from ethanol using percolation method. The sensitivity of four clinical isolates of Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Morganella morganiis, Yersina enterocolitic was tested. The extract demonstrated strong in vitro antibacterial activity against these organisms at all concentration used (20μg/disc, 40μg/disc, 80μg/disc and 160μg/disc). Of these bacteria screened for antibacterial activity Morganella morganiis appeared to be the most sensitive organism exhibiting growth inhibition zone diameter of 15mm (160μg/disc), 14mm (80μg/disc), 12mm (40μg/disc), and 9mm (20μg/disc). While the least sensitive organism was observed on Escherichia coli 14mm (160μg/disc), 11mm (80μg/disc), 10mm (40μg/disc), 9mm (20μg/disc). Minimum Inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extract was determined at 25ug/ml for the entire test organism. Although the extract revealed a strong inhibitory activity against the test organisms, growth was observed when test-tubes which showed absence of growth at MIC were sub-cultured on solid media to determine Minimum Bacterial Concentration (MBC) meaning that the extract was only Bacteriostatic at these concentration
Parasitological Analysis of Vegetables Grown by Urban Farmers in Lagos State, Nigeria
Food borne parasitic diseases are prevalent in major poor regions of the world and abound where waste from definitive hosts contaminate food, resulting in infections commonly occurring in children and immunocompromised individuals. This study assessed the degree of parasitic contamination of vegetables grown in Lagos, Nigeria. Fifteen (15) different species of vegetables were collected from various farms in Lagos for a period of 2months from August to October. One hundred and thirty eight (138) samples of the vegetables were washed in three wash solutions; physiological saline, glycine buffer and distilled water. The resulting wash solutions were strained and centrifuged to concentrate the parasitic stages and examined with the aid of a light microscope. A prevalence of 58.7% (81 samples) parasitic contamination was found, with various parasites including Hookworm, Ascaris lumbricoides, Entamoeba coli, Fasciola spp,Giardia lamblia and Strongyloides stercoralis. Hookworm and G. lamblia were found in all farm locations surveyed. Lactuca sativa had the highest contamination (17.7 %).Sedimentation technique was more sensitive for detection with a higher parasitic recovery rate (77.4%) than flotation technique (22.6%).The difference however was not statistically significant(p> 0.05). Physiological saline was found to have the capability of dislodging more parasitic stages(58.1%) than other wash solutions. These findings suggest evidence for high risk of acquiring parasitic infection from the consumption of raw vegetables when not properly and hygienically prepared. Proper handling, washing and cooking of vegetable products is strongly advocated to reduce risk of parasitic infections.
Authors: Olusegun-Joseph, Taiye Shade., Akande, David .O. and Izuka, Lilian
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Abstract
Food borne parasitic diseases are prevalent in major poor regions of the world and abound where waste from definitive hosts contaminate food, resulting in infections commonly occurring in children and immunocompromised individuals. This study assessed the degree of parasitic contamination of vegetables grown in Lagos, Nigeria. Fifteen (15) different species of vegetables were collected from various farms in Lagos for a period of 2months from August to October. One hundred and thirty eight (138) samples of the vegetables were washed in three wash solutions; physiological saline, glycine buffer and distilled water. The resulting wash solutions were strained and centrifuged to concentrate the parasitic stages and examined with the aid of a light microscope. A prevalence of 58.7% (81 samples) parasitic contamination was found, with various parasites including Hookworm, Ascaris lumbricoides, Entamoeba coli, Fasciola spp,Giardia lamblia and Strongyloides stercoralis. Hookworm and G. lamblia were found in all farm locations surveyed. Lactuca sativa had the highest contamination (17.7 %).Sedimentation technique was more sensitive for detection with a higher parasitic recovery rate (77.4%) than flotation technique (22.6%).The difference however was not statistically significant(p> 0.05). Physiological saline was found to have the capability of dislodging more parasitic stages(58.1%) than other wash solutions. These findings suggest evidence for high risk of acquiring parasitic infection from the consumption of raw vegetables when not properly and hygienically prepared. Proper handling, washing and cooking of vegetable products is strongly advocated to reduce risk of parasitic infections.
Phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial Efficacy of Apiary Honey on some bacteria isolated from Diabetic Foot Ulcer
Diabetic wounds unlike typical wounds are slower to heal, making treatment with conventional topical medications an uphill process. Among several different alternative therapies, honey is an effective choice because it provides comparatively rapid wound healing. The apiary honey samples used in this study were purchased from Umudike research Institute Umuahia, in Abia State, Southeastern Nigeria. Phytochemical screening, antibacterial susceptibility test, minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration were performed using standard methods. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of reducing sugar, saponins, glycosides, alkaloids and flavonoids and absence of Terpenoids, Phlobatanins, phenols and tannins. Antibacterial activity of apiary honey on some medically important bacteria including Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp, Bacillus subtilis, Proteus vulgaris and Pseudomonas aeruginosa shows that apiary honey exhibit strong antibacterial activity producing zones of inhibition against the tested bacteria. Also, honey sample used in this study showed antibacterial activity than the commercially available antibiotics, both of which were of the same concentration of 2.5ml. The results from this study shows that apiary honey, apart from its roles as food and supplements, could be used as an antibacterial agent, as they may be an excellent alternative to curtail the further spreading of drug resistant bacteria in Nigeria.
Authors: Unegbu Nnachetam Valentine, Nwachukwu Obiora Ndubuisi, Obum-Nnadi Charity Ndidi, Nkwoemeka Ndidi Ethel, Emmanuel Nnabuike Ugbo, Egwuatu Pius Ikenna
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Abstract
Diabetic wounds unlike typical wounds are slower to heal, making treatment with conventional topical medications an uphill process. Among several different alternative therapies, honey is an effective choice because it provides comparatively rapid wound healing. The apiary honey samples used in this study were purchased from Umudike research Institute Umuahia, in Abia State, Southeastern Nigeria. Phytochemical screening, antibacterial susceptibility test, minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration were performed using standard methods. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of reducing sugar, saponins, glycosides, alkaloids and flavonoids and absence of Terpenoids, Phlobatanins, phenols and tannins. Antibacterial activity of apiary honey on some medically important bacteria including Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp, Bacillus subtilis, Proteus vulgaris and Pseudomonas aeruginosa shows that apiary honey exhibit strong antibacterial activity producing zones of inhibition against the tested bacteria. Also, honey sample used in this study showed antibacterial activity than the commercially available antibiotics, both of which were of the same concentration of 2.5ml. The results from this study shows that apiary honey, apart from its roles as food and supplements, could be used as an antibacterial agent, as they may be an excellent alternative to curtail the further spreading of drug resistant bacteria in Nigeria.
Biosorption of Copper (II) ions in Aqueous Solution using Biomass of Fusarium equiseti KR706303 isolated from Mangrove soil environment
Bioremediation is an alternative green technology for the removal of heavy metals pollution because of their toxicity to the environment and public health. Mangrove is an extreme environment which acts as natural filters of water flowing into the sea, and retain heavy metals and sediments in the roots and soil substrate. The present study aimed to isolate efficient copper tolerant fungi from mangrove soil environment and measure its potentiality for copper removal from aqueous solution. The most tolerant fungal strain was successfully isolated and identified molecularly as Fusarium equiseti KR706303. The isolated fungus was used for biosorption studies using Potato Dextrose broth (PDB) amended with copper ions. The effects of physical parameters on copper (II) ions biosorption were monitored. The results showed that the optimal parameters for the removal of copper ions such as heavy metal concentration and pH were 30 mg L-1, with a maximum Cu(II) adsorption of 8.5mg/g observed at pH 9 and temperature of 30°C during the batch biosorption experiments. The optimal parameters for biomass weight, agitation speed, contact time and biomass age were observed at 0.04 g/L, 150 rpm, 60 min and fifth day; respectively. The observation in this study reveals that the biomass of the isolated F. equiseti KR706303 has the potential to be used as a biosorbent for heavy metal particularly Cu(II) removal from the contaminated sites. The technology is simple, efficient, cost effective and environmental friendly
Authors: Wahab Abideen Akinkunmi, Awang Ahmad Sallehin Awang Husaini, Adeyemi Folasade Muibat
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Abstract
Bioremediation is an alternative green technology for the removal of heavy metals pollution because of their toxicity to the environment and public health. Mangrove is an extreme environment which acts as natural filters of water flowing into the sea, and retain heavy metals and sediments in the roots and soil substrate. The present study aimed to isolate efficient copper tolerant fungi from mangrove soil environment and measure its potentiality for copper removal from aqueous solution. The most tolerant fungal strain was successfully isolated and identified molecularly as Fusarium equiseti KR706303. The isolated fungus was used for biosorption studies using Potato Dextrose broth (PDB) amended with copper ions. The effects of physical parameters on copper (II) ions biosorption were monitored. The results showed that the optimal parameters for the removal of copper ions such as heavy metal concentration and pH were 30 mg L-1, with a maximum Cu(II) adsorption of 8.5mg/g observed at pH 9 and temperature of 30°C during the batch biosorption experiments. The optimal parameters for biomass weight, agitation speed, contact time and biomass age were observed at 0.04 g/L, 150 rpm, 60 min and fifth day; respectively. The observation in this study reveals that the biomass of the isolated F. equiseti KR706303 has the potential to be used as a biosorbent for heavy metal particularly Cu(II) removal from the contaminated sites. The technology is simple, efficient, cost effective and environmental friendly
Seroprevalence of Helicobacter pylori Infection among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Clinic at Yusuf Dantsoho Memorial Hospital, Kaduna
Helicobacter pylori is a Gram-negative bacillus known to colonize the stomach and plays a role in the creation of multiple gastrointestinal disorders which causes considerable morbidity and impose a major burden upon healthcare particularly in developing countries. This study was conducted to determine the seroprevalence of Helicobacter pylori among pregnant women attending antenatal clinic at Yusuf Dantsoho Memorial Hospital, Kaduna State Nigeria. Hundred (100) blood samples were collected from pregnant women and screened for the presence of Helicobacter pylori antibodies using NOVA TEST One Step Diagnostic Rapid Test Cassette. Questionnaires were also used to determine the risk factors associated with H. pylori infection. The results obtained showed an overall prevalence of 29%. The results of prevalence by age group showed that age group greater than 38 years had the highest prevalence of 51.7%, while age group 18 – 22 had the lowest prevalence of 6.9%. Statistical analysis of the risk factors associated with H. pylori infection using chi-square showed no significant association (p-value greater than 0.05) between H. pylori infection with pregnancy stages in trimesters, gastrointestinal illness, heartburn, and source of water for drinking. However, this study showed significant association (p-value of 0.03) between Helicobacter pylori infection and hyperemesis gravidarum among the study population. Therefore, there is need to create awareness of Helicobacter pylori infection for its possible prevention and routine screening for Helicobacter pylori be implemented for all antenatal women in the hospital.
Authors: Yaki, L. M., Ibrahim, A., Wartu, J. R. and Zakka, A. W.
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Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is a Gram-negative bacillus known to colonize the stomach and plays a role in the creation of multiple gastrointestinal disorders which causes considerable morbidity and impose a major burden upon healthcare particularly in developing countries. This study was conducted to determine the seroprevalence of Helicobacter pylori among pregnant women attending antenatal clinic at Yusuf Dantsoho Memorial Hospital, Kaduna State Nigeria. Hundred (100) blood samples were collected from pregnant women and screened for the presence of Helicobacter pylori antibodies using NOVA TEST One Step Diagnostic Rapid Test Cassette. Questionnaires were also used to determine the risk factors associated with H. pylori infection. The results obtained showed an overall prevalence of 29%. The results of prevalence by age group showed that age group greater than 38 years had the highest prevalence of 51.7%, while age group 18 – 22 had the lowest prevalence of 6.9%. Statistical analysis of the risk factors associated with H. pylori infection using chi-square showed no significant association (p-value greater than 0.05) between H. pylori infection with pregnancy stages in trimesters, gastrointestinal illness, heartburn, and source of water for drinking. However, this study showed significant association (p-value of 0.03) between Helicobacter pylori infection and hyperemesis gravidarum among the study population. Therefore, there is need to create awareness of Helicobacter pylori infection for its possible prevention and routine screening for Helicobacter pylori be implemented for all antenatal women in the hospital.
Bioremediation of Lead (Pb) by using Aspergillus terreus Isolated from Polluted Soil
Industrial effluent causes serious problem to the environment, it contain toxic chemicals such as heavy metals, dyes and other substances which affect water bodies, soil and other parts of the ecosystem. Heavy metals such as Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr) and Copper (Cu) are very hazardous to human life, when released through human anthropogenic activities. Methods of removal by physicochemical techniques were found inadequate. Bioremediation procedures can be employed to remove waste products from the environment which is eco-friendly and less cost-effective. Pb-resistant fungus was isolated from the polluted soil. It was grown on Sabouraud Dextrose Broth (SDB) by enrichment method and plated on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) and then screened at various concentrations of Pb ions concentrations up to 700mg/L. The 18S rRNA was carried out and based on that Clustal X software was used to identify the isolate as Aspergillus terreus. The uptake of the Pb ions was also carried out and enhanced in the liquid medium by optimization of the conditions which includes pH, temperature, inoculums size and incubation time. The highest Pb removal was found to be 84.63%, with dried biomass of 1.78 mg. Scanning Electron Microscopy revealed the structure of the isolates before and after the treatment with Lead heavy metal. The isolate could be used for the removal of contaminants especially hazardous chemicals and heavy metals from the environment.
Authors: Usman U. Zango, Tijjani M. B. and Anil K. Sharma.
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Abstract
Industrial effluent causes serious problem to the environment, it contain toxic chemicals such as heavy metals, dyes and other substances which affect water bodies, soil and other parts of the ecosystem. Heavy metals such as Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr) and Copper (Cu) are very hazardous to human life, when released through human anthropogenic activities. Methods of removal by physicochemical techniques were found inadequate. Bioremediation procedures can be employed to remove waste products from the environment which is eco-friendly and less cost-effective. Pb-resistant fungus was isolated from the polluted soil. It was grown on Sabouraud Dextrose Broth (SDB) by enrichment method and plated on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) and then screened at various concentrations of Pb ions concentrations up to 700mg/L. The 18S rRNA was carried out and based on that Clustal X software was used to identify the isolate as Aspergillus terreus. The uptake of the Pb ions was also carried out and enhanced in the liquid medium by optimization of the conditions which includes pH, temperature, inoculums size and incubation time. The highest Pb removal was found to be 84.63%, with dried biomass of 1.78 mg. Scanning Electron Microscopy revealed the structure of the isolates before and after the treatment with Lead heavy metal. The isolate could be used for the removal of contaminants especially hazardous chemicals and heavy metals from the environment.
Phenotypic Characterization of Staphylococcus species isolated from cases of bovine mastitis in parts of Plateau State, Nigeria
It has been established that bovine mastitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus is still a serious threat to dairy industry globally. Consumption of raw milk from the mastitic milk has been identified as a major source of public health issues in the developing nations. This study therefore was aimed at phenotypic characterization of S. aureus isolates from cases of bovine mastitis using both traditional, conventional and serological techniques. A total of 339 milk samples were collected from 98 cows at quarter level and analyzed for subclinical mastitis by California Mastitis Test (CMT). The CMT positive samples were bacteriologically analyzed following standard procedures for the isolation of S. aureus. Further identification and strain typing was done using Staphytect Slide Agglutination Test System and Microbact Staphylococcal 12S Identification System kits. Of the 339 samples analyzed, 30.9% were identified as subclinical mastitis. Moreover, 103(98.1%) of them harbored Staphylococcus species. Also out of the 40 randomly selected isolates that were strain typed, 39 (97.5%) were confirmed as S. aureus and 1 (2.5%) was S. hyicus and all the 40 isolates were coagulase positive. This study concludes that there is high prevalence of S. aureus in the mastitic milk samples studied and this poses a potential health threat not only to public health and safety of the consumers but also to the general public. It also identifies that that a reliable, rapid identification and strain typing of Staphylococcus species by both traditional, conventional and serological techniques provides a cornerstone for the control of S. aureus mastitis
Authors: Suleiman, A. B., Makolo D. Ahmad A.E., Tahir M. I. and Dikwa K. B.
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Abstract
It has been established that bovine mastitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus is still a serious threat to dairy industry globally. Consumption of raw milk from the mastitic milk has been identified as a major source of public health issues in the developing nations. This study therefore was aimed at phenotypic characterization of S. aureus isolates from cases of bovine mastitis using both traditional, conventional and serological techniques. A total of 339 milk samples were collected from 98 cows at quarter level and analyzed for subclinical mastitis by California Mastitis Test (CMT). The CMT positive samples were bacteriologically analyzed following standard procedures for the isolation of S. aureus. Further identification and strain typing was done using Staphytect Slide Agglutination Test System and Microbact Staphylococcal 12S Identification System kits. Of the 339 samples analyzed, 30.9% were identified as subclinical mastitis. Moreover, 103(98.1%) of them harbored Staphylococcus species. Also out of the 40 randomly selected isolates that were strain typed, 39 (97.5%) were confirmed as S. aureus and 1 (2.5%) was S. hyicus and all the 40 isolates were coagulase positive. This study concludes that there is high prevalence of S. aureus in the mastitic milk samples studied and this poses a potential health threat not only to public health and safety of the consumers but also to the general public. It also identifies that that a reliable, rapid identification and strain typing of Staphylococcus species by both traditional, conventional and serological techniques provides a cornerstone for the control of S. aureus mastitis
Microbial Freshwater Pollution and the Associated Risks
Microbial fresh water contamination occurs when faecal matters enter the water body. It is a global issue however; it is more severe in the developing countries due to; rapidly growing population and urbanization, land use and development, unhygienic and poor sanitation practices. Faecal matter pollution of fresh water is perhaps the most hazardous form of fresh water pollution since; it constitutes the greatest risk to the ecosystem and to public human health. Ecologically, it disrupts the nutrient load of the water body leading to eutrophication and the consequent production of toxins directly or indirectly affects man and animals especially, live of aquatic organisms. The public health risk is mainly due to the introduction of microbial pathogens whose diseases are associated with serious morbidity and mortality; and some, are capable of spreading rapidly leading to epidemics of varying proportions. In addition to causing diseases, it disseminates virulence and antibiotic resistance genes, which can be transferred to non-pathogenic and non-antibiotic resistant strains or species in the water body, resulting to diseases with less therapeutic options. The human health risked can be assessed by both the observed-adverse-effect-level approach (OAELA) and quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA). This paper thus, reviews risks associated with the use of microbiologically polluted freshwater and concludes that source water protection and point of use treatment measures is the ultimate means of mitigating such risks and should no longer be neglected.
Authors: Vincent N. Chigor, Chizoba A. Ozochi and Veronica J. Umoh
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Abstract
Microbial fresh water contamination occurs when faecal matters enter the water body. It is a global issue however; it is more severe in the developing countries due to; rapidly growing population and urbanization, land use and development, unhygienic and poor sanitation practices. Faecal matter pollution of fresh water is perhaps the most hazardous form of fresh water pollution since; it constitutes the greatest risk to the ecosystem and to public human health. Ecologically, it disrupts the nutrient load of the water body leading to eutrophication and the consequent production of toxins directly or indirectly affects man and animals especially, live of aquatic organisms. The public health risk is mainly due to the introduction of microbial pathogens whose diseases are associated with serious morbidity and mortality; and some, are capable of spreading rapidly leading to epidemics of varying proportions. In addition to causing diseases, it disseminates virulence and antibiotic resistance genes, which can be transferred to non-pathogenic and non-antibiotic resistant strains or species in the water body, resulting to diseases with less therapeutic options. The human health risked can be assessed by both the observed-adverse-effect-level approach (OAELA) and quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA). This paper thus, reviews risks associated with the use of microbiologically polluted freshwater and concludes that source water protection and point of use treatment measures is the ultimate means of mitigating such risks and should no longer be neglected.
Association of Anaerobic Bacteria with Surgical Site Infections: A Review
Anaerobes are normally found within certain areas of the body but result in serious infection when they have access to a normally sterile body fluid or deep tissue. This paper reviewed and presents the current information on the relationship of anaerobic bacteria with surgical wound infections. Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) changed the term surgical wound infections to surgical site infections, classified the anaerobic bacteria on the basis of oxygen requirements, and classified the surgical wounds based on degree of endogenous microbial contamination. The paper also reviewed other risk factors associated with surgical wound infections such as patient factors, surgical factors, preoperative patient care, theatre factors and equipment factors. Laboratory diagnosis of anaerobic bacterial infection, specimen collection techniques for cultivation of the anaerobic bacteria and various anaerobic growth media used in bacteriology have also been reviewed. The use of some antibiotic prophylaxis before surgery, and some ways of preventing the surgical wound infections were covered
Authors: Kumurya, A. S., Yusuf, A.A. and Umar, S.G.
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Abstract
Anaerobes are normally found within certain areas of the body but result in serious infection when they have access to a normally sterile body fluid or deep tissue. This paper reviewed and presents the current information on the relationship of anaerobic bacteria with surgical wound infections. Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) changed the term surgical wound infections to surgical site infections, classified the anaerobic bacteria on the basis of oxygen requirements, and classified the surgical wounds based on degree of endogenous microbial contamination. The paper also reviewed other risk factors associated with surgical wound infections such as patient factors, surgical factors, preoperative patient care, theatre factors and equipment factors. Laboratory diagnosis of anaerobic bacterial infection, specimen collection techniques for cultivation of the anaerobic bacteria and various anaerobic growth media used in bacteriology have also been reviewed. The use of some antibiotic prophylaxis before surgery, and some ways of preventing the surgical wound infections were covered
Prevalence of Asymptomatic Bacteriuria among Pregnant Women seen at a Tertiary Hospital in Northern Nigeria
The importance of screening for asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy can never be overemphasized. This study was done to determine the prevalence of asymptomatic urinary tract infection, the bacteriological profile and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of the isolates, amongst pregnant women attending their first antenatal clinic. Two hundred and twenty-seven pregnant women presenting for the first antenatal clinic visit at the Barau Dikko Teaching Hospital, Kaduna were recruited for the study using systematic random sampling method, relevant demographic and clinical characteristics were obtained from proformas given to the pregnant women to fill. Clean catch mid-steam urine samples were collected and processed using standard bacteriological methods. The modified Kirby-Bauer method (Disk diffussion) was used for antimicrobial susceptibility testing according to Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI, 2012) guidelines. Prevalence of AB was19.8% and isolates recovered included Staphylococcus aureus (51.1%), Escherichia coli (28.9%), Proteus mirabilis (11.1%) and Staphylococcus saprophyticus (8.9%). Bacterial isolates from this study were most sensitive to Gentamycin, followed by Amoxicillin/Clavulanic acid, and least susceptible to Cotrimoxazole. The prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria among pregnant women presenting for the first antenatal clinic visit at the Barau Dikko Teaching Hospital, Kaduna is high. Follow up studies are required to determine if routine screening by urine culture should advocated for all pregnant women at booking.
Authors: Ige O.T., Mohammed-Durosinlorun A., Ige S.O. and Jimoh O.
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Abstract
The importance of screening for asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy can never be overemphasized. This study was done to determine the prevalence of asymptomatic urinary tract infection, the bacteriological profile and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of the isolates, amongst pregnant women attending their first antenatal clinic. Two hundred and twenty-seven pregnant women presenting for the first antenatal clinic visit at the Barau Dikko Teaching Hospital, Kaduna were recruited for the study using systematic random sampling method, relevant demographic and clinical characteristics were obtained from proformas given to the pregnant women to fill. Clean catch mid-steam urine samples were collected and processed using standard bacteriological methods. The modified Kirby-Bauer method (Disk diffussion) was used for antimicrobial susceptibility testing according to Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI, 2012) guidelines. Prevalence of AB was19.8% and isolates recovered included Staphylococcus aureus (51.1%), Escherichia coli (28.9%), Proteus mirabilis (11.1%) and Staphylococcus saprophyticus (8.9%). Bacterial isolates from this study were most sensitive to Gentamycin, followed by Amoxicillin/Clavulanic acid, and least susceptible to Cotrimoxazole. The prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria among pregnant women presenting for the first antenatal clinic visit at the Barau Dikko Teaching Hospital, Kaduna is high. Follow up studies are required to determine if routine screening by urine culture should advocated for all pregnant women at booking.
Bacterial Agents Associated With Health Care Associated Infections In Some Selected Tertiary Hospital Of Kano Metropolis, Northwest Nigeria
Health care acquired infections (HCAIs) are those infections that occur within 48 hours of hospital admission, 3 days of discharge or 30 days of an operation. These infections have strong effect on patients because of worsening underlying medical condition and increased mortality and morbidity. They are mostly caused by microorganisms already present in or on the patient's own body. Such organisms only cause problems when the body's defenses are weakened, or breached by surgery or other medical procedures. Such infections may also be caused by micro-organisms originating from another patient either by direct contact or through a contaminated hospital environment. This study aimed to detect the bacterial agent associated with HCAIs in some selected hospitals in Kano metropolis. A total of 401 non duplicated samples were collected from patients who spent ≥14 days and aged ≥ 18 years that were admitted in the three selected hospitals of Kano metropolis. All the samples were cultured on the appropriate culture media and subjected to standard biochemical tests according to standard bacteriological procedure. Antibiotics susceptibility testing was done using a modified form of the Kirby Bauer method. An overall prevalence of 34.4% were obtained, with higher incidence 28 (7.0%) in age group 39 – 48 years. Gram negative organisms were the most frequent organisms among which E. coli and Proteus spp have the higher percentage of 26.1% and 16.7% respectively. Most of the isolated organisms were shown to be resistant to Cotrimozaxole and Amoxicillin. From what was obtained in this study, it shows that Gram negative bacilli were frequent organisms associated with nosocomial infection in the study area. Patients with post surgical site infection has the highest percentage of nosocomial infection among which E. coli and Proteus spp are the predominant species
Authors: Alkali, B., Agwu, E., Sarkinfada, F., Idris, A. M. and Takalmawa, H. U
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Abstract
Health care acquired infections (HCAIs) are those infections that occur within 48 hours of hospital admission, 3 days of discharge or 30 days of an operation. These infections have strong effect on patients because of worsening underlying medical condition and increased mortality and morbidity. They are mostly caused by microorganisms already present in or on the patient's own body. Such organisms only cause problems when the body's defenses are weakened, or breached by surgery or other medical procedures. Such infections may also be caused by micro-organisms originating from another patient either by direct contact or through a contaminated hospital environment. This study aimed to detect the bacterial agent associated with HCAIs in some selected hospitals in Kano metropolis. A total of 401 non duplicated samples were collected from patients who spent ≥14 days and aged ≥ 18 years that were admitted in the three selected hospitals of Kano metropolis. All the samples were cultured on the appropriate culture media and subjected to standard biochemical tests according to standard bacteriological procedure. Antibiotics susceptibility testing was done using a modified form of the Kirby Bauer method. An overall prevalence of 34.4% were obtained, with higher incidence 28 (7.0%) in age group 39 – 48 years. Gram negative organisms were the most frequent organisms among which E. coli and Proteus spp have the higher percentage of 26.1% and 16.7% respectively. Most of the isolated organisms were shown to be resistant to Cotrimozaxole and Amoxicillin. From what was obtained in this study, it shows that Gram negative bacilli were frequent organisms associated with nosocomial infection in the study area. Patients with post surgical site infection has the highest percentage of nosocomial infection among which E. coli and Proteus spp are the predominant species
Nutritional and Sensory Evaluation of Soy-Yoghurt Produced with Lactobacillus plantarum Isolated from Locally Fermented Milk (Nono)
This study was aimed at determining the nutritional and sensory evaluation of soy yoghurt produced by fermentation of soymilk with Lactobacillus plantarum isolated from fermented skimmed cow milk. Lactobacillus platarum which was randomly isolated, and identified with biochemical and molecular processes underwent fermentation for 9 hours, together with commercial yoghurt starter culture containing Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbreuckii subsp. bulgaricus, which served as control to produce two types of fermented soy yoghurts labeled A and B respectively. Samples of the soy yoghurts were collected at 3 hours interval, analysed for proximate and physicochemical parameters, and at the end of 9 hours fermentation period, sensory evaluation was carried out. Also there was an overall drop in pH from 7.13 to 4.3 in soy yoghurt A and from 7.1 to 4.2 in B, while the titratable acidity (Lactic acid equivalent) showed an overall increase from 0.51 to 0.92% in A and 0.74- 0.90% in B. However, total solids and viscosity increased in sample A from 9.02- 13.25%, 0.3-0.5PaS and in B from 3.66-5.86%, 9.56- 13.62%, 0.24 to 0.40 PaS between 0 – 9 hours respectively. The ash, moisture and crude fat content had an overall decrease in sample A from 0.85 - 0.61% , 92.4- 92.28% and 1.92 - 0.79%, respectively and Sample B from 0.85- 0.63%, 92.87- 92.06% and 1.87- 0.85%, respectively. The protein content increased from 3.72-5.54% in sample A, and 3.66-5.86% in sample B respectively. The carbohydrate content of the soy yoghurt samples decreased after 3-9 hours, from 1.20-0.78% in sample A and 0.80- 0.60% in sample B respectively. The microbiological analysis indicated that there was an increase in cell growth of sample A containing Lactobacillus plantarum, from 3.2 log cfu/ml to 4.6 logcfu/ml and from 3.7logcfu/ml to 5.0logcfu/ml in sample B. Sample B was most preferred in terms of aroma, taste, texture, colour and overall acceptability (70% acceptability), while sample A had a 64% acceptability. The result revealed that the use of isolates from fermented skimmed cow milk in the fermentation of soy milk produced soy yoghurt of acceptability and sensory attributes similar to that produced using commercially sold starter culture.
Authors: Bukar, A. and Salami-Suleiman, F.A.
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Abstract
This study was aimed at determining the nutritional and sensory evaluation of soy yoghurt produced by fermentation of soymilk with Lactobacillus plantarum isolated from fermented skimmed cow milk. Lactobacillus platarum which was randomly isolated, and identified with biochemical and molecular processes underwent fermentation for 9 hours, together with commercial yoghurt starter culture containing Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbreuckii subsp. bulgaricus, which served as control to produce two types of fermented soy yoghurts labeled A and B respectively. Samples of the soy yoghurts were collected at 3 hours interval, analysed for proximate and physicochemical parameters, and at the end of 9 hours fermentation period, sensory evaluation was carried out. Also there was an overall drop in pH from 7.13 to 4.3 in soy yoghurt A and from 7.1 to 4.2 in B, while the titratable acidity (Lactic acid equivalent) showed an overall increase from 0.51 to 0.92% in A and 0.74- 0.90% in B. However, total solids and viscosity increased in sample A from 9.02- 13.25%, 0.3-0.5PaS and in B from 3.66-5.86%, 9.56- 13.62%, 0.24 to 0.40 PaS between 0 – 9 hours respectively. The ash, moisture and crude fat content had an overall decrease in sample A from 0.85 - 0.61% , 92.4- 92.28% and 1.92 - 0.79%, respectively and Sample B from 0.85- 0.63%, 92.87- 92.06% and 1.87- 0.85%, respectively. The protein content increased from 3.72-5.54% in sample A, and 3.66-5.86% in sample B respectively. The carbohydrate content of the soy yoghurt samples decreased after 3-9 hours, from 1.20-0.78% in sample A and 0.80- 0.60% in sample B respectively. The microbiological analysis indicated that there was an increase in cell growth of sample A containing Lactobacillus plantarum, from 3.2 log cfu/ml to 4.6 logcfu/ml and from 3.7logcfu/ml to 5.0logcfu/ml in sample B. Sample B was most preferred in terms of aroma, taste, texture, colour and overall acceptability (70% acceptability), while sample A had a 64% acceptability. The result revealed that the use of isolates from fermented skimmed cow milk in the fermentation of soy milk produced soy yoghurt of acceptability and sensory attributes similar to that produced using commercially sold starter culture.
Antimicrobial extract produced by Streptomyces rimosus-OG95 and its inhibitory activity against indicator strains
he aim of this study was to profile the antimicrobial metabolites synthesized by Streptomycesrimosus-OG95 (KU934251) and to assess the inhibitory activity of the strain against some indicator strains. The production of the antimicrobial compounds was carried out by submerged fermentation. Partial purification of the antimicrobial metabolites was carried out by column chromatography using silica gel while chemical characterization was determined out using FTIR and GC-MS. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of the partially purified antimicrobial extract was determined by macro broth dilution method. Eleven antimicrobial compounds were identified in the partially purified antimicrobial extract of Streptomyces rimosus-OG95. Bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate had the highest abundance at 46.55 %. The MIC ranged between 3.12 to 12.5 mg/L. The antimicrobial compounds produced by Streptomycesrimosus-OG95 possessed antimicrobial activity against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria.
Authors: Adeyemo, O. M., and Onilude, A. A.
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Abstract
he aim of this study was to profile the antimicrobial metabolites synthesized by Streptomycesrimosus-OG95 (KU934251) and to assess the inhibitory activity of the strain against some indicator strains. The production of the antimicrobial compounds was carried out by submerged fermentation. Partial purification of the antimicrobial metabolites was carried out by column chromatography using silica gel while chemical characterization was determined out using FTIR and GC-MS. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of the partially purified antimicrobial extract was determined by macro broth dilution method. Eleven antimicrobial compounds were identified in the partially purified antimicrobial extract of Streptomyces rimosus-OG95. Bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate had the highest abundance at 46.55 %. The MIC ranged between 3.12 to 12.5 mg/L. The antimicrobial compounds produced by Streptomycesrimosus-OG95 possessed antimicrobial activity against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria.
Antibacterial Activity of Hyptis suaveolens Leaves Extract on some Selected Clinical Isolates
Hyptis suaveolens is an important plant used traditionally as an ethnomedicine and widely distributed in Nigeria as well as African and Asian countries. In this study, antibacterial activity of ethanolic leaves extract of H. suaveolens was conducted. The plant metabolite was extracted using standard protocols and the antibacterial activity of the extracts was evaluated using the standard in-vitro methods against four (4) clinical isolates; Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes. The result of the study revealed that the extraction process gave a yield of 6.2g extract (6.2%) of the original sample used. The plant extract exhibited a dose-dependent antibacterial activity against the test isolates with higher zone of inhibition of 18.67±0.33mm against S. aureus, followed by E. coli with 17.33±0.12mm both at 100mg/mL while lowest activity was recorded against S. pyogenes (6.1±0.66mm) at 12.5mg/mL. S. aureus showed a significant antibacterial activity, even at 12.5 mg/mL with the activity more pronounced at highest concentration of 100mg/mL. There was a dose-dependent increase in antibacterial activity across all test isolates. It was also the most susceptible of the isolates at all concentration while P. aeruginosa was the most resistant at all concentrations. E. coli and S. aureus had the lowest MIC of 25mg/mL and S. pyogenes had and 50mg/mL as its MIC, while P. aeruginosa on the other hand showed growth at all concentrations tested. Results of minimum bactericidal concentration showed that both the concentrations of 50 to 12.5mg/mL are unable to kill the gram negative isolates (E. coli and P. aeruginosa) while for the gram positive isolates (S. aureus and S. pyogenes) the concentration of 50mg/mL was found to totally kill the test isolates thus representing their Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC). The study confirms that the leaves of H. suaveolens exhibited some antimicrobial activities owing to its significant zone of inhibition, lesser MIC and MBC as well as its broad spectrum of activity. Further phytochemical and pharmacological investigations are recommended.
Authors: Bashir Salim Faruk, Muhammad Ruqayyah Hamidu and Dauda Haruna
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Abstract
Hyptis suaveolens is an important plant used traditionally as an ethnomedicine and widely distributed in Nigeria as well as African and Asian countries. In this study, antibacterial activity of ethanolic leaves extract of H. suaveolens was conducted. The plant metabolite was extracted using standard protocols and the antibacterial activity of the extracts was evaluated using the standard in-vitro methods against four (4) clinical isolates; Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes. The result of the study revealed that the extraction process gave a yield of 6.2g extract (6.2%) of the original sample used. The plant extract exhibited a dose-dependent antibacterial activity against the test isolates with higher zone of inhibition of 18.67±0.33mm against S. aureus, followed by E. coli with 17.33±0.12mm both at 100mg/mL while lowest activity was recorded against S. pyogenes (6.1±0.66mm) at 12.5mg/mL. S. aureus showed a significant antibacterial activity, even at 12.5 mg/mL with the activity more pronounced at highest concentration of 100mg/mL. There was a dose-dependent increase in antibacterial activity across all test isolates. It was also the most susceptible of the isolates at all concentration while P. aeruginosa was the most resistant at all concentrations. E. coli and S. aureus had the lowest MIC of 25mg/mL and S. pyogenes had and 50mg/mL as its MIC, while P. aeruginosa on the other hand showed growth at all concentrations tested. Results of minimum bactericidal concentration showed that both the concentrations of 50 to 12.5mg/mL are unable to kill the gram negative isolates (E. coli and P. aeruginosa) while for the gram positive isolates (S. aureus and S. pyogenes) the concentration of 50mg/mL was found to totally kill the test isolates thus representing their Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC). The study confirms that the leaves of H. suaveolens exhibited some antimicrobial activities owing to its significant zone of inhibition, lesser MIC and MBC as well as its broad spectrum of activity. Further phytochemical and pharmacological investigations are recommended.
Determination of Phytochemical and Antimicrobial Activities of Corn Starch Extract on Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi
The phytochemical and antimicrobial effect of cornstarch extracts was investigated. Corn starch of yellow and white corn variety were extracted successively with ethanol, methanol and distilled water. These crude extracts were assessed for antimicrobial activities against Escherichiacoli and Salmonella typhi. Escherichia coli were sensitive to the methanolic and ethanolic extracts of white corn starch with zones of inhibition of 22mm and 20mm respectively. Escherichia coli was also sensitive to ethanolic extract of yellow corn starch with a zone of inhibition of 22mm. Salmonella typhi was also sensitive to ethanolic and methanolic extracts of white maize starch with zones of inhibition of 20mm and 21mm respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration of extracts of various corn varieties on E. coli and Salmonella typhi were investigated.The minimum inhibitory concentration of ethanolic (1.56mg/ml) and methanolic extract (0.78mg/ml) of white maize starch had zones of 17mm and 19mm on Escherichia coli respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration of ethanol and methanol extract of white corn starch on Salmonella typhi where found to possess zones of inhibition17mm and 18mm respectively, while the minimum inhibitory concentration of ethanolic extract (0.78mg/ml) of yellow corn starch on Escherichiacoli had zones of inhibition of 18mm. Phytochemical screening of both varieties of cornstarch revealed the presence of alkaloid, tannin, saponins and terpenoids. Sensitivity testing of the phytochemicals present revealed that tannins had zone of inhibition on the test organisms (Salmonellatyphi and Escherichia coli (23.20mm and 25mm) respectively, while the other phytochemicals had no zones of inhibition.
Authors: Erhimu Loveday Obakpororo , Tasie Floretta, Nwachukwu Ujunwa Felicia and Obodo Chidubem Nathaniel
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Abstract
The phytochemical and antimicrobial effect of cornstarch extracts was investigated. Corn starch of yellow and white corn variety were extracted successively with ethanol, methanol and distilled water. These crude extracts were assessed for antimicrobial activities against Escherichiacoli and Salmonella typhi. Escherichia coli were sensitive to the methanolic and ethanolic extracts of white corn starch with zones of inhibition of 22mm and 20mm respectively. Escherichia coli was also sensitive to ethanolic extract of yellow corn starch with a zone of inhibition of 22mm. Salmonella typhi was also sensitive to ethanolic and methanolic extracts of white maize starch with zones of inhibition of 20mm and 21mm respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration of extracts of various corn varieties on E. coli and Salmonella typhi were investigated.The minimum inhibitory concentration of ethanolic (1.56mg/ml) and methanolic extract (0.78mg/ml) of white maize starch had zones of 17mm and 19mm on Escherichia coli respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration of ethanol and methanol extract of white corn starch on Salmonella typhi where found to possess zones of inhibition17mm and 18mm respectively, while the minimum inhibitory concentration of ethanolic extract (0.78mg/ml) of yellow corn starch on Escherichiacoli had zones of inhibition of 18mm. Phytochemical screening of both varieties of cornstarch revealed the presence of alkaloid, tannin, saponins and terpenoids. Sensitivity testing of the phytochemicals present revealed that tannins had zone of inhibition on the test organisms (Salmonellatyphi and Escherichia coli (23.20mm and 25mm) respectively, while the other phytochemicals had no zones of inhibition.
Effect of Starter culture on Anti-Nutritional Factors and Shelf Life of Fermented Smoked Cassava (Pupuru): An African Fermented Staple
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are widely employed in food fermentation processes for the biosynthesis of certain important products or metabolites which helps in breaking down anti-nutritional factors in some food. This study investigated the role of LAB in extending the shelf life and reduction in anti- nutritional factors of ‘pupuru’ produced with selected LAB strain with the best technological properties. Fresh cassava tubers (Manihot esculenta Crantz) were purchased at Oja Tun-tun, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. The cassava tubers were washed with distilled water to remove adhered surface soil particles, peeled, chopped and thoroughly washed with sterile distilled water. Two LAB strains with desirable technological properties were selected as starter for this study. The cassava chips were divided into three portions for fermentation (one was fermented with L. plantarum only, the second was co-fermented with L. plantarum and L. fermentum and the third portion was fermented spontaneously that is without starter culture Changes in pH, titratable acidity, and hydrogen cyanide were monitored using standard procedures during fermentation. Reduction in anti nutrient and microbial load of the starter- produced and spontaneously- produced ‘Pupuru’ samples were determined. Lactic acid, hydrogen peroxide and diacetyl production by the isolates ranged from 0.2365-0.6418, 0.0008-0.0014, and 0.0962-0.2217 g/L respectively. There was a reduction in the hydrogen cyanide content of ‘Pupuru’ samples as fermentation progressed (0.13-0.00 mg/100g). Cyanogenic glycosides reduced from 0.87-0.02 mg/100g, phytate from 65.00-31.67 mg/100g and protease inhibitor from 0.47-0.00 mg/100g. The microbiological monitoring of the quality assessment showed that ‘Pupuru’ produced through combined starter had a consistent microbiological quality during storage and the microbial load was within acceptable levels when compared with spontaneously fermented ones. The study concluded that combination of Lactobacillus plantarum and L. fermentum could be used as starter to reduce the anti-nutritional factors and assess the microbiological quality of smoked fermented cassava (‘Pupuru’) during storage.
Authors: Adeyemo, S.M and Bamidele, K.F
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Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are widely employed in food fermentation processes for the biosynthesis of certain important products or metabolites which helps in breaking down anti-nutritional factors in some food. This study investigated the role of LAB in extending the shelf life and reduction in anti- nutritional factors of ‘pupuru’ produced with selected LAB strain with the best technological properties. Fresh cassava tubers (Manihot esculenta Crantz) were purchased at Oja Tun-tun, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. The cassava tubers were washed with distilled water to remove adhered surface soil particles, peeled, chopped and thoroughly washed with sterile distilled water. Two LAB strains with desirable technological properties were selected as starter for this study. The cassava chips were divided into three portions for fermentation (one was fermented with L. plantarum only, the second was co-fermented with L. plantarum and L. fermentum and the third portion was fermented spontaneously that is without starter culture Changes in pH, titratable acidity, and hydrogen cyanide were monitored using standard procedures during fermentation. Reduction in anti nutrient and microbial load of the starter- produced and spontaneously- produced ‘Pupuru’ samples were determined. Lactic acid, hydrogen peroxide and diacetyl production by the isolates ranged from 0.2365-0.6418, 0.0008-0.0014, and 0.0962-0.2217 g/L respectively. There was a reduction in the hydrogen cyanide content of ‘Pupuru’ samples as fermentation progressed (0.13-0.00 mg/100g). Cyanogenic glycosides reduced from 0.87-0.02 mg/100g, phytate from 65.00-31.67 mg/100g and protease inhibitor from 0.47-0.00 mg/100g. The microbiological monitoring of the quality assessment showed that ‘Pupuru’ produced through combined starter had a consistent microbiological quality during storage and the microbial load was within acceptable levels when compared with spontaneously fermented ones. The study concluded that combination of Lactobacillus plantarum and L. fermentum could be used as starter to reduce the anti-nutritional factors and assess the microbiological quality of smoked fermented cassava (‘Pupuru’) during storage.
Effect of Different Preservatives on Microbial Load of Zobo Drink and Molecular Characterization of its Bacterial Flora
The potentials of various combinations of three preservation techniques: the use of chemical preservative (sodium benzoate), pasteurization and lime to preserve zobo drink at room temperature (28±2 ºC) were evaluated over six days. The samples were treated and stored for six days during which the proximate composition, physiochemical and microbiological properties of the zobo drink were determined daily. Isolates obtained were subjected to molecular characterization and identification. The proximate composition of zobo drink before treatment showed that it contains 92.52% moisture content, 0.56% ash content, 1.05% fat and oil, 2.16% protein, 0.17% fibre and 3.54% carbohydrate. The pH values ranged from 2.8 to 3.4, while the titratable acidity ranged from 0.2586 to 0.2816 %. There was increasing acidity of the zobo samples with storage (reduction in pH and increase in the titratable acidity). Bacterial counts ranged from 3.0 x 102 to 3.15 x 103 cfuml-1 while fungal count ranged from 3.5 x 102 to 2.35 x 103 cfuml-1. Six organisms comprising of four bacteria: Bacillus cereus ZB1 (MH566234), Lactobacillus brevis ZB2 (MH566235), Staphylococcus aureus ZB3 (MH559826), Micrococcus luteus and two fungi: Aspergillus niger and Penicillium citrinum were found in the zobo drink samples. Combining pasteurized with addition of preservatives was the most effective in reducing bacterial load followed by lime and sodium benzoate. This study revealed that the synergistic effect of pasteurization and lime, pasteurization and sodium benzoate introduction into zobo sample can be used to minimize bacterial load to acceptable limit for at least six days after production
Authors: Awe, Sunday and Abdulmumini, Shakirat Afodun
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Abstract
The potentials of various combinations of three preservation techniques: the use of chemical preservative (sodium benzoate), pasteurization and lime to preserve zobo drink at room temperature (28±2 ºC) were evaluated over six days. The samples were treated and stored for six days during which the proximate composition, physiochemical and microbiological properties of the zobo drink were determined daily. Isolates obtained were subjected to molecular characterization and identification. The proximate composition of zobo drink before treatment showed that it contains 92.52% moisture content, 0.56% ash content, 1.05% fat and oil, 2.16% protein, 0.17% fibre and 3.54% carbohydrate. The pH values ranged from 2.8 to 3.4, while the titratable acidity ranged from 0.2586 to 0.2816 %. There was increasing acidity of the zobo samples with storage (reduction in pH and increase in the titratable acidity). Bacterial counts ranged from 3.0 x 102 to 3.15 x 103 cfuml-1 while fungal count ranged from 3.5 x 102 to 2.35 x 103 cfuml-1. Six organisms comprising of four bacteria: Bacillus cereus ZB1 (MH566234), Lactobacillus brevis ZB2 (MH566235), Staphylococcus aureus ZB3 (MH559826), Micrococcus luteus and two fungi: Aspergillus niger and Penicillium citrinum were found in the zobo drink samples. Combining pasteurized with addition of preservatives was the most effective in reducing bacterial load followed by lime and sodium benzoate. This study revealed that the synergistic effect of pasteurization and lime, pasteurization and sodium benzoate introduction into zobo sample can be used to minimize bacterial load to acceptable limit for at least six days after production
Bioethanol Production from Bitter Yam (Dioscorea dumetorum) and Water Yam (Dioscorea alata) Peels
Bioethanol which is an alternative source of fuel to fossil fuels can be produced from renewable crops. However, some of these renewable feedstocks are food competitive. Hence, this study therefore investigated the production of bioethanol from bitter yam and water yam peels. Strains of Aspergillus spp and Saccharomyces cerevisiae were obtained from the Microbiology laboratory of the University and characterized using morphological characteristics. The spores of Aspergillus tamarii and colonies of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were cultured in bitter yam and water yam medium using the bitter and water yam peels as substrates for ethanol production at substrate concentrations of 5 – 30 %, temperature range of 25 - 45 oC, agitation speed of 60-160 rev/min and pH range of 4.0 - 8.0. Optimum bioethanol yield of 13 % was obtained with bitter yam peels at substrate concentration of 20 %, temperature of 35 oC, agitation of 100 rev/min and pH of 7.0. Similarly, optimum bioethanol yield of 11 % was obtained with water yam peels at substrate concentration of 20 %, temperature of 35 oC, agitation of 100 rev/min and pH of 5.0. Bioethanol yield from bitter yam peels was observed to be higher than that of water yam peels at substrate concentration of 20 %, temperature of 35 oC, agitation of 100 rev/min and pH of 7.0. This study shows the potential of bitter yam and water yam peels as substrates for the biosynthesis of ethanol which can serve as alternative source of fuel.
Authors: Banjo T.T. Ogbonna, C.B. Banjo, T.O. EZE, O.I.
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Abstract
Bioethanol which is an alternative source of fuel to fossil fuels can be produced from renewable crops. However, some of these renewable feedstocks are food competitive. Hence, this study therefore investigated the production of bioethanol from bitter yam and water yam peels. Strains of Aspergillus spp and Saccharomyces cerevisiae were obtained from the Microbiology laboratory of the University and characterized using morphological characteristics. The spores of Aspergillus tamarii and colonies of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were cultured in bitter yam and water yam medium using the bitter and water yam peels as substrates for ethanol production at substrate concentrations of 5 – 30 %, temperature range of 25 - 45 oC, agitation speed of 60-160 rev/min and pH range of 4.0 - 8.0. Optimum bioethanol yield of 13 % was obtained with bitter yam peels at substrate concentration of 20 %, temperature of 35 oC, agitation of 100 rev/min and pH of 7.0. Similarly, optimum bioethanol yield of 11 % was obtained with water yam peels at substrate concentration of 20 %, temperature of 35 oC, agitation of 100 rev/min and pH of 5.0. Bioethanol yield from bitter yam peels was observed to be higher than that of water yam peels at substrate concentration of 20 %, temperature of 35 oC, agitation of 100 rev/min and pH of 7.0. This study shows the potential of bitter yam and water yam peels as substrates for the biosynthesis of ethanol which can serve as alternative source of fuel.
Evaluation Of Bacterial Profile And Proximate Analysis Of Corn Waste
Corn waste contains moisture, cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin which make it a good raw material for making substrate in the production of organic acids with the aid of bacteria. These bacteria, during metabolism are able to produce acids that can be used as solvents. The proximate analysis of corn waste (corn cob) was determined using AOAC methods. The bacteria were isolated and identified using serial dilution method, pour plating technique, culturing, subculturing using streaking method, gram staining technique, biochemical tests etc. Physicochemical analyses such as titratable acidity and specific gravity were determined using AOAC methods. The corn waste was hydrolyzed using H2SO4. The hydrolyzed sample was neutralized using 1% NaOH. Ten grams of the corn waste was added and then fermented for 96hours. From the results, the composition of corn cob for cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, moisture, ash, protein, fat and starch were 44.02%, 32.72%, 11.30%, 6.02%, 2.23%, 2.89%, 0.30% and 0.54% respectively. The bacteria isolated and identified were Lactobacillus casei, Gluconobacter frateuri and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The titratable acidity increased from 0.02mol/dm3 to 0.06mol/dm3. The specific gravity decreased from 1.0010 to 0.9641. This study shows that corn waste (corn cob) contain vital nutrients which support the growth of bacteria that are of industrial importance in the production of lactic acids. Hence it is recommended for industrial production of lactic acids
Authors: Obasi, Nnenna Patrick., Ifeanyi, Virginia O. and Ayogu, Chukwuemerie Victor.
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Abstract
Corn waste contains moisture, cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin which make it a good raw material for making substrate in the production of organic acids with the aid of bacteria. These bacteria, during metabolism are able to produce acids that can be used as solvents. The proximate analysis of corn waste (corn cob) was determined using AOAC methods. The bacteria were isolated and identified using serial dilution method, pour plating technique, culturing, subculturing using streaking method, gram staining technique, biochemical tests etc. Physicochemical analyses such as titratable acidity and specific gravity were determined using AOAC methods. The corn waste was hydrolyzed using H2SO4. The hydrolyzed sample was neutralized using 1% NaOH. Ten grams of the corn waste was added and then fermented for 96hours. From the results, the composition of corn cob for cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, moisture, ash, protein, fat and starch were 44.02%, 32.72%, 11.30%, 6.02%, 2.23%, 2.89%, 0.30% and 0.54% respectively. The bacteria isolated and identified were Lactobacillus casei, Gluconobacter frateuri and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The titratable acidity increased from 0.02mol/dm3 to 0.06mol/dm3. The specific gravity decreased from 1.0010 to 0.9641. This study shows that corn waste (corn cob) contain vital nutrients which support the growth of bacteria that are of industrial importance in the production of lactic acids. Hence it is recommended for industrial production of lactic acids
Antidermatophytic Activity of Stem Back Extracts of Khaya senegalensis (Desr.) A Juss.
The high prevalence of Dermatomycoses coupled with the residual side effect associated with orthodox medicine, treatment failure and cost of the chemotherapeutics, have necessitated exploration of new avenues of controlling these diseases with the use of plant such as Khaya senegalensis which is cheap and available, so that potent and efficacious candidate drugs could be identified. Therefore, this study determined the antidermatophytic activity and the phytochemical constituents of the stem bark extracts of Khaya senegalensis. This was achieved through extraction of powdered stem bark of the plant with methanol, distilled water and chloroform using percolation method. The extracts were subjected to qualitative detection of plant secondary metabolites. The extracts were tested for antidermatophytic activity using agar well diffusion method against Trichophyton mentagrophyte, Trichophyton verrucosum, Trichophyton terrestre and Microsporum canis, followed by testing the extracts for toxicity using brine shrimp lethality assay. Some phytochemicals identified in the stem bark are alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, steroids and anthraquinone. The antifungal assay indicated that aqueous extract exhibited no activity against all the test organisms. Methanolic extract showed less activity (8mm at 78μg/ml) compared to chloroform extract (14mm at 78μg/ml) when tested against T. mentagraphyte, but when tested against M. canis, Methanolic extract showed greater activity (26mm at 78μg/ml) compared to the chloroform extract (24mm at 78μg/ml). Both methanolic and chloroform extracts showed similar activity on T. verrucosum and T. terrastre. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of both methanolic and chloroform extracts ranged from 1.2-2.4 μg/ml while the Minimum Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) was generally 4.9 μg/ml. Toxicity study revealed that the extracts were non toxic at LC50 values of 919.3 μg/ml and 370 μg/ml for methanolic and chloroform extract respectively. It could be concluded that the stem bark of Khaya senegalensis habours important phytochemicals and has methanolic and chloroform extracts that showed good potencies against some dermatophytes. The low toxicity results of the extracts indicate that the plant may not be toxic to human and could be a potential source for the production of antifungal drugs.
Authors: Abdullahi Nuhu, Mukhtar, M.D. and Bukar, A.
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Abstract
The high prevalence of Dermatomycoses coupled with the residual side effect associated with orthodox medicine, treatment failure and cost of the chemotherapeutics, have necessitated exploration of new avenues of controlling these diseases with the use of plant such as Khaya senegalensis which is cheap and available, so that potent and efficacious candidate drugs could be identified. Therefore, this study determined the antidermatophytic activity and the phytochemical constituents of the stem bark extracts of Khaya senegalensis. This was achieved through extraction of powdered stem bark of the plant with methanol, distilled water and chloroform using percolation method. The extracts were subjected to qualitative detection of plant secondary metabolites. The extracts were tested for antidermatophytic activity using agar well diffusion method against Trichophyton mentagrophyte, Trichophyton verrucosum, Trichophyton terrestre and Microsporum canis, followed by testing the extracts for toxicity using brine shrimp lethality assay. Some phytochemicals identified in the stem bark are alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, steroids and anthraquinone. The antifungal assay indicated that aqueous extract exhibited no activity against all the test organisms. Methanolic extract showed less activity (8mm at 78μg/ml) compared to chloroform extract (14mm at 78μg/ml) when tested against T. mentagraphyte, but when tested against M. canis, Methanolic extract showed greater activity (26mm at 78μg/ml) compared to the chloroform extract (24mm at 78μg/ml). Both methanolic and chloroform extracts showed similar activity on T. verrucosum and T. terrastre. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of both methanolic and chloroform extracts ranged from 1.2-2.4 μg/ml while the Minimum Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) was generally 4.9 μg/ml. Toxicity study revealed that the extracts were non toxic at LC50 values of 919.3 μg/ml and 370 μg/ml for methanolic and chloroform extract respectively. It could be concluded that the stem bark of Khaya senegalensis habours important phytochemicals and has methanolic and chloroform extracts that showed good potencies against some dermatophytes. The low toxicity results of the extracts indicate that the plant may not be toxic to human and could be a potential source for the production of antifungal drugs.
Physicochemical Properties and Shelf life Stability of ‘Tybo’ Drink Preserved with Acetic acid and Sodium Benzoate
Freshly prepared tybo drink has a short shelf life which could be extended using chemical preservative. In this study, 0.1 % and 0.3 % concentration of sodium benzoate and acetic acid were incorporated into tybo drink which constitute zobo drink and tigernut milk mix together in the ratio 1:1, 3:1 and 1:3. Tybo drinks without preservative were the control samples. All the products were stored at room temperature (28±2 oC) for fifteen (15) Days. The total titratable acidity (TTA), pH and microbiological quality of the stored drinks were monitored using standard methods. Our results showed that during storage of the drinks, there was reduction in TTA (0.12 - 0.08 %) but increase in pH (3.16 - 5.63), total bacterial count (4.49 - 7.48 log10CFU/ml) and total fungal count (4.87 - 5.55 log10CFU/ml). Microbial counts of each control sample were higher than other tybo drinks of the same tigernut-zobo drink ratio treated with chemical preservatives with few exceptions. Bacterial genera isolated from the drinks during storage were Bacillus, Micrococcus, Shigella, Enterococcus, Proteus, Lactobacillus, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Serratia, and Pseudomonas sp, whereas fungi genera were Coccidioides, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Microsporium, Trichophyton, Cryptococcus, Saccharomyces, Aphanoascus, Candida, Chrysosporium, Mucor, and Rhizopus. Based on total aerobic plate counts of foods recommended by International Commission on the Microbiological Specifications for Food (ICMSF), the stored tybo drinks was fit for consumption within nine (9) days. Hurdle technology and Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) during production of the drinks is recommended in order to eliminate pathogenic microbes identified in the product during storage which could be of public health concern
Authors: Ahaotu, I., Uchendu, C.G., Maduka, N. and Odu, N.N.
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Abstract
Freshly prepared tybo drink has a short shelf life which could be extended using chemical preservative. In this study, 0.1 % and 0.3 % concentration of sodium benzoate and acetic acid were incorporated into tybo drink which constitute zobo drink and tigernut milk mix together in the ratio 1:1, 3:1 and 1:3. Tybo drinks without preservative were the control samples. All the products were stored at room temperature (28±2 oC) for fifteen (15) Days. The total titratable acidity (TTA), pH and microbiological quality of the stored drinks were monitored using standard methods. Our results showed that during storage of the drinks, there was reduction in TTA (0.12 - 0.08 %) but increase in pH (3.16 - 5.63), total bacterial count (4.49 - 7.48 log10CFU/ml) and total fungal count (4.87 - 5.55 log10CFU/ml). Microbial counts of each control sample were higher than other tybo drinks of the same tigernut-zobo drink ratio treated with chemical preservatives with few exceptions. Bacterial genera isolated from the drinks during storage were Bacillus, Micrococcus, Shigella, Enterococcus, Proteus, Lactobacillus, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Serratia, and Pseudomonas sp, whereas fungi genera were Coccidioides, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Microsporium, Trichophyton, Cryptococcus, Saccharomyces, Aphanoascus, Candida, Chrysosporium, Mucor, and Rhizopus. Based on total aerobic plate counts of foods recommended by International Commission on the Microbiological Specifications for Food (ICMSF), the stored tybo drinks was fit for consumption within nine (9) days. Hurdle technology and Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) during production of the drinks is recommended in order to eliminate pathogenic microbes identified in the product during storage which could be of public health concern
Microbiological Quality of Over-The-Counter (OTC) oral Drug Preparations Obtained From Some Retail Pharmacies in Katsina State, Nigeria
Over the counter (OTC-drugs) oral preparations being classified as non-sterile pharmaceutical products are easily prone to microbial contamination. The presence of microbial contaminants in these products may cause spoilage resulting in physical and chemical changes, as well as risk of infection or potential health hazard to the patients. A study aimed at evaluating the microbiological quality of some OTC drugs commonly dispensed to patients in Katsina was conducted from April, 2017 to March, 2019. One hundred and twenty-five (125) samples of four different OTC drugs on sale were evaluated for microbial quality using standard procedures as described in the official monograph of the British and United Stated pharmacopoeia. Incidence of microbial contamination was observed in 60 (48%) of the tested samples with 23 (18.4%) of the tested preparations having microbial count exceeding the USP and BP acceptable limit for the microbiological quality of non-sterile oral dosage forms. Bacillus species were the predominant contaminants recovered from the tested products. The study revealed a considerable level of microbial contamination in the examined products and thus highlighted the need for the manufacturers of these products to pay more attention and adhere strictly to the guidelines of the current good manufacturing practices
Authors: Mukhtar G.L, Mukhtar M.D, and Magashi, A. M.
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Abstract
Over the counter (OTC-drugs) oral preparations being classified as non-sterile pharmaceutical products are easily prone to microbial contamination. The presence of microbial contaminants in these products may cause spoilage resulting in physical and chemical changes, as well as risk of infection or potential health hazard to the patients. A study aimed at evaluating the microbiological quality of some OTC drugs commonly dispensed to patients in Katsina was conducted from April, 2017 to March, 2019. One hundred and twenty-five (125) samples of four different OTC drugs on sale were evaluated for microbial quality using standard procedures as described in the official monograph of the British and United Stated pharmacopoeia. Incidence of microbial contamination was observed in 60 (48%) of the tested samples with 23 (18.4%) of the tested preparations having microbial count exceeding the USP and BP acceptable limit for the microbiological quality of non-sterile oral dosage forms. Bacillus species were the predominant contaminants recovered from the tested products. The study revealed a considerable level of microbial contamination in the examined products and thus highlighted the need for the manufacturers of these products to pay more attention and adhere strictly to the guidelines of the current good manufacturing practices
Aflatoxin Contamination In Some Fresh Vegetables And A Spice Sold At Samaru Market Zaria, Nigeria
Aflatoxin is a common contaminant of agricultural produce resulting from the growth of Aspergillus species under conditions of favourable temperature and moisture. This study was conducted to assess the level of aflatoxin contamination in fresh vegetables and tamarind used on daily basis by the populace. A total of 9 different fresh vegetables and tamarind samples were randomly collected in new polythene bags from Samaru market, Zaria, Nigeria, and were screened for aflatoxin contamination. The vegetables were onion, cabbage, bell pepper, pepper, pumpkin, tomato, peas, cucumber and amaranthus, and tamarind. Aflatoxin contamination was determined by using Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). All the samples tested positive to total aflatoxin contamination ranging from 2 – 100 μg/kg. Six out of the 10 samples namely onion, cabbage, amaranthus, tomato, cucumber and tamarind contained total aflatoxin above the acceptable limit of 10 μg/kg set by National Agency for Food and Drugs Administration and Control (NAFDAC), therefore, are not safe for human consumption.
Authors: mustaphaharuna65@yahoo.com
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Abstract
Aflatoxin is a common contaminant of agricultural produce resulting from the growth of Aspergillus species under conditions of favourable temperature and moisture. This study was conducted to assess the level of aflatoxin contamination in fresh vegetables and tamarind used on daily basis by the populace. A total of 9 different fresh vegetables and tamarind samples were randomly collected in new polythene bags from Samaru market, Zaria, Nigeria, and were screened for aflatoxin contamination. The vegetables were onion, cabbage, bell pepper, pepper, pumpkin, tomato, peas, cucumber and amaranthus, and tamarind. Aflatoxin contamination was determined by using Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). All the samples tested positive to total aflatoxin contamination ranging from 2 – 100 μg/kg. Six out of the 10 samples namely onion, cabbage, amaranthus, tomato, cucumber and tamarind contained total aflatoxin above the acceptable limit of 10 μg/kg set by National Agency for Food and Drugs Administration and Control (NAFDAC), therefore, are not safe for human consumption.
Identification Profile of Micrococcus luteus Cs Associated with Fermented Corn-Soybean Wastes-Meal
Micrococcus spp were among the predominant organisms isolated from earlier developed fermented corn-soybean wastes meal meant for human consumption. Hence the study was aimed at identifying the Micrococcus isolates to their species level. The Micrococcus spp were first subjected to phenotypic analysis and thereafter followed by genotypic analysis using 16SrRNA sequencing method after their DNA isolation and polymerization processes. The phenotypic and genotypic analyses confirmed all the Micrococcus isolates to be Micrococcus luteus Cs which had 99% relatedness to Micrococcus luteus NCTC 2665. The identification of the Micrococcus spp as Micrococcus luteus Cs suggested that the developed meal can be utilized for human consumption since strains of M. luteus are generally regarded as harmless bacteria.
Authors: Nwachukwu, Ujunwa Felicia George-Okafor, Uzoamaka Ogechi and Ojiogu, Doris Ada
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Abstract
Micrococcus spp were among the predominant organisms isolated from earlier developed fermented corn-soybean wastes meal meant for human consumption. Hence the study was aimed at identifying the Micrococcus isolates to their species level. The Micrococcus spp were first subjected to phenotypic analysis and thereafter followed by genotypic analysis using 16SrRNA sequencing method after their DNA isolation and polymerization processes. The phenotypic and genotypic analyses confirmed all the Micrococcus isolates to be Micrococcus luteus Cs which had 99% relatedness to Micrococcus luteus NCTC 2665. The identification of the Micrococcus spp as Micrococcus luteus Cs suggested that the developed meal can be utilized for human consumption since strains of M. luteus are generally regarded as harmless bacteria.
Trypanosome Infections in Tsetse Flies Caught in Selected Areas of Southern Kaduna
Detection of trypanosomes in selected areas of southern Kaduna; Pantaki, Kagarko LGA of Kaduna state was carried out between 2016 - 2017. One hundred and thirty-nine (139) Glossina palpalis palpalis and 69 Glossina tachinoides were dissected and examined for trypanosome infection using dissection and light examination (Olympus) microscopes. A total of 47 infections (22.6%) out of the 208 flies caught were detected, of which 30 (63.8%) were due to Trypanosoma vivax while 17 (36.2%) were Traypanosoma congolense. There was higher infection rates 85.1% during the wet compared to the dry 14.9% dry recorded in the dry season. The result revealed a higher prevalence of T. vivax infections than T. congolense in the tsetse flies caught. Infections detected in both Glossina species encountered indicate the important role they play in the epidemiology of African Animal Trypanosomiasis in the area.
Authors: Anchau R.G., Umar Y.A., Denwe S.D., Daudu M., Abdulrahim S., Ogar M.U., Dauda H., Saminu A., Tambuwal Z.A. and Rabiu A.I.
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Abstract
Detection of trypanosomes in selected areas of southern Kaduna; Pantaki, Kagarko LGA of Kaduna state was carried out between 2016 - 2017. One hundred and thirty-nine (139) Glossina palpalis palpalis and 69 Glossina tachinoides were dissected and examined for trypanosome infection using dissection and light examination (Olympus) microscopes. A total of 47 infections (22.6%) out of the 208 flies caught were detected, of which 30 (63.8%) were due to Trypanosoma vivax while 17 (36.2%) were Traypanosoma congolense. There was higher infection rates 85.1% during the wet compared to the dry 14.9% dry recorded in the dry season. The result revealed a higher prevalence of T. vivax infections than T. congolense in the tsetse flies caught. Infections detected in both Glossina species encountered indicate the important role they play in the epidemiology of African Animal Trypanosomiasis in the area.
Distribution of Antibiotic Resistant and Biofilms Producing Salmonella Enterica Serovar Typhi in Michika and Mubi LGA of Adamawa State
The emergence of multidrug resistance among strains of Salmonella Typhi has continued to complicate treatment options with increased morbidity and mortality especially in developing countries. This study was undertaken to determine the occurrence and distribution of antibiotic resistant and biofilm producing Salmonella Typhi in Mubi and Michika LGAs of Adamawa State, Nigeria. This cross sectional study was undertaken among people attending public hospitals who were beingtreated for enteric or other fevers in the study area. Stool and blood samples from the patients were cultured following standard microbiological methods and Salmonella Typhi isolates were confirmed using standard antisera for S. Typhi. Findings from this study revealed that 27% of the stool samples and 5.7% of the blood samples yielded growth of S. Typhi. Overall prevalence of S. Typhi was 16.8% while it was 16.5% and 17.4% in Mubi and Michika respectively. The risk ratio of S. Typhi for females to males in the study area was 1.19. Biotyping of S. Typhi revealed that 78.2% of the isolates were biotype I. Antibiogram of the isolates revealed that 67% of the isolates from the study area were resistant to ampicillin, nalidixic acid and tetracycline. The overall occurrence of multi drug resistant isolates from the study area was 58% with the multiple antibiotic resistance index of the isolates being predominantly within the high risk zone. Again, 61.7% and 76.2% of the isolates from Mubi and Michika respectively carried resistant plasmid while 80% of all the isolates produce biofilm. It was observed that lack of good quality drinking water, poor human waste disposal and hygiene are responsible for the continued occurrence of enteric fever in the study area. Furthermore, self-medication and empirical antibiotic without laboratory support are attributable risk factors for the emergence of multi drug resistant strains. These findings underscore the urgent legislation that will limit access to antibiotics over the counter as is the case today. It also calls for greater synergy between physicians and the laboratory in the choice of antibiotics for the treatment of typhoid fever.
Authors: Sale, M., Ja’afaru, M. I. and Adedeji, B. A
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Abstract
The emergence of multidrug resistance among strains of Salmonella Typhi has continued to complicate treatment options with increased morbidity and mortality especially in developing countries. This study was undertaken to determine the occurrence and distribution of antibiotic resistant and biofilm producing Salmonella Typhi in Mubi and Michika LGAs of Adamawa State, Nigeria. This cross sectional study was undertaken among people attending public hospitals who were beingtreated for enteric or other fevers in the study area. Stool and blood samples from the patients were cultured following standard microbiological methods and Salmonella Typhi isolates were confirmed using standard antisera for S. Typhi. Findings from this study revealed that 27% of the stool samples and 5.7% of the blood samples yielded growth of S. Typhi. Overall prevalence of S. Typhi was 16.8% while it was 16.5% and 17.4% in Mubi and Michika respectively. The risk ratio of S. Typhi for females to males in the study area was 1.19. Biotyping of S. Typhi revealed that 78.2% of the isolates were biotype I. Antibiogram of the isolates revealed that 67% of the isolates from the study area were resistant to ampicillin, nalidixic acid and tetracycline. The overall occurrence of multi drug resistant isolates from the study area was 58% with the multiple antibiotic resistance index of the isolates being predominantly within the high risk zone. Again, 61.7% and 76.2% of the isolates from Mubi and Michika respectively carried resistant plasmid while 80% of all the isolates produce biofilm. It was observed that lack of good quality drinking water, poor human waste disposal and hygiene are responsible for the continued occurrence of enteric fever in the study area. Furthermore, self-medication and empirical antibiotic without laboratory support are attributable risk factors for the emergence of multi drug resistant strains. These findings underscore the urgent legislation that will limit access to antibiotics over the counter as is the case today. It also calls for greater synergy between physicians and the laboratory in the choice of antibiotics for the treatment of typhoid fever.
Occurrence Of Campylobacter Jejuni In Chicken And Its Response To Some Antibiotics And Extracts Of Some Plant Materials
Food borne campylobacteriosis is distributed all over the world. Raw poultry become contaminated during processing when intestinal contents contact the meat surfaces. Chicken meat is considered the primary source of infection with Campylobacter spp. in humans. Twenty (20) chicken samples were collected from different sites in Kano State which is located in North western Nigeria. All the samples were processed and analyzed in the laboratory using modified Charcoal Cefoperazone Deoxycholate Agar (mCCDA) selective media for isolation of Campylobacter species. Presumptive tests were carried out against the isolates Gram’s stain, catalase, oxidase and mortility tests; and confirmed to be Campylobacter jejuni using Hippurate hydrolysis test. Ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Syzigium aromaticum, Allium sativum, Zingiber officinale and Piper nigrumwere tested against Campylobacter jejuni via disc diffusion techniques. Commercially prepared antibiotics (Erythromycin, Tetracycline, Clindamycin, Ciprofloxacine and Cotrimoxazole) were also tested against Campylobacter jejuni.From the 20 chicken samples examined, 10 isolates were identified as Campylobacter jejuni. Based on the findings of this research work, occurrence of Campylobacter jejuni is (50%) from the samples tested, occurrence of this bacterium particularly in processed food samples is of serious public health importance. Statistical analysis revealed that there are significant differences (P< 0.05) in the bacterial count between (raw and processed) samples of chicken. S. aromaticum, Allium sativum, and Zingiber officinale extracts were active against Campylobacter jejuni. Among the antibiotics tested against C. jejuni, Ciproflaxacine (100%) and Erythromycin (79%) were active. All the plant extracts except Piper nigrum, showed antibacterial activity on C. jejuni. Both the ethanolic and aqueous plant extracts were not toxic (LC50 > 1000).
Authors: Shamsuddeen U., Haladu, A., and Panda, T. W.
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Abstract
Food borne campylobacteriosis is distributed all over the world. Raw poultry become contaminated during processing when intestinal contents contact the meat surfaces. Chicken meat is considered the primary source of infection with Campylobacter spp. in humans. Twenty (20) chicken samples were collected from different sites in Kano State which is located in North western Nigeria. All the samples were processed and analyzed in the laboratory using modified Charcoal Cefoperazone Deoxycholate Agar (mCCDA) selective media for isolation of Campylobacter species. Presumptive tests were carried out against the isolates Gram’s stain, catalase, oxidase and mortility tests; and confirmed to be Campylobacter jejuni using Hippurate hydrolysis test. Ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Syzigium aromaticum, Allium sativum, Zingiber officinale and Piper nigrumwere tested against Campylobacter jejuni via disc diffusion techniques. Commercially prepared antibiotics (Erythromycin, Tetracycline, Clindamycin, Ciprofloxacine and Cotrimoxazole) were also tested against Campylobacter jejuni.From the 20 chicken samples examined, 10 isolates were identified as Campylobacter jejuni. Based on the findings of this research work, occurrence of Campylobacter jejuni is (50%) from the samples tested, occurrence of this bacterium particularly in processed food samples is of serious public health importance. Statistical analysis revealed that there are significant differences (P< 0.05) in the bacterial count between (raw and processed) samples of chicken. S. aromaticum, Allium sativum, and Zingiber officinale extracts were active against Campylobacter jejuni. Among the antibiotics tested against C. jejuni, Ciproflaxacine (100%) and Erythromycin (79%) were active. All the plant extracts except Piper nigrum, showed antibacterial activity on C. jejuni. Both the ethanolic and aqueous plant extracts were not toxic (LC50 > 1000).
Autochthonous Microbial Bioaugmented Remediation of Crude Oil Contaminated Soil in the Niger Delta
The effectiveness of bioaugmentation using a consortium of indigenous hydrocarbon utilizing microorganisms in conjunction with NPK fertilization for localized remediation of crude-oil polluted rainforest soil was investigated by subjecting soil to these treatments: soil (S); soil + oil (SO); soil + oil + fertilizer (SOF); soil + oil + fertilizer + microorganisms (hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria and fungi) (SOFM); soil + oil + fertilizer + microorganisms (hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria and fungi) + solarisation (SOFMS). Soil was monitored and evaluated for 120 days for culturable heterotrophic and hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria and fungi populations, and residual total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH). Results indicated that while culturable heterotrophic populations rose continuously throughout the study, hydrocarbon utilizing bacterial and fungal populations increased up to day-90 before diminishing in contaminated soils. Bacterial populations were consistently higher than fungal for all applied treatments (P ˂ 0.05). Residual TPH decreased in all contaminated soils with time. Treatment SOFM had the highest TPH reduction in soil with 66.81 % loss at degradation rate of 39.25 mg/kg/day; SO had the lowest loss of 24.82 % at the rate of 14.58 mg/kg/day within 120 days. Soil inoculation with constituted autochthonous microbial consortium in conjunction with NPK fertilization was effective for localized remediation of crude oil contaminated soil.
Authors: Monday Ubogu, Lucky O. Odokumab and Ejiro Akponah
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Abstract
The effectiveness of bioaugmentation using a consortium of indigenous hydrocarbon utilizing microorganisms in conjunction with NPK fertilization for localized remediation of crude-oil polluted rainforest soil was investigated by subjecting soil to these treatments: soil (S); soil + oil (SO); soil + oil + fertilizer (SOF); soil + oil + fertilizer + microorganisms (hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria and fungi) (SOFM); soil + oil + fertilizer + microorganisms (hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria and fungi) + solarisation (SOFMS). Soil was monitored and evaluated for 120 days for culturable heterotrophic and hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria and fungi populations, and residual total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH). Results indicated that while culturable heterotrophic populations rose continuously throughout the study, hydrocarbon utilizing bacterial and fungal populations increased up to day-90 before diminishing in contaminated soils. Bacterial populations were consistently higher than fungal for all applied treatments (P ˂ 0.05). Residual TPH decreased in all contaminated soils with time. Treatment SOFM had the highest TPH reduction in soil with 66.81 % loss at degradation rate of 39.25 mg/kg/day; SO had the lowest loss of 24.82 % at the rate of 14.58 mg/kg/day within 120 days. Soil inoculation with constituted autochthonous microbial consortium in conjunction with NPK fertilization was effective for localized remediation of crude oil contaminated soil.
ANTIBACTERIAL EVALUATION OF Buchholzia coriacea SEED EXTRACTS
The antimicrobial resistance of microorganisms makes them untreatable using the convectional antibiotics, therefore a need for alternative routes of treatment. Among several different alternative Buchholzia coriacea (wonderful kola) is an effective choice because of its numerous phytochemical components. The wonderful kola sample used in this study was purchase from Kure market in Niger State, Nigeria. The phytochemical screening, antibacterial susceptability test, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were performed using standard methods. The phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, tanins, flavonoids, steriod and the absence of saponins. Antibacterial activity of wonderful kola on some medically important bacteria; Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumonia and Klebsiella pneumonia shows wonderful kola seed exhibit antibacterial acitivity producing zone of inhibition against all tested bacteria and has the hgihest zone of inhibition at 250 mg/ml concentration. The results from this study show that wonderful kola seed could be used as an antibacterial agent and also be used for the development of therapeutic agents for the treatment of ailment associated with the test organisms.
Authors: Abdulsalam, R., Nengak, Y., Maude, A.M., Abdulsalami, H., Adamu, Z.
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Abstract
The antimicrobial resistance of microorganisms makes them untreatable using the convectional antibiotics, therefore a need for alternative routes of treatment. Among several different alternative Buchholzia coriacea (wonderful kola) is an effective choice because of its numerous phytochemical components. The wonderful kola sample used in this study was purchase from Kure market in Niger State, Nigeria. The phytochemical screening, antibacterial susceptability test, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were performed using standard methods. The phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, tanins, flavonoids, steriod and the absence of saponins. Antibacterial activity of wonderful kola on some medically important bacteria; Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumonia and Klebsiella pneumonia shows wonderful kola seed exhibit antibacterial acitivity producing zone of inhibition against all tested bacteria and has the hgihest zone of inhibition at 250 mg/ml concentration. The results from this study show that wonderful kola seed could be used as an antibacterial agent and also be used for the development of therapeutic agents for the treatment of ailment associated with the test organisms.
Escherichia coli O157:H7 Contamination of Cattle Carcass at Slaughter from Abattoirs in Lagos, Nigeria
Meat obtained from cattle serve as a major source of protein in Nigeria, ensuring its safety will therefore be of great importance. This study was carried out to investigate the contamination of cattle carcass with E. coli O157:H7 and determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of the organism. Twenty meat samples from bowel, aitch bone, hide, rib and hunch back were collected from abattoirs in Lagos, Nigeria. MacConkey agar and Eosine methylene blue agar were used for isolation of E. coli. Isolates were sub-cultured on sorbitol MacConkey agar and E. coli O157:H7 were differentiated from other strains due to its inability to ferment sorbitol. Identification was based on cultural, morphological and biochemical characteristics. Susceptibility of the isolates to amoxicillin, ceftazidime and cefuroxime was also investigated. All E. coli isolates were catalase and indole positive, oxidase, citrate and urease negative. The mean total coliform count varied from 4.45x107 cfu/g (hunch back) to 9.20x107 cfu/g (bowel). E. coli O157:H7 occurred in 37% of the meat samples while other E. coli strains occurred in 63%. They both occurred in meat samples from the different parts of the carcass investigated. Among the fourteen E. coli O157:H7 isolates 57.14% were resistant to ceftazidime, 42.86% to cefuroxime and 78.57% to amoxicillin. E. coli, although an enteric bacterium, was found to contaminate different parts of cattle carcass as a result of slaughtering. Of greater concern was the antibiotic resistance and isolation of the pathogenic strain, E. coli O157:H7
Authors: Uzeh Roseline Ekiomado and Agunlanna Stephanie Chineye
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Abstract
Meat obtained from cattle serve as a major source of protein in Nigeria, ensuring its safety will therefore be of great importance. This study was carried out to investigate the contamination of cattle carcass with E. coli O157:H7 and determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of the organism. Twenty meat samples from bowel, aitch bone, hide, rib and hunch back were collected from abattoirs in Lagos, Nigeria. MacConkey agar and Eosine methylene blue agar were used for isolation of E. coli. Isolates were sub-cultured on sorbitol MacConkey agar and E. coli O157:H7 were differentiated from other strains due to its inability to ferment sorbitol. Identification was based on cultural, morphological and biochemical characteristics. Susceptibility of the isolates to amoxicillin, ceftazidime and cefuroxime was also investigated. All E. coli isolates were catalase and indole positive, oxidase, citrate and urease negative. The mean total coliform count varied from 4.45x107 cfu/g (hunch back) to 9.20x107 cfu/g (bowel). E. coli O157:H7 occurred in 37% of the meat samples while other E. coli strains occurred in 63%. They both occurred in meat samples from the different parts of the carcass investigated. Among the fourteen E. coli O157:H7 isolates 57.14% were resistant to ceftazidime, 42.86% to cefuroxime and 78.57% to amoxicillin. E. coli, although an enteric bacterium, was found to contaminate different parts of cattle carcass as a result of slaughtering. Of greater concern was the antibiotic resistance and isolation of the pathogenic strain, E. coli O157:H7
Bioethanol Production from Pineapple Waste by Solid State Fermentation Method
Production of bioethanol from pineapple waste was investigated using the solid state fermentation method. Aspergillus niger was co-cultured with Saccharomyces cerevisiae on the substrate to produce saccharification and fermentation activities respectively. The microorganisms were isolated from natural sources; soil and palm-wine respectively. Two highest cellulose-hydrolyzing strains of A. niger were selected for the study. Two strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were isolated from the palm-wine and identified using both colonial morphological studies and various biochemical tests. The strain that showed tolerance to 15 % ethanol concentration was selected for the bio-ethanol production study by co-culturing it with each of the two A. niger strains selected. Results of the bioethanol production showed that the fermentation process terminated at 120hr with the highest bioethanol concentration of 11.3 % (v/v) in one combination (FB6 + SC) and 7.0 % (v/v) in the second combination (SW3 + SC). The pH of the substrate dropped from 4.1 to 3.3, and the initial total soluble solids of 9.4 mg/g decreased to 3.9 mg/g at the end of fermentation. In addition, production of reducing sugars peaked at 24 hr of fermentation with 57.8 mg/g, after which it declined steadily to 16.0 mg/g at the end of fermentation. The potential shown by solid state fermentation of pineapple waste for bioethanol production indicated that it can favourably compete with submerged fermentation method commonly used for bio-ethanol fermentation. The use of A. niger isolated from natural sources produced good saccharification results, favourably competitive with that observed in commercially sold enzymes used by several workers. This may present a cheaper alternative to the commercially sold enzymes. In commercial production of bioethanol from cellulosic/lignocellulosic materials, solid state fermentation method may require smaller area of space compared to submerged fermentation method.
Authors: Efunwoye, O.O. and Oluwole, O.R..
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Abstract
Production of bioethanol from pineapple waste was investigated using the solid state fermentation method. Aspergillus niger was co-cultured with Saccharomyces cerevisiae on the substrate to produce saccharification and fermentation activities respectively. The microorganisms were isolated from natural sources; soil and palm-wine respectively. Two highest cellulose-hydrolyzing strains of A. niger were selected for the study. Two strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were isolated from the palm-wine and identified using both colonial morphological studies and various biochemical tests. The strain that showed tolerance to 15 % ethanol concentration was selected for the bio-ethanol production study by co-culturing it with each of the two A. niger strains selected. Results of the bioethanol production showed that the fermentation process terminated at 120hr with the highest bioethanol concentration of 11.3 % (v/v) in one combination (FB6 + SC) and 7.0 % (v/v) in the second combination (SW3 + SC). The pH of the substrate dropped from 4.1 to 3.3, and the initial total soluble solids of 9.4 mg/g decreased to 3.9 mg/g at the end of fermentation. In addition, production of reducing sugars peaked at 24 hr of fermentation with 57.8 mg/g, after which it declined steadily to 16.0 mg/g at the end of fermentation. The potential shown by solid state fermentation of pineapple waste for bioethanol production indicated that it can favourably compete with submerged fermentation method commonly used for bio-ethanol fermentation. The use of A. niger isolated from natural sources produced good saccharification results, favourably competitive with that observed in commercially sold enzymes used by several workers. This may present a cheaper alternative to the commercially sold enzymes. In commercial production of bioethanol from cellulosic/lignocellulosic materials, solid state fermentation method may require smaller area of space compared to submerged fermentation method.
The Efficacy of Extracts of the Leaf and Bark of Cashew Plant (Anacardium occidentale) on Bacterial Isolates Isolated from Banana (Musa paradisica)
This study was undertaken with the aim to investigate the potency of cashew leaf and bark extracts on microorganism associated with banana spoilage. Banana (Musa paradisica) was subjected to spoilage in the laboratory for 7days. Bacteria isolated from the sample include Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus vulgaris and Corynebacterium spp. The efficacies of the extracts were tested against the isolated microorganisms at various concentrations for 8 weeks. The results showed that the ethanolic extracts of both leaf and bark of Anacardium occidentale at the last concentration (10%) showed the highest antimicrobial activity. At 8.5% concentration, the activity of the aqueous leaf extract decreased with an increase in microbial growth and later decreased at 7.0% concentration. At the highest concentration of the ethanolic bark and leaf extract (10%), there was no count of Corynebacterium spp. and Staphylococcus aureus respectively. The aqueous extract showed a bit of effectiveness at the 7.0% of the extract by reducing the numbers of growth of the microorganism, but at the 8.5% concentration there was an increase in the microbial growth. The phytochemicals present in the Anacardium occidentale leaf and barks include saponins, tannins, flavonoids, phenol, glycosides, terpenoid and alkaloids. The study shows that the ethanol extract was more effective than aqueous extract.
Authors: Arekemase, M.O., Adams, A. I., Ibrahim, T. O., Babashola, K. D., Ahmed, M. I. and Dunmoye, T. D.
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Abstract
This study was undertaken with the aim to investigate the potency of cashew leaf and bark extracts on microorganism associated with banana spoilage. Banana (Musa paradisica) was subjected to spoilage in the laboratory for 7days. Bacteria isolated from the sample include Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus vulgaris and Corynebacterium spp. The efficacies of the extracts were tested against the isolated microorganisms at various concentrations for 8 weeks. The results showed that the ethanolic extracts of both leaf and bark of Anacardium occidentale at the last concentration (10%) showed the highest antimicrobial activity. At 8.5% concentration, the activity of the aqueous leaf extract decreased with an increase in microbial growth and later decreased at 7.0% concentration. At the highest concentration of the ethanolic bark and leaf extract (10%), there was no count of Corynebacterium spp. and Staphylococcus aureus respectively. The aqueous extract showed a bit of effectiveness at the 7.0% of the extract by reducing the numbers of growth of the microorganism, but at the 8.5% concentration there was an increase in the microbial growth. The phytochemicals present in the Anacardium occidentale leaf and barks include saponins, tannins, flavonoids, phenol, glycosides, terpenoid and alkaloids. The study shows that the ethanol extract was more effective than aqueous extract.
Assessment of Antiplasmodial Activity of Terminalia Catappa Leaf Extracts on Plasmodium berghei Infected Mice.
Antimalarial drug resistance is one of the factors that have contributed to malaria treatment failure especially in Asia and Sub-Sahara Africa where malaria is endemic. Globally, renewed interest in medicinal plants has focused on the herbal cures among indigenous populations. Of such medicinal plants is Terminalia catappa. The medicinal use of T. catappa in malaria treatment was investigated in vivo in this study. The fresh leaves of T. catappa were air dried for a period of four weeks and ground into powdery form. Two hundred and fifty grams of the powdered leaf was submerged in 1.3 litre of ethanol and hot water respectively for 72 hours to extract the bio active ingredients. The antiplasmodial activity of the ethanol and water extracts were studied using Plasmodium berghei infected Swiss albino mice at 100 and 200mg/kg/day dosage. The 5 day curative test assay revealed that the administered dosages (100 and 200mg/kg/day) of Terminalia catappa ethanol extract caused chemo suppression of 32.88% and 39.48% respectively on day three and chemo suppression of 54.35% and 56.75% on day five. Similar dosages of hot water leaf extract caused chemo suppression of 26.63 and 30.45% respectively on day three and chemo suppression of 30.45% and 37.60% on day five. These values were statistically significant (P˂0.05) when compared with the positive control which recorded 39.88% and 57.63% for day 3 and 5 respectively. Our finding showed that Terminalia catappa leaf contained active antiplasmodial compounds and therefore, might be useful in the formation of novel antimalarial drug.
Authors: F.Omoya, F.Adetuyi and B. Akanji
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Abstract
Antimalarial drug resistance is one of the factors that have contributed to malaria treatment failure especially in Asia and Sub-Sahara Africa where malaria is endemic. Globally, renewed interest in medicinal plants has focused on the herbal cures among indigenous populations. Of such medicinal plants is Terminalia catappa. The medicinal use of T. catappa in malaria treatment was investigated in vivo in this study. The fresh leaves of T. catappa were air dried for a period of four weeks and ground into powdery form. Two hundred and fifty grams of the powdered leaf was submerged in 1.3 litre of ethanol and hot water respectively for 72 hours to extract the bio active ingredients. The antiplasmodial activity of the ethanol and water extracts were studied using Plasmodium berghei infected Swiss albino mice at 100 and 200mg/kg/day dosage. The 5 day curative test assay revealed that the administered dosages (100 and 200mg/kg/day) of Terminalia catappa ethanol extract caused chemo suppression of 32.88% and 39.48% respectively on day three and chemo suppression of 54.35% and 56.75% on day five. Similar dosages of hot water leaf extract caused chemo suppression of 26.63 and 30.45% respectively on day three and chemo suppression of 30.45% and 37.60% on day five. These values were statistically significant (P˂0.05) when compared with the positive control which recorded 39.88% and 57.63% for day 3 and 5 respectively. Our finding showed that Terminalia catappa leaf contained active antiplasmodial compounds and therefore, might be useful in the formation of novel antimalarial drug.
A Survey of Ascorbic Acid Producing Fungi In The Soil Environment Of Keffi Metropolis, Nasarawa State, Nigeria
Antimalarial drug resistance is one of the factors that have contributed to malaria treatment failure especially in Asia and Sub-Sahara Africa where malaria is endemic. Globally, renewed interest in medicinal plants has focused on the herbal cures among indigenous populations. Of such medicinal plants is Terminalia catappa. The medicinal use of T. catappa in malaria treatment was investigated in vivo in this study. The fresh leaves of T. catappa were air dried for a period of four weeks and ground into powdery form. Two hundred and fifty grams of the powdered leaf was submerged in 1.3 litre of ethanol and hot water respectively for 72 hours to extract the bioactive ingredients. The antiplasmodial activity of the ethanol and water extracts were studied using Plasmodium berghei infected Swiss albino mice at 100 and 200mg/kg/day dosage. The 5 day curative test assay revealed that the administered dosages (100 and 200mg/kg/day) of Terminalia catappa ethanol extract caused chemo suppression of 32.88% and 39.48% respectively on day three and chemo suppression of 54.35% and 56.75% on day five. Similar dosages of hot water leaf extract caused chemo suppression of 26.63 and 30.45% respectively on day three and chemo suppression of 30.45% and 37.60% on day five. These values were statistically significant (P˂0.05) when compared with the positive control which recorded 39.88% and 57.63% for day 3 and 5 respectively. Our finding showed that Terminalia catappa leaf contained active antiplasmodial compounds and therefore, might be useful in the formation of novel antimalarial drug.
Authors: F.Omoya, F.Adetuyi and B. Akanji
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Abstract
Antimalarial drug resistance is one of the factors that have contributed to malaria treatment failure especially in Asia and Sub-Sahara Africa where malaria is endemic. Globally, renewed interest in medicinal plants has focused on the herbal cures among indigenous populations. Of such medicinal plants is Terminalia catappa. The medicinal use of T. catappa in malaria treatment was investigated in vivo in this study. The fresh leaves of T. catappa were air dried for a period of four weeks and ground into powdery form. Two hundred and fifty grams of the powdered leaf was submerged in 1.3 litre of ethanol and hot water respectively for 72 hours to extract the bioactive ingredients. The antiplasmodial activity of the ethanol and water extracts were studied using Plasmodium berghei infected Swiss albino mice at 100 and 200mg/kg/day dosage. The 5 day curative test assay revealed that the administered dosages (100 and 200mg/kg/day) of Terminalia catappa ethanol extract caused chemo suppression of 32.88% and 39.48% respectively on day three and chemo suppression of 54.35% and 56.75% on day five. Similar dosages of hot water leaf extract caused chemo suppression of 26.63 and 30.45% respectively on day three and chemo suppression of 30.45% and 37.60% on day five. These values were statistically significant (P˂0.05) when compared with the positive control which recorded 39.88% and 57.63% for day 3 and 5 respectively. Our finding showed that Terminalia catappa leaf contained active antiplasmodial compounds and therefore, might be useful in the formation of novel antimalarial drug.
Isolation and Identification of Lipase Producing Fungi From the Soil Environment of Keffi Metropolis
An investigation was carried out to isolate, identify and screen for lipase producing fungal species present in the soil environment of Keffi metropolis. Soil samples of approximately 200g each were randomly collected from ten different locations within the Keffi metropolis for the investigation. Sabouraud Dextrose Agar was used for the isolation of the fungal species by pour plate method using Direct Soil Inoculation technique. Five fungal species, Acremonium spp Mucor sppRhizopus stolonifer, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus were isolated and screened for their ability to produce lipases on tween-20 and phenol red agar. The results of lipase production on tween-80 and phenol red after 5 days of incubation showed that all the isolates were positive for lipase production which was indicated by diameter zone of clearance and visible precipitate of calcium monolaurate due to the deposition of calcium crystal. The diameter of the zone of clearance of the various isolates revealed that Rhizopus stolonifer had the highest lipase producing ability (having a diameter zone of clearance of 12 ± 0.04 mm), followed by Aspergillus niger ( having 10 ± 0.02 mm). Acremonium sp. and Mucorsp. had 8 ± 0.07 mm respectively, while Aspergillus flavus was able to produce just a minimal amount of lipases indicated by its zone of clearance (6 ± 0.04mm). These results demonstrate the presence of lipase producing fungi in the soil environment of Keffi metropolis, Nasarawa State, and these can be explored locally for the production of the enzyme which is of value commercially in the production of detergents, and also as constituents of some special diets and pharmaceuticals.
Authors: M. D. Makut and U. S. Bemgba
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Abstract
An investigation was carried out to isolate, identify and screen for lipase producing fungal species present in the soil environment of Keffi metropolis. Soil samples of approximately 200g each were randomly collected from ten different locations within the Keffi metropolis for the investigation. Sabouraud Dextrose Agar was used for the isolation of the fungal species by pour plate method using Direct Soil Inoculation technique. Five fungal species, Acremonium spp Mucor sppRhizopus stolonifer, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus were isolated and screened for their ability to produce lipases on tween-20 and phenol red agar. The results of lipase production on tween-80 and phenol red after 5 days of incubation showed that all the isolates were positive for lipase production which was indicated by diameter zone of clearance and visible precipitate of calcium monolaurate due to the deposition of calcium crystal. The diameter of the zone of clearance of the various isolates revealed that Rhizopus stolonifer had the highest lipase producing ability (having a diameter zone of clearance of 12 ± 0.04 mm), followed by Aspergillus niger ( having 10 ± 0.02 mm). Acremonium sp. and Mucorsp. had 8 ± 0.07 mm respectively, while Aspergillus flavus was able to produce just a minimal amount of lipases indicated by its zone of clearance (6 ± 0.04mm). These results demonstrate the presence of lipase producing fungi in the soil environment of Keffi metropolis, Nasarawa State, and these can be explored locally for the production of the enzyme which is of value commercially in the production of detergents, and also as constituents of some special diets and pharmaceuticals.
Emerging Antibiotic Resistant Nosocomial Infection – Coagulase Negative Staphylococci Isolated From Patients in General Hospitals Within Suburban Areas of Delta State, Nigeria.
Emerging infectious diseases especially with the coagulase negative staphylococci (CoNS) is becoming prevalent and alarming in our health institutions and as community acquired infections. This study aimed at isolating antibiotic resistant and methicillin-resistant coagulase negative staphylococci from various clinical sites of patients at different tertiary hospitals. 200 clinical samples were obtained using sterile cotton swabs and plated on freshly prepared nutrient and mannitol salt agar using standard microbiological procedures and biochemical identification. β-lactamase production and antimicrobial susceptibility test were carried out using standard microbial cells and CLSI standards. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay were performed on the antibiotic resistant isolates using the required PCR conditions of time and temperature and the appropriate reagent mixture. Analyzed samples yielded 77 Staphylococcus spp. with 12(15.6%) being coagulase-negative staphylococci, and 3 β-lactamase producing coagulase-negative staphylococci. The antibiotic resistant profile showed that 5 isolates of CoNS were methicillinresistant (MR) to oxacillin and other antibiotics while 7 isolates of CoNS were only resistant to aminoglycosides and fluoroquinolones. Quantified mecA products in this study were expressed in 5 (100%) of 5 Methicillin Resistant Coagulase Negative Staphylococci (MRCoNS) isolates indicating an alarming trend in the emerging infectious coagulase negative staphylococci, while 3 of 5 MRCoNS expressed sea (enterotoxin) gene. This calls for urgent clinical attention to curtail the spread of this emerging infection either as a nosocomial or community-acquired infection.
Authors: OJO S.K.S., Esumeh F.I., Osanyinlusi S.A., Ojerinde A.O. and Uzairue L.I.
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Abstract
Emerging infectious diseases especially with the coagulase negative staphylococci (CoNS) is becoming prevalent and alarming in our health institutions and as community acquired infections. This study aimed at isolating antibiotic resistant and methicillin-resistant coagulase negative staphylococci from various clinical sites of patients at different tertiary hospitals. 200 clinical samples were obtained using sterile cotton swabs and plated on freshly prepared nutrient and mannitol salt agar using standard microbiological procedures and biochemical identification. β-lactamase production and antimicrobial susceptibility test were carried out using standard microbial cells and CLSI standards. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay were performed on the antibiotic resistant isolates using the required PCR conditions of time and temperature and the appropriate reagent mixture. Analyzed samples yielded 77 Staphylococcus spp. with 12(15.6%) being coagulase-negative staphylococci, and 3 β-lactamase producing coagulase-negative staphylococci. The antibiotic resistant profile showed that 5 isolates of CoNS were methicillinresistant (MR) to oxacillin and other antibiotics while 7 isolates of CoNS were only resistant to aminoglycosides and fluoroquinolones. Quantified mecA products in this study were expressed in 5 (100%) of 5 Methicillin Resistant Coagulase Negative Staphylococci (MRCoNS) isolates indicating an alarming trend in the emerging infectious coagulase negative staphylococci, while 3 of 5 MRCoNS expressed sea (enterotoxin) gene. This calls for urgent clinical attention to curtail the spread of this emerging infection either as a nosocomial or community-acquired infection.
Microbiology of Semen from Men with Fertility Problems in Imo State, Nigeria
This work is aimed at determining whether presence of microorganisms in seminal fluid might be the cause of male infertility.Three hundred and eighty-eight semen samples were submitted and analyzed microbially by routine semen analysis and culture techniques. Bacteriological examination of the semen samples revealed five bacterial isolates, including Staphylococcus aureus (39.2%), Klebsiella sp. (13.7%), Escherichia coli (9.8%), Proteus mirabilis (15.7%) and Neisserria gonorrhoeae (8.8%). The motility of sperm cells showed that 208 (53.6%) had 70 -100% actively motile cells, 116 (29.9%) had 50-60% actively motile cells and 64 (16.5%) had below 50% actively motile cells. Analysis of the duration of sperm motility showed that 20 (5.2%) had duration of 1- 10 hours, 276 (71.1%) had duration of 11 – 20 hours and 60 (15.5%) had duration of 21 – 24 hours. Analysis of the semen viscosity showed that 16 (4. 1 %) had highly viscous semen, 100 (25. 8%) had slightly viscous semen, 100 (25.8%) had watery semen and 172 (44. 3%) had moderately viscous semen. This study revealed that, infertility in men could be as a result of the presence of microorganisms in semen.
Authors: OJO S.K.S., Esumeh F.I., Osanyinlusi S.A., Ojerinde A.O. and Uzairue L.I.
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Abstract
This work is aimed at determining whether presence of microorganisms in seminal fluid might be the cause of male infertility.Three hundred and eighty-eight semen samples were submitted and analyzed microbially by routine semen analysis and culture techniques. Bacteriological examination of the semen samples revealed five bacterial isolates, including Staphylococcus aureus (39.2%), Klebsiella sp. (13.7%), Escherichia coli (9.8%), Proteus mirabilis (15.7%) and Neisserria gonorrhoeae (8.8%). The motility of sperm cells showed that 208 (53.6%) had 70 -100% actively motile cells, 116 (29.9%) had 50-60% actively motile cells and 64 (16.5%) had below 50% actively motile cells. Analysis of the duration of sperm motility showed that 20 (5.2%) had duration of 1- 10 hours, 276 (71.1%) had duration of 11 – 20 hours and 60 (15.5%) had duration of 21 – 24 hours. Analysis of the semen viscosity showed that 16 (4. 1 %) had highly viscous semen, 100 (25. 8%) had slightly viscous semen, 100 (25.8%) had watery semen and 172 (44. 3%) had moderately viscous semen. This study revealed that, infertility in men could be as a result of the presence of microorganisms in semen.
Production, Characterization and Purification of Lipase by Bacteria Isolated from Palm Oil Mill Effluent and Its Dumpsites Soil
Lipases (triacylglycerol acylhydrolases, EC3.1.1.3) are water-soluble enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis(and synthesis) of ester bonds formed from acyl glycerol and long-chain fatty acids at lipid-water interface. Palm oil mill effluents have been reported to be rich in lipolytic bacteria, thus this work aimed at production, characterization and purification of lipase by bacteria isolated from Palm oil mill effluent and its dumpsites soil. From the serially diluted soil and palm oil mill effluent samples, fifteen(15) bacterial isolates were selected based on the zones of clearance (qualitative screening)on selective agar based medium. They were further screened quantitatively for their lipolyticactivities using titrimetric method. Five bacterial isolates showing high lipase activity were selected and identified based on their morphological, biochemical and physiological characteristics as Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus sp., Serratiamarcescens and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.The enzyme exhibited maximum activity at incubation temperature of 45°C at 48hr incubation time and agitation rate of 150rpm. Also, pH 7.0 to 7.5 was found to be best for lipase activity. The lipase produced retained stability up to pH 10 and temperature of 70⁰C. Highest stability of the enzyme was observed with Ca2+and least with Mn2+ metal ions.The total protein content, enzyme activity and specific activity of the enzymes reduced with each purification step for all the isolates. The lipase produced possessed activity and stability over a range of pH values and high thermal stability at ambient temperatures making them suitable candidates for industrial applications.
Authors: Wakil Sherifah M. , Osesusi Olawande A.
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Abstract
Lipases (triacylglycerol acylhydrolases, EC3.1.1.3) are water-soluble enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis(and synthesis) of ester bonds formed from acyl glycerol and long-chain fatty acids at lipid-water interface. Palm oil mill effluents have been reported to be rich in lipolytic bacteria, thus this work aimed at production, characterization and purification of lipase by bacteria isolated from Palm oil mill effluent and its dumpsites soil. From the serially diluted soil and palm oil mill effluent samples, fifteen(15) bacterial isolates were selected based on the zones of clearance (qualitative screening)on selective agar based medium. They were further screened quantitatively for their lipolyticactivities using titrimetric method. Five bacterial isolates showing high lipase activity were selected and identified based on their morphological, biochemical and physiological characteristics as Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus sp., Serratiamarcescens and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.The enzyme exhibited maximum activity at incubation temperature of 45°C at 48hr incubation time and agitation rate of 150rpm. Also, pH 7.0 to 7.5 was found to be best for lipase activity. The lipase produced retained stability up to pH 10 and temperature of 70⁰C. Highest stability of the enzyme was observed with Ca2+and least with Mn2+ metal ions.The total protein content, enzyme activity and specific activity of the enzymes reduced with each purification step for all the isolates. The lipase produced possessed activity and stability over a range of pH values and high thermal stability at ambient temperatures making them suitable candidates for industrial applications.
The Microbiology and Biochemistry of Treculia Africana (African Breadfruit) Fermentation
AbstractIn the fermentation of African breadfruit, the microorganisms present were isolated and identified. The process involved microbial succession, with the participation of bacteria fungi and yeast genera. The bacteria genera isolated were Bacillus, Lactobacillus, Micrococcus, Enterobacter, and Staphylococcus, with Bacillus and lactobacillus constituting the predominant microflora. The fungi genera isolated were Aspergillus, Curvularia and Alternaria while the only yeast isolated was Saccharomyces spp. The heterotrophic, proteolytic, lipolytic and saccharolytic bacterial population increased progressively from the first day till the seventh day when a peak was recorded. The physical parameters like temperature, pH and moisture were observed during the process. Also the proximate analysis of the as the fermentation progresses. The decrease in crude fibre contents could be attributed to breakdown of the fibre components by the fermentative organisms. The proximate analysis reveals that the breadfruit has rich food value and hence may be used with other food supplements in the production of human food and animal feed.
Authors: Nwaneri C. B. , Ogbulie J. N., Chiegboka N. A.
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Abstract
AbstractIn the fermentation of African breadfruit, the microorganisms present were isolated and identified. The process involved microbial succession, with the participation of bacteria fungi and yeast genera. The bacteria genera isolated were Bacillus, Lactobacillus, Micrococcus, Enterobacter, and Staphylococcus, with Bacillus and lactobacillus constituting the predominant microflora. The fungi genera isolated were Aspergillus, Curvularia and Alternaria while the only yeast isolated was Saccharomyces spp. The heterotrophic, proteolytic, lipolytic and saccharolytic bacterial population increased progressively from the first day till the seventh day when a peak was recorded. The physical parameters like temperature, pH and moisture were observed during the process. Also the proximate analysis of the as the fermentation progresses. The decrease in crude fibre contents could be attributed to breakdown of the fibre components by the fermentative organisms. The proximate analysis reveals that the breadfruit has rich food value and hence may be used with other food supplements in the production of human food and animal feed.
Effects of Snail Farming on Soil Microbial Spectrum and Physicochemical Properties.
The study was undertaken to determine the effect of snail farming on soil microbial spectrum and physicochemical properties. This was investigated using standard chemical analytical procedures and cultural techniques. Snail soil samples were collected from two locations within Owerri, including, Nekede and Irete. Snail species reared in the farms were Achatina achatina and Archachatina marginata. The pH changed from neutral to alkaline. The temperature also increased slightly. Phosphate, sulphate, nitrate and total organic matter showed similar increase in the snail farm soil samples than in the test control sample with the differences being statistically significant. (P = 0.05).Sodium and potassium ions increased slightly while calcium and magnesium ions increased more. Thirteen bacterial species isolated from the snail farm soil samples were Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Aeromonas, Staphylococcus, Shigella and Flavobacteria, Nitrobacter, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella, Proteus, Enterobacter, Micrococcus and Salmonella species. The most prevalent was Bacillus species which had 100% occurrence. The total heterotrophic bacteria (THB) had the highest counts in both snail farm soil samples and controls. Further bacteriological analysis of the snail shell bacterial loads showed the same trend as in the soil analysis. The values of the enzymatic activities estimated in both snail farm and control soil samples showed that dehydrogenase had the highest activities. These changes are attributable to the contents of the wastes and their metabolism by microorganisms. The snail wastes could serve as increased additional source of micro-organisms to the soil while the left-over food items served as added nutrient for microbial growth. Most metabolic reactions are exothermic and the cumulative effect was the slight increase in soil temperature observed in this study. Similarly, the breakdown of the protein content of the wastes caused the release of ammonia which dissolved in the soil moisture to cause the increased pH values observed.
Authors: Nwaneri C. B. , Onyeagba R. A., Nwaugo V. O., Amadi E. S.
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Abstract
The study was undertaken to determine the effect of snail farming on soil microbial spectrum and physicochemical properties. This was investigated using standard chemical analytical procedures and cultural techniques. Snail soil samples were collected from two locations within Owerri, including, Nekede and Irete. Snail species reared in the farms were Achatina achatina and Archachatina marginata. The pH changed from neutral to alkaline. The temperature also increased slightly. Phosphate, sulphate, nitrate and total organic matter showed similar increase in the snail farm soil samples than in the test control sample with the differences being statistically significant. (P = 0.05).Sodium and potassium ions increased slightly while calcium and magnesium ions increased more. Thirteen bacterial species isolated from the snail farm soil samples were Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Aeromonas, Staphylococcus, Shigella and Flavobacteria, Nitrobacter, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella, Proteus, Enterobacter, Micrococcus and Salmonella species. The most prevalent was Bacillus species which had 100% occurrence. The total heterotrophic bacteria (THB) had the highest counts in both snail farm soil samples and controls. Further bacteriological analysis of the snail shell bacterial loads showed the same trend as in the soil analysis. The values of the enzymatic activities estimated in both snail farm and control soil samples showed that dehydrogenase had the highest activities. These changes are attributable to the contents of the wastes and their metabolism by microorganisms. The snail wastes could serve as increased additional source of micro-organisms to the soil while the left-over food items served as added nutrient for microbial growth. Most metabolic reactions are exothermic and the cumulative effect was the slight increase in soil temperature observed in this study. Similarly, the breakdown of the protein content of the wastes caused the release of ammonia which dissolved in the soil moisture to cause the increased pH values observed.
Phylogenetic Analysis of Sulphidogenic Bacteria Isolated From Nigerian Crude Oil and Its Produce Water
Phylogenetic analysis of sulphidogenic bacterial isolates from Nigerian Bonny light crude oil and its produce water samples was carried out following preliminary detection of the bacterial species. Samples were enriched in mixed carbon postgate’s (MCP) medium and incubated at 55 ºC for 28 days. DNA was extracted from isolated culture and amplified by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) using 16S rRNA eubacterial primers with a GC–clamp. Successful amplification was confirmed by ethidium bromide fluorescence in 1 % agarose gelafter agarose gel electrophoresis. PCR-amplified DNA was separated by Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis, to show the relationship between samples based on their GC content. Following successful DGGE analysis, DGGE bands were excised, purified and sequenced to display sequence homology and affiliation to related genera of sulphide producers. The DGGE products sequencing was successful, displaying 98 % and 99 % similarity and homology to Petrotogamexicana (AY125964.1) and Petrotogaolearia (AJ311703.1) respectively. Phylogenetic analysis showed a relationship between the sulphidogenic bacteria with other members of the Thermotogales.
Authors: Akinnibosun F. I. and Lappin-Scott H. M.
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Abstract
Phylogenetic analysis of sulphidogenic bacterial isolates from Nigerian Bonny light crude oil and its produce water samples was carried out following preliminary detection of the bacterial species. Samples were enriched in mixed carbon postgate’s (MCP) medium and incubated at 55 ºC for 28 days. DNA was extracted from isolated culture and amplified by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) using 16S rRNA eubacterial primers with a GC–clamp. Successful amplification was confirmed by ethidium bromide fluorescence in 1 % agarose gelafter agarose gel electrophoresis. PCR-amplified DNA was separated by Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis, to show the relationship between samples based on their GC content. Following successful DGGE analysis, DGGE bands were excised, purified and sequenced to display sequence homology and affiliation to related genera of sulphide producers. The DGGE products sequencing was successful, displaying 98 % and 99 % similarity and homology to Petrotogamexicana (AY125964.1) and Petrotogaolearia (AJ311703.1) respectively. Phylogenetic analysis showed a relationship between the sulphidogenic bacteria with other members of the Thermotogales.
Prevalence of Uropathogens in Diabetic Patients and their Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern.
The prevalence of bacteria causing UTI in diabetic patients, as well as their susceptibility to commonly used antibiotics was investigated in Benin City. Bacteriological analysis involved standard biochemical tests and comparison of isolates’ characteristics with known taxa. Species isolated from the urine samples analysed were Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Proteus mirabilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Gram-negative isolates had a prevalence of 60 %, while Gram-positive isolates had 40 %. E. coli were found to be the most prevalence (44.4 %), while the least prevalent were P. aeruginosa(11.1 %),S. aureus(11.1 %) and S. saprophyticus (11.1 %). Isolates were found to be more in females than males. Three out of the six male diabetics sampled had uropathogens, while six out of the fifteen female diabetics sampled had uropathogens. Susceptibility tests were performed by Bauer-Kirby disc-diffusion method with standard antibiotics. The results were expressed as susceptible or resistant. All the isolates were found to be susceptible to ciprofloxacin and gentamicin. They were also found to be multi-drug resistant. This study showed that diabetic patients had increased risk of urinary tract infections due to the presence of uropathogens.
Authors: Akinnibosun, F. I and Iriakpe, H. J
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Abstract
The prevalence of bacteria causing UTI in diabetic patients, as well as their susceptibility to commonly used antibiotics was investigated in Benin City. Bacteriological analysis involved standard biochemical tests and comparison of isolates’ characteristics with known taxa. Species isolated from the urine samples analysed were Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Proteus mirabilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Gram-negative isolates had a prevalence of 60 %, while Gram-positive isolates had 40 %. E. coli were found to be the most prevalence (44.4 %), while the least prevalent were P. aeruginosa(11.1 %),S. aureus(11.1 %) and S. saprophyticus (11.1 %). Isolates were found to be more in females than males. Three out of the six male diabetics sampled had uropathogens, while six out of the fifteen female diabetics sampled had uropathogens. Susceptibility tests were performed by Bauer-Kirby disc-diffusion method with standard antibiotics. The results were expressed as susceptible or resistant. All the isolates were found to be susceptible to ciprofloxacin and gentamicin. They were also found to be multi-drug resistant. This study showed that diabetic patients had increased risk of urinary tract infections due to the presence of uropathogens.
Investigation of Antifungal Activity of Green-Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles on Phytopathogenic Fungi
Silver nanoparticles (SNPs) are nanoparticles of silver that are in the range of 1.0 and 100nm in size. They have unique antimicrobial properties which help in water sanitation and medical industries, but their potentials in agriculture have not been utilized. This study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of SNPs synthesized using different concentrations of bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina) extracts in inhibiting the growth of three plant pathogenic fungi; Fusarium oxysporum, F. solani and Cercospora canescens isolated from diseased plants and identified using molecular method. Synthesized SNPs were characterized using UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy. The antifungal activity of SNPs synthesized at 0, 2, 5 and 10 mins using 0.10g/ml and 0.20g/ml of bitter leaf extracts were evaluated on the basis of colony formation by in-vitro assays. UV-visible spectroscopic analyses revealed rapid reduction of silver ions (Ag+) by bitter leaf extracts where surface Plasmon absorption maxima were observed from the UV-vis spectra. The growth of pathogenic fungi on agar plates were significantly decreased or totally inhibited by treatment with the SNPs depending on the concentrations of the plant extracts and the time of reaction. SNPs synthesized with 0.20g/ml of the extract for 10 mins completely inhibited the growth of the tested fungal pathogens while other SNPs significantly reduced their growth (60 – 90% reduction). The results of this study indicated that the silver nanoparticles synthesized using bitter leaf extracts have potentials to be used as control agents against fungal plant diseases to replace the use of chemical fungicides.
Authors: A. R. Oloyede, E. O. Ayedun, O. I. Sonde and P.A. Akinduti
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Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (SNPs) are nanoparticles of silver that are in the range of 1.0 and 100nm in size. They have unique antimicrobial properties which help in water sanitation and medical industries, but their potentials in agriculture have not been utilized. This study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of SNPs synthesized using different concentrations of bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina) extracts in inhibiting the growth of three plant pathogenic fungi; Fusarium oxysporum, F. solani and Cercospora canescens isolated from diseased plants and identified using molecular method. Synthesized SNPs were characterized using UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy. The antifungal activity of SNPs synthesized at 0, 2, 5 and 10 mins using 0.10g/ml and 0.20g/ml of bitter leaf extracts were evaluated on the basis of colony formation by in-vitro assays. UV-visible spectroscopic analyses revealed rapid reduction of silver ions (Ag+) by bitter leaf extracts where surface Plasmon absorption maxima were observed from the UV-vis spectra. The growth of pathogenic fungi on agar plates were significantly decreased or totally inhibited by treatment with the SNPs depending on the concentrations of the plant extracts and the time of reaction. SNPs synthesized with 0.20g/ml of the extract for 10 mins completely inhibited the growth of the tested fungal pathogens while other SNPs significantly reduced their growth (60 – 90% reduction). The results of this study indicated that the silver nanoparticles synthesized using bitter leaf extracts have potentials to be used as control agents against fungal plant diseases to replace the use of chemical fungicides.
Optimized Fermentation Process for Improved Bioethanol Production from Sweet and Bitter Cassava Processing Wastes
Optimization of fermentation process for 72 h was carried out to determine the effect of pH (3 – 8), temperature (30°C – 50°C) and agitation rate (200 rpm – 500 rpm) on bioethanol production and microbial count using cassava variety samples. Bioethanol yield and microbial count were highest at pH 6, temperature 35°C and agitation rate of 300 rpm. The bacterial species had highest population counts of 5. 21 x 105 cfu/g at pH 6, 4.62 x 105 cfu/g at temperature 35°C and 4.84 x 105 cfu/g at pH 6, 3.94 x 105 cfu/g at temperature 35 °C for sweet and bitter cassava varieties respectively. The fungal species had highest counts of 5.60 x 104 cfu/g at pH 6, 2.53 x 104 cfu/g at temperature 35°C and 5.20 x 104 cfu/g at pH 6, 2.11 x 104 cfu/g at temperature 35°C for sweet and bitter cassava varieties. Bioethanol yield was 56% and 44% resulting in a significant increase of 75% and 63% for the sweet and bitter cassava varieties respectively. The optimization of the fermentation process yielded maximum bioethanol and also detoxified the cassava processing wastes which are environmental pollutants.
Authors: Obueh H.O, Ikenebomeh M. J and Oshoma C.E
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Abstract
Optimization of fermentation process for 72 h was carried out to determine the effect of pH (3 – 8), temperature (30°C – 50°C) and agitation rate (200 rpm – 500 rpm) on bioethanol production and microbial count using cassava variety samples. Bioethanol yield and microbial count were highest at pH 6, temperature 35°C and agitation rate of 300 rpm. The bacterial species had highest population counts of 5. 21 x 105 cfu/g at pH 6, 4.62 x 105 cfu/g at temperature 35°C and 4.84 x 105 cfu/g at pH 6, 3.94 x 105 cfu/g at temperature 35 °C for sweet and bitter cassava varieties respectively. The fungal species had highest counts of 5.60 x 104 cfu/g at pH 6, 2.53 x 104 cfu/g at temperature 35°C and 5.20 x 104 cfu/g at pH 6, 2.11 x 104 cfu/g at temperature 35°C for sweet and bitter cassava varieties. Bioethanol yield was 56% and 44% resulting in a significant increase of 75% and 63% for the sweet and bitter cassava varieties respectively. The optimization of the fermentation process yielded maximum bioethanol and also detoxified the cassava processing wastes which are environmental pollutants.
A preliminary investigation on the emergence of antibiotic resistant bacteria resulting from inappropriate use of antibiotics in the purification of Algal cultures
Cultures of algal species are often needed for research purposes. These cultures are frequently accompanied by bacteria that are picked up from the environment together with the algal cells, thus the practice of purifying algal cultures using antibiotics. Water sample from fish pond having algal bloom was inoculated into BG-II medium supplemented with 62.5 μg.ml-1 Chloramphenicol and 100 μg.ml-1 Nystatin. The total heterotrophic bacterial count before the addition of the antibiotics was 3.8x104 cfu.ml-1. The bacterial population decreased to an average count of 3.5x102 cfu.ml-1, after a period of 24 hours. This population was made up of three distinct colonies. Colonial morphology and preliminary tests based on physicochemical characteristics gave a probable identification of the isolates as Bacillus, Proteus, and Pseudomonas. The Bacillus showed resistance to Chloramphenicol and Flucloxacillin; Proteus showed resistance to Chloramphenicol, Flucloxacillin, Lincomycin, Erythromycin, Ampicilin, Ampiclox, and Septrin; Pseudomonas showed resistance to all antibiotics used in the investigation with exception to Ciprofloxacin, Streptomycin, and Rifampin, which were effective on the three isolates. The results indicate that certain bacteria that are present in algal cultures can become resistant to several antibiotics as a result of purification of algal cultures using antibiotics at sublethal dose. It is suggested that screening for effective antibiotic(s) and determination of their minimum inhibitory concentration or minimum lethal concentration, as the case may be, against identified bacteria contaminants be part of the procedure for setting up pure cultures of algae.
Authors: Peekate L. P. and Abu G. O.
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Abstract
Cultures of algal species are often needed for research purposes. These cultures are frequently accompanied by bacteria that are picked up from the environment together with the algal cells, thus the practice of purifying algal cultures using antibiotics. Water sample from fish pond having algal bloom was inoculated into BG-II medium supplemented with 62.5 μg.ml-1 Chloramphenicol and 100 μg.ml-1 Nystatin. The total heterotrophic bacterial count before the addition of the antibiotics was 3.8x104 cfu.ml-1. The bacterial population decreased to an average count of 3.5x102 cfu.ml-1, after a period of 24 hours. This population was made up of three distinct colonies. Colonial morphology and preliminary tests based on physicochemical characteristics gave a probable identification of the isolates as Bacillus, Proteus, and Pseudomonas. The Bacillus showed resistance to Chloramphenicol and Flucloxacillin; Proteus showed resistance to Chloramphenicol, Flucloxacillin, Lincomycin, Erythromycin, Ampicilin, Ampiclox, and Septrin; Pseudomonas showed resistance to all antibiotics used in the investigation with exception to Ciprofloxacin, Streptomycin, and Rifampin, which were effective on the three isolates. The results indicate that certain bacteria that are present in algal cultures can become resistant to several antibiotics as a result of purification of algal cultures using antibiotics at sublethal dose. It is suggested that screening for effective antibiotic(s) and determination of their minimum inhibitory concentration or minimum lethal concentration, as the case may be, against identified bacteria contaminants be part of the procedure for setting up pure cultures of algae.
Antibiotic Resistance Profile of Wastewater Isolates Obtained From University of Calabar Teaching Hospital and General Hospital Calabar, Nigeria.
The antibiotic resistance profile of bacterial isolates obtained from the wastewaters of the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital (UCTH) and the General Hospital Calabar (GHC), Cross River State, Nigeria, was determined using the disc-diffusion method. A total of 125 bacterial isolates from both hospitals` wastewater comprising of the following genera: Escherichia; Salmonella; Shigella; Klebsiella; Pseudomonas; Streptococcus; Bacillus; Staphylococcus and Proteus, were tested for their antibiotic resistance capability. Data obtained showed that all the isolates from both hospitals had multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR). Over fifty five percent of the isolates from UCTH and 12.5% of the isolates from GHC exhibited resistance to the antibiotics tested (amoxycilin, gentamycin, augumetin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, streptomycin, and cotrimoxazole). Amongst the UCTH isolates, 5 different antibiotic patterns were observed ranging from 6-12 MAR combinations while 8 different antibiotic resistance patterns ranging from 4-12 MAR combinations were obtained from the GHC isolates. All the UCTH isolates were resistant to the antibiotics commonly used in the hospital (amoxicillin, augumentin, chloramphenicol, gentamycin, erythromycin, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, streptomycin and cotrimaxazole) except Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas which are sensitive to ciprofloxacin. The same trend was obtained for the GHC isolates for the commonly used antibiotics (chloramphenicol, erythromycin, tetracycline, streptomycin, cotrimaxazole) in GHC. The lowest resistance of 25% was obtained for ofloxacin which was one of the antibiotics rarely used in both hospitals. Results obtained show the important public health hazard associated with the discharge of untreated hospital wastewater into the environment.
Authors: Akubuenyi F.C., G.E. Arikpo, C.J. Ogugbue, J.F. Mfongeh, E. V. Akpanumun
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Abstract
The antibiotic resistance profile of bacterial isolates obtained from the wastewaters of the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital (UCTH) and the General Hospital Calabar (GHC), Cross River State, Nigeria, was determined using the disc-diffusion method. A total of 125 bacterial isolates from both hospitals` wastewater comprising of the following genera: Escherichia; Salmonella; Shigella; Klebsiella; Pseudomonas; Streptococcus; Bacillus; Staphylococcus and Proteus, were tested for their antibiotic resistance capability. Data obtained showed that all the isolates from both hospitals had multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR). Over fifty five percent of the isolates from UCTH and 12.5% of the isolates from GHC exhibited resistance to the antibiotics tested (amoxycilin, gentamycin, augumetin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, streptomycin, and cotrimoxazole). Amongst the UCTH isolates, 5 different antibiotic patterns were observed ranging from 6-12 MAR combinations while 8 different antibiotic resistance patterns ranging from 4-12 MAR combinations were obtained from the GHC isolates. All the UCTH isolates were resistant to the antibiotics commonly used in the hospital (amoxicillin, augumentin, chloramphenicol, gentamycin, erythromycin, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, streptomycin and cotrimaxazole) except Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas which are sensitive to ciprofloxacin. The same trend was obtained for the GHC isolates for the commonly used antibiotics (chloramphenicol, erythromycin, tetracycline, streptomycin, cotrimaxazole) in GHC. The lowest resistance of 25% was obtained for ofloxacin which was one of the antibiotics rarely used in both hospitals. Results obtained show the important public health hazard associated with the discharge of untreated hospital wastewater into the environment.
Effect of PH and Temperature on Cell Viability and Haemolysin Production by Listeria Spp. Isolated from Uncooked Meat and Vegetable Samples in Nsukka, Nigeria.
Haemolysin (Listeriolysin O) is a major virulence factor in pathogenic strains of Listeria. Presently, the conditions for its production are not fully elucidated. This study examined the influence of culture pH and temperature on cell viability, multiplication and haemolysin production by fresh isolates of L. monocytogenes, L. ivanovii and L. seeligieri. At 5oC and pH 3.8 to 4.8, there was a significant (p < 0.05) decline in cell viability and multiplication. However, both parameters remained in a steady state from pH 5.0 to 5.6 at the same temperature. At 30oC, there was also decline in cell viability and multiplication from pH 3.8 to 4.8 but significant cell multiplication from pH 5.0 to 5.6. Haemolysin production was concomitant with conditions allowing growth of the listerial organisms and the highest increases in haemolysin production were recorded during the log phase of growth. For all isolates, haemolysin was produced from pH 5.0 to 9.0 at the above temperatures and productivity was highest with L. ivanovii.
Authors: Ikeh, M. A. C., Obi, S. K. C., Moneke, A. N. and *Ezeonu, I. M.
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Abstract
Haemolysin (Listeriolysin O) is a major virulence factor in pathogenic strains of Listeria. Presently, the conditions for its production are not fully elucidated. This study examined the influence of culture pH and temperature on cell viability, multiplication and haemolysin production by fresh isolates of L. monocytogenes, L. ivanovii and L. seeligieri. At 5oC and pH 3.8 to 4.8, there was a significant (p < 0.05) decline in cell viability and multiplication. However, both parameters remained in a steady state from pH 5.0 to 5.6 at the same temperature. At 30oC, there was also decline in cell viability and multiplication from pH 3.8 to 4.8 but significant cell multiplication from pH 5.0 to 5.6. Haemolysin production was concomitant with conditions allowing growth of the listerial organisms and the highest increases in haemolysin production were recorded during the log phase of growth. For all isolates, haemolysin was produced from pH 5.0 to 9.0 at the above temperatures and productivity was highest with L. ivanovii.
Effects of Oil Pollution on the Soil of Umuokpara in Abia State
The effects of oil pollution on the soil of Umuokpara in Abia state was investigated. Soil samples were taken from three sites; from the mining spot, 100 meters away from the spot and 200 meters away from the spot. Soil samples collected were subjected to Laboratory analysis. The soil texture varied from loamy sand to sandy loam on the surface to sandy loamy in the sub-surface horizons. The soil from the oil exploration were very strongly acidic unlike that collected from 100m and 200m away from the mining spot. The organic carbon ranged from 3.53 – 5.70g/kg, phosphorus ranged from 13.70 – 16.30mg/kg. A survey of microflora were also carried out. Seven bacterial species were isolated namely; Pseudomonas spp., Bacillus spp, Clostridium spp, Streptococcus spp, Staphylococcus spp, Micrococcus spp and Alcaligenes spp. Four fungal species were also isolated namely; Penicillium spp, Aspergillus spp, Fusarium spp and Actinomycetes spp. The microbial population was observed to increase at the distance away from the mining spot. The oil therefore influenced microbial population in the soil. The microorganisms were able to grow and degrade oil substrates into other metabolites less harmful to the environment. Results of the findings proved that soil quality of the area has been degraded
Authors: *Ekwenye U.N. and Aneke N. C.
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Abstract
The effects of oil pollution on the soil of Umuokpara in Abia state was investigated. Soil samples were taken from three sites; from the mining spot, 100 meters away from the spot and 200 meters away from the spot. Soil samples collected were subjected to Laboratory analysis. The soil texture varied from loamy sand to sandy loam on the surface to sandy loamy in the sub-surface horizons. The soil from the oil exploration were very strongly acidic unlike that collected from 100m and 200m away from the mining spot. The organic carbon ranged from 3.53 – 5.70g/kg, phosphorus ranged from 13.70 – 16.30mg/kg. A survey of microflora were also carried out. Seven bacterial species were isolated namely; Pseudomonas spp., Bacillus spp, Clostridium spp, Streptococcus spp, Staphylococcus spp, Micrococcus spp and Alcaligenes spp. Four fungal species were also isolated namely; Penicillium spp, Aspergillus spp, Fusarium spp and Actinomycetes spp. The microbial population was observed to increase at the distance away from the mining spot. The oil therefore influenced microbial population in the soil. The microorganisms were able to grow and degrade oil substrates into other metabolites less harmful to the environment. Results of the findings proved that soil quality of the area has been degraded
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Published by the Nigerian Society for Microbiology. Download the document for details.
Authors: NJM
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Abstract
Published by the Nigerian Society for Microbiology. Download the document for details.
Extrinsic Allergic Alveolitis Associated with Concoction for Treating Malaria Traditionally
Two cases of allergic alveolitis are described which resulted from traditional way of treating malaria using local herbs. The contents of the mixture used in this treatment are not universally known and there are local variations. A few of the items appear to be known in most areas qf the country. The particular antigen responsible for this reaction will only be found if the ingredients used in this concoction are made known openly by the traditionalists. This is necessary so that preventive measures can be taken. It is known that a large percentage of the rural population still resort to this mode of treating malaria.
Authors: C. O. Anah
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Abstract
Two cases of allergic alveolitis are described which resulted from traditional way of treating malaria using local herbs. The contents of the mixture used in this treatment are not universally known and there are local variations. A few of the items appear to be known in most areas qf the country. The particular antigen responsible for this reaction will only be found if the ingredients used in this concoction are made known openly by the traditionalists. This is necessary so that preventive measures can be taken. It is known that a large percentage of the rural population still resort to this mode of treating malaria.
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Infections in Some Hospitals in Calabar, Cross River State
A total of 120 samples from patients in two hospitals in Calabar were examined for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. About 45% of the cases — burns, ulcers, septic wounds—contained the organism. Sinks and wash basins from wards and theatres were found to constitute permanent reservoirs of the organism and a constant source of cross-infection. The relationship between factors such as age, duration of stay in hospital and drainage system were outlined. The need to discontinue the use of Savlon disinfectant, whose active ingredient — cetrimide — favours the proliferation of Pseudomonas species is emphasized.
Authors: A. A. Opara
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Abstract
A total of 120 samples from patients in two hospitals in Calabar were examined for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. About 45% of the cases — burns, ulcers, septic wounds—contained the organism. Sinks and wash basins from wards and theatres were found to constitute permanent reservoirs of the organism and a constant source of cross-infection. The relationship between factors such as age, duration of stay in hospital and drainage system were outlined. The need to discontinue the use of Savlon disinfectant, whose active ingredient — cetrimide — favours the proliferation of Pseudomonas species is emphasized.
Bacterial Etiology of Lower Respiratory Tract Infections in Parts of Eastern Nigeria
Quantitative bacteriology of 200 sputa from patients with chronic bronchopulmonary disorders was carried out. Mycobacterium tuberculosis was the most frequently isolated pathogen (19%), followed by Streptococcus pneumoniae (13.6%), Haemophilus influennzae (9.0%), Staphylococcus aureus (7%), Klebsiella pneumonia (4%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (4%), Escherichia coli (4%), Nocardia asteroides in association with others (6.5%), Neisseria catarrhalis (1%), and Peptostreptococcus sp. (1%). 52% of the infections were caused by single aetiologic agents while 32% were polymicrobial.
Authors: O. U. Osoagbaka and A. N. U. Njoku-Obi
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Abstract
Quantitative bacteriology of 200 sputa from patients with chronic bronchopulmonary disorders was carried out. Mycobacterium tuberculosis was the most frequently isolated pathogen (19%), followed by Streptococcus pneumoniae (13.6%), Haemophilus influennzae (9.0%), Staphylococcus aureus (7%), Klebsiella pneumonia (4%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (4%), Escherichia coli (4%), Nocardia asteroides in association with others (6.5%), Neisseria catarrhalis (1%), and Peptostreptococcus sp. (1%). 52% of the infections were caused by single aetiologic agents while 32% were polymicrobial.
The Vaginal Bacteria Flora in Pregnant and Non-Pregnant Women
The bacterial flora of the vagina was assessed in healthy Nigerian women (twenty pregnant and twenty-four non-pregnant women). They all harboured many types of microorganisms in their vagina. The mean number of microbial types isolated was five for the pregnant and three for the non-pregnant women. Staphylococcus was detected in 18 of the pregnant women and 16 of the non-pregnant women. Amongst the anaerobes Peptostreptococcus was isolated in 14 of the pregnant women and 6 of the non-pregnant women. Lactobacilli in 7 and 12 respectively. Bacteroides was not isolated from the vagina of pregnant women but from 50% of the vaginal swabs obtained from the non-pregnant women.
Authors: Beatrice Ngozi Anyanwu, Felicia Obioma Chiedozie
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Abstract
The bacterial flora of the vagina was assessed in healthy Nigerian women (twenty pregnant and twenty-four non-pregnant women). They all harboured many types of microorganisms in their vagina. The mean number of microbial types isolated was five for the pregnant and three for the non-pregnant women. Staphylococcus was detected in 18 of the pregnant women and 16 of the non-pregnant women. Amongst the anaerobes Peptostreptococcus was isolated in 14 of the pregnant women and 6 of the non-pregnant women. Lactobacilli in 7 and 12 respectively. Bacteroides was not isolated from the vagina of pregnant women but from 50% of the vaginal swabs obtained from the non-pregnant women.
Experimental Transmission of Dugbe (a Nairobi Disease Group) Virus to West African Dwarf Sheep
West African Dwarf sheep were inoculated with a low mouse brain passage of Dugbe (Nairobi sheep disease group virus). Mild febrile reaction and low level of neutralising antibody were demonstrated in experimental animals.
Authors: A. H. Fagbami, O. Adejoro
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Abstract
West African Dwarf sheep were inoculated with a low mouse brain passage of Dugbe (Nairobi sheep disease group virus). Mild febrile reaction and low level of neutralising antibody were demonstrated in experimental animals.
Extracellular Enzymes of Yam Rot-Causing Pathogens
The range of produceable extracellular enzymes on solid media by the yam rot-causing pathogens was investigated, and the pathogens were found to produce abundant cellulase, polygalacturonase, amylase, and urease. All pathogens, except Botryodiplodia theobromae, also produced abundant lipase. Although all the pathogens produced phosphatase and pectate lyase, the production was low in Botryodiplodia theobromae and Fusarium moniliforme. Only Aspergillus niger did not produce protease or DNase.
Authors: S. K. Ogundana
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Abstract
The range of produceable extracellular enzymes on solid media by the yam rot-causing pathogens was investigated, and the pathogens were found to produce abundant cellulase, polygalacturonase, amylase, and urease. All pathogens, except Botryodiplodia theobromae, also produced abundant lipase. Although all the pathogens produced phosphatase and pectate lyase, the production was low in Botryodiplodia theobromae and Fusarium moniliforme. Only Aspergillus niger did not produce protease or DNase.
Polygalacturonase and Pectin Lyase of Penicillium sclerotigenum
Penicillium sclerotigenum Yamamoto grew in synthetic liquid medium with pectic substance as sole carbon source, releasing proteins which exhibited polygalacturonase (PG; poly (1,4-α-D-galacturonide) glycohydrolase, EC 32.1.15) and pectin lyase (PL; poly (methoxygalacturonide) lyase, EC 4.2.2.10) activities. The enzymes were also present in mycelial extracts and Penicillium-infected yam tissues but were absent in healthy yam tissues. These enzymes were separated by molecular exclusion and ion exchange chromatography into three components. The molecular weight, estimated by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100, was approximately 72,000. Optimum temperature for activity of polygalacturonase and pectin lyase was 35°C. The pH optima for polygalacturonase and pectin lyase were pH 5.0 and pH 8.5, respectively.
Authors: Patrick O. Olutiola
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Abstract
Penicillium sclerotigenum Yamamoto grew in synthetic liquid medium with pectic substance as sole carbon source, releasing proteins which exhibited polygalacturonase (PG; poly (1,4-α-D-galacturonide) glycohydrolase, EC 32.1.15) and pectin lyase (PL; poly (methoxygalacturonide) lyase, EC 4.2.2.10) activities. The enzymes were also present in mycelial extracts and Penicillium-infected yam tissues but were absent in healthy yam tissues. These enzymes were separated by molecular exclusion and ion exchange chromatography into three components. The molecular weight, estimated by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100, was approximately 72,000. Optimum temperature for activity of polygalacturonase and pectin lyase was 35°C. The pH optima for polygalacturonase and pectin lyase were pH 5.0 and pH 8.5, respectively.
Bacteria Causing Beef Spoilage in a Meat Shop in Ibadan
A study of the bacteria found growing on and spoiling beef in a meat shop in Ibadan is made. Those in the genera Micrococcus, Lactobacillus, Flavobacterium, and Pseudomonas were found to be the main spoilage organisms. Pseudomonas spp. were isolated under both warm and cold storage conditions and hence they constitute the major bacteria that will spoil stored meat.
Authors: D. O. Alonge
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Abstract
A study of the bacteria found growing on and spoiling beef in a meat shop in Ibadan is made. Those in the genera Micrococcus, Lactobacillus, Flavobacterium, and Pseudomonas were found to be the main spoilage organisms. Pseudomonas spp. were isolated under both warm and cold storage conditions and hence they constitute the major bacteria that will spoil stored meat.
The Ability of Pseudomonas Fluorescens to Utilise Various Carbon Sources for Growth
The ability of Pseudomonas fluorescens to use carbon and nitrogen sources for growth was investigated by growing the organism in various carbon sources (Histidine, glucose, succinate, and glutamate) and nitrogen sources (Histidine, and ammonium sulphate) at pH 7.2 and 30°C temperature. The fastest growth rate was observed when glutamate served as the carbon source followed by glucose, while growth in succinate or histidine medium was relatively slow. The presence of a nitrogen source in addition to the carbon source did not affect growth pattern appreciably than when only a carbon source was present. Pseudomonas fluorescens seemed quite adaptable in terms of carbon or nitrogen sources for growth.
Authors: Ajibade A. Rokosu
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Abstract
The ability of Pseudomonas fluorescens to use carbon and nitrogen sources for growth was investigated by growing the organism in various carbon sources (Histidine, glucose, succinate, and glutamate) and nitrogen sources (Histidine, and ammonium sulphate) at pH 7.2 and 30°C temperature. The fastest growth rate was observed when glutamate served as the carbon source followed by glucose, while growth in succinate or histidine medium was relatively slow. The presence of a nitrogen source in addition to the carbon source did not affect growth pattern appreciably than when only a carbon source was present. Pseudomonas fluorescens seemed quite adaptable in terms of carbon or nitrogen sources for growth.
Examination of Pipe-Borne Water Supply from Oshogbo - Ede Water Treatment Plant to University of Ife and Neighbouring Towns for Presence of Coliforms
Perhaps the greatest danger associated with drinking water is contamination by human excrement (Bacteriological Examination of Water Supplies (BEWS), 1970). If such excrement contains pathogenic microorganisms, then consumers of the water may become infected by the diseases caused by the pathogens. The coliforms are generally present in large numbers in human excrement and can be detected in numbers as small as one in 100ml of water (Dutka and Tobin, 1976; Baker, 1979). They are therefore the most sensitive indicators at our disposal for demonstrating the excretal contamination of water. Thus the presence of faecal coliform bacteria in a water sample indicates that intestinal pathogens may likely be present, although perhaps in a much fewer number. Thus water is considered free of pollution when it contains less than one coliform bacteria per 100ml of water (WHO, 1971).
Authors: P. O. Olutiola, B. Fesshatzion, and R. N. Okoye
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Abstract
Perhaps the greatest danger associated with drinking water is contamination by human excrement (Bacteriological Examination of Water Supplies (BEWS), 1970). If such excrement contains pathogenic microorganisms, then consumers of the water may become infected by the diseases caused by the pathogens. The coliforms are generally present in large numbers in human excrement and can be detected in numbers as small as one in 100ml of water (Dutka and Tobin, 1976; Baker, 1979). They are therefore the most sensitive indicators at our disposal for demonstrating the excretal contamination of water. Thus the presence of faecal coliform bacteria in a water sample indicates that intestinal pathogens may likely be present, although perhaps in a much fewer number. Thus water is considered free of pollution when it contains less than one coliform bacteria per 100ml of water (WHO, 1971).
A Chemically Defined Medium for Growth of Rhizobium
A new synthetic medium was developed for growth of rhizobia. The medium consisted of mineral salts amended with 0.5% mannitol and one or two growth factors. The vitamins calcium pantothenate, thiamine mononitrate, inositol, and biotin stimulated rhizobial growth. In particular, calcium pantothenate was found to be almost as effective as a combination of all the other vitamins in promoting growth of the root nodule bacteria studied. Three strains of Rhizobium proliferated readily in this simple medium. For instance, a cowpea Rhizobium strain K04SRPR grew in this medium with a generation time of 4.5 hours compared to a generation time of 4.1 in the conventional yeast extract mannitol broth. Therefore, this yeast extract-free, synthetic medium would be useful for the study of the metabolism and the physiology of the root nodule bacteria.
Authors: Olu Odeyemi
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Abstract
A new synthetic medium was developed for growth of rhizobia. The medium consisted of mineral salts amended with 0.5% mannitol and one or two growth factors. The vitamins calcium pantothenate, thiamine mononitrate, inositol, and biotin stimulated rhizobial growth. In particular, calcium pantothenate was found to be almost as effective as a combination of all the other vitamins in promoting growth of the root nodule bacteria studied. Three strains of Rhizobium proliferated readily in this simple medium. For instance, a cowpea Rhizobium strain K04SRPR grew in this medium with a generation time of 4.5 hours compared to a generation time of 4.1 in the conventional yeast extract mannitol broth. Therefore, this yeast extract-free, synthetic medium would be useful for the study of the metabolism and the physiology of the root nodule bacteria.
The Effect Of Candida Tropicalis and Pichia Membranaefaciens on the Germination of Seeds of Capsicum Annuum L.
Inoculation of 2 × 10⁶ cells of the yeasts Candida tropicalis and Pichia membranaefaciens into fruits of the large red pepper induced soft watery rot within 4 days of incubation at room temperature, 28 ± 2°C. Germination of the seeds on wet sterile filter papers was reduced to less than 10% in one week. Abnormal germination was observed after the 4th day, and dead seeds were prominent after the 6th day of infection. When seeds from 7-day-old infected fruits were disinfected with a 0.5% solution of sodium hypochlorite and planted on pepper agar, over 96% exhibited yeast growth, indicating that the seed infection was borne internally.
Authors: S. N. Ibe and C. U. Ike
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Abstract
Inoculation of 2 × 10⁶ cells of the yeasts Candida tropicalis and Pichia membranaefaciens into fruits of the large red pepper induced soft watery rot within 4 days of incubation at room temperature, 28 ± 2°C. Germination of the seeds on wet sterile filter papers was reduced to less than 10% in one week. Abnormal germination was observed after the 4th day, and dead seeds were prominent after the 6th day of infection. When seeds from 7-day-old infected fruits were disinfected with a 0.5% solution of sodium hypochlorite and planted on pepper agar, over 96% exhibited yeast growth, indicating that the seed infection was borne internally.
Partial Characterization of a Trypsin-Stimulated Cytoplasmic Soluble Adenosine Triphosphatase of Agrobacterium Tumefaciens
A cold-labile trypsin-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase, ATPase (EC. 3.6.1.3) activity has been found associated with the partially purified cytoplasmic soluble fraction of Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain C-58. Chromatographic, electrophoretic, and catalytic studies are also reported. Trypsin activated the enzyme 31% at the pH optimum of between 8.0 and 9.0. The optimum temperature of activity for the enzyme was between 28°C and 50°C, whereas the enzyme was better maintained for several days at 4°C than either at 28°C or 37°C.
Authors: Olusola O. Shonukan
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Abstract
A cold-labile trypsin-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase, ATPase (EC. 3.6.1.3) activity has been found associated with the partially purified cytoplasmic soluble fraction of Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain C-58. Chromatographic, electrophoretic, and catalytic studies are also reported. Trypsin activated the enzyme 31% at the pH optimum of between 8.0 and 9.0. The optimum temperature of activity for the enzyme was between 28°C and 50°C, whereas the enzyme was better maintained for several days at 4°C than either at 28°C or 37°C.
Microbial Degradation of Soil Applied Herbicides
The ability of some soil bacteria to degrade the herbicides, chloroxuron (N-4-(4-chlorophenoxy) phenyl)-N,N-dimethyl-urea) and metobromuron (N-bromo-phenyl)-N-methoxy-N-methylurea) in laboratory experiments was investigated. The Rf and maximum absorption range values of the original herbicides and the end products after incubation with soil microorganisms indicated that new products were formed. The microorganisms were gram-positive bacilli (rod-shaped). On agar, two different colonies were identified. It is concluded that chloroxuron and metobromuron are unlikely to persist in soils.
Authors: Mildred A. Amakiri
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Abstract
The ability of some soil bacteria to degrade the herbicides, chloroxuron (N-4-(4-chlorophenoxy) phenyl)-N,N-dimethyl-urea) and metobromuron (N-bromo-phenyl)-N-methoxy-N-methylurea) in laboratory experiments was investigated. The Rf and maximum absorption range values of the original herbicides and the end products after incubation with soil microorganisms indicated that new products were formed. The microorganisms were gram-positive bacilli (rod-shaped). On agar, two different colonies were identified. It is concluded that chloroxuron and metobromuron are unlikely to persist in soils.